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	The New Text School
		The decree in 213 BCE of the First Emperor of the Ch'in dynasty that all books of the ritual schools were to be burnt, combined with the disruption caused by the civil war following the collapse of the central government, meant that the Confucian classics were either destroyed or concealed.
		By the first century BCE the first versions had come to light, some of which were written in the archaic and obsolete script of the Chou dynasty, while others were in the new script commonly used and recognised at that time.
		BCE) is the best known, took the latter as the authentic classics, onto which a new type of Confucianism was moulded which incorporated the ideas of the yinyang, the theory of the Five Elements, Taoist metaphysics and supernatural beliefs.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/confuc/new.html (631 words)

	tScholars.com \| Hasmonean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The leadership of the Hasmoneans was founded by a resolution, adopted in 141 BCE, at a large assembly "of the priests and the people and of the elders of the land, to the effect that Simon should be their leader and high priest forever, until there should arise a faithful prophet" (I Macc.
		Alexander reigned from 103 to 76 BCE, and died during the siege of the fortress Ragaba.
		From 63 to 40 BCE the government was in the hands of Hyrcanus II as High Priest and Ethnarch, although effective power was in the hands of his adviser Antipater the Idumaean.
	www.tscholars.com /encyclopedia/Hasmonean (1734 words)

	Background for Populares (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 133 BCE, Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus was elected tribune and pushed through an agrarian bill that proposed breaking up some large landholdings of the nobles and redistributing the land to the poorer classes; he also undermined the Senate's role in finances by attempting to allocate funds for this purpose.
		Although Cornelia, the mother of Tiberius and Gaius, was the daughter of Scipio Africanus, and their father was a senator, the brothers were plebeians and therefore eligible for the office of tribune; they both chose to support popular rather than senatorial causes.
		Gaius Marius, of the equestrian class, rose to prominence because of his military leadership; he was elected consul in 107 BCE in the midst of a difficult war with Numidia, and thereafter conducted several successful military campaigns.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/populares.html (320 words)

	Confucianism
		By the time of Wu Ti (140-87 BCE) of the Former Han dynasty (206 BCE-24 CE), however, Confucianism had recovered from this blow and the destruction that civil war inflicted on its classics and learning.
		Confucianism intertwined with the doctrines of the yin-yang and the Five Elements and even with the popularly apocryphal writings, in which Confucianism was interpreted in religious, mystical and prophetic terms, and Confucius himself was taken as the 'uncrowned king'.
		BCE), while the latter was represented by Yang Hsiung (53 BCE-18 CE).
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/confuc/geness.html (1586 words)

	[No title]
		Their conservative government consists of a kingship, resembling the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate, comprised of elders who serve as the heads of different community sects.
		Their major contributions to the Romans are the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment and the study of animals to predict future events.
		52 BCE: Rome - Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ropage.htm (2946 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Chinese calendar - Calendar Encyclopedia
		The earliest archaeological evidence of the Chinese calendar appears on oracle bones of the late second millennium BCE Shang dynasty.
		Beginning in 256 BCE, it was first used by the Qin state, then the whole country after the Qin took over the whole country and became the Qin dynasty.
		Modern chronologists believe, however, that 2698 BCE is an error (perhaps due to confusion surrounding calendar arithmetic which crosses "year 0") for the 2697 BCE epoch corresponding to the sexagesimal cycles.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /Chinese_calendar.htm (4832 words)

	BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NEW TESTAMENT
		Between 215-206 BCE, Rome, allied with the Aetolian League, Sparta, and Pergamum, defeated Philip V, king of the Macedonian kingdom, and his ally, the Achaian League, forcing Philip to agree to peace on terms favorable to the Romans and its allies (First Macedonian War).
		In 40 BCE Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus II, allied with the Parthians, gained control of Jerusalem; a Hasmonean was once again king.
		Augustus (27 BCE - 14); Tiberius (14-37); Gaius (Caligula) (37-41); Claudius (41-54); Nero (54-68); Galba (69); Vitellius (69); Vespasian (69-79); Titus (79-81); Domitian (81-96).
	www.abu.nb.ca /courses/NTIntro/History1.htm (4471 words)

	The Handbook of Biblical Numismatics
		After the death of Antiochus VII in 129 BCE, John Hyrcanus achieved the complete independence of Judaea, and greatly expanded his kingdom through conquests of Idumaea, Samaria, and parts of Transjordan and the Galilee.
		Under Aristobulus' brother, Alexander Jannaeus, the Jewish kingdom reached its zenith, stretching from Panias to Beer-Sheba, from the Mediterranean coast to the east bank of the Jordan (Transjordan).
		After Roman General Pompey annexed the entire Hellinistic East, he captured Jerusalem and dismantled much of the Jewish kingdom, leaving only Judaea, Samaria, the Galilee and Peraea (Transjordan) as a puppet state under Hyrcanus II; Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was made de facto ruler by Julius Caesar.
	www.amuseum.org /book/page5.html (564 words)

	Chanukah on Virtual Jerusalem
		In 143-142 BCE, Demetrius II recognized the independence of Judea, and in 140 BCE, a decree was passed by the Great Assembly in Jerusalem confirming Simon as High Priest, ruler and commander of the Jewish people and making these offices hereditary.
		During the reign of his brother Alexander Yannai (103-76 BCE) the Hasmonean state reached the zenith of its power, as the whole of the sea coast from the Egyptian border to the Carmel with the exception of Ashkelon, was annexed to Judea.
		The last to attempt to restore the former glory of the Hasmonean dynasty was Antigonus Mattathius, whose defeat and death at the hands of the Romans in 37 B.C.E. brought the Hasmonean rule to a close and prepared the way for Herod.
	www.virtualjerusalem.com /jewish_holidays/chanukah/hasmon.htm (481 words)

	Yang Xiong [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Yang Xiong (53 B.C.E. Yang Xiong (Yang Hsiung) was a prolific yet reclusive court poet whose writings and tragic life spanned the collapse of the Former Han dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE) and the brief and catastrophic usurpation of the throne by the Imperial Regent Wang Mang (9-23 CE).
		Yang Xiong was born in 53 BCE in the western city of Chengdu in the province of Shu.
		Between the years 14-10 BCE, Yang Xiong submitted several poetic pieces commemorating imperial sacrifices and hunts, and finally in 10 BCE he was appointed to the humble office of “Gentleman in Attendance” and “Servitor at the Yellow Gate,” where he would remain until his final days.
	www.iep.utm.edu /y/yangxion.htm (4927 words)

	Marius and Sulla
		He served at the siege of Numantia in 133 BCE under Scipio Aemilianus, one of the most important men in Rome.
		In spite of the law that laid down intervals between tenures of the same office (lex annalis), Marius was elected as consul for 104 BCE onwards until 100 BCE to deal with the invaders.
		He led the Roman armies, and in two significant battles (Aix-en-Provence in 102 BCE and Vercellae in 101 BCE) defeated the invading armies so thoroughly that it would be two generations before they again seriously troubled Rome.
	janusquirinus.org /essays/Apollo/Background/MS1.html (1124 words)

	Ancient Roman Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		367 BCE: Rome The first plebeian consul is elected to the assembly, and plebeians become eligible to serve as lesser magistrates, formerly a position only granted to the aristocratic class.
		265 BCE: Rome initiates the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire stretching from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar.
		52 BCE: Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
	www.crystalinks.com /romehistory.html (3100 words)

	APA Abstract on Vergilian Violence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Herod's coinage, therefore, is one aspect of his larger propaganda program, which sought to solidify his claim to the throne of Judaea.
		Further, Herod consciously connected himself with the Hasmonean dynasty, in particular, with the family of Hyrcanus II (67, 63-40 bce), both by marrying Hyrcanus' granddaughter, Mariamme, and by bringing him back from exile and appointing Mariamme's brother, Aristobulus, High Priest.
		This coin type appeared on the majority of coins struck during the reigns of John Hyrcanus I (134-104 bce) and Aristobulus I (104-103 bce).
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/marshak.html (549 words)

	Maccabean-Jerusalem through Coins
		In 169 BCE, Antiochus plundered the Temple, carried of the holy vessels, erected a statue of Zeus in the Temple and destroyed scrolls.
		Antiochus IV, 175-164 BCE, Tetradrachm, AR, 16.9g, 1 1/16" dia., AR, Ake mint, Judas Maccabee defeated Antiochus IV and cleansed temple.
		In 152 BCE, Alexander I Balas, a rival of Demetrius I for the Seleucid throne, installed Jonathon as High Priest.
	members.verizon.net /vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confHasmonAnt4.htm (1374 words)

	Roman Public Religion; roman history, roman civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In 104, the law changed and permitted election to major priesthoods from a list of candidates offered by the colleges of priests.
		Rather than give up the practice, beginning with the war with Pyrrhus in 280 BCE, the Romans decided that they would deem the temple of Bellona (the goddess of war) to be "enemy territory." The fetiales then threw their spears into a strip of land in front of the temple.
		By the third century BCE, moreover, prominent Roman politicians and generals had begun to claim that their families were descended from the gods (Scipio Africanus, Aemilius Paullus and Julius Caesar).
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/public.relig.htm (2952 words)

	William Rainey Harper College
		BCE 104 Basic Mechanical and Energy Conservation Codes (3-0) 3 hrs.
		BCE 106 Basic Electrical Codes (3-0) 3 hrs.
		Includes enforcement and administration, liability, plan review and permit process definitions, use groups, types of construction, general building limits, special uses, means of egress, materials and tests, fire resistive construction, mechanical equipment and systems, fire protection systems, electric wiring and equipment, elevators, plumbing systems and use of reference standards.
	www.harpercollege.edu /catalog/2000/course/bce.htm (308 words)

	EAWC: The Complete Chronology
		Most begin their political histories as monarchies, evolve to oligarchies, are overthrown during the age of the tyrants (650-500 BCE) and eventually establish democracies in the sixth and fifth centuries.
		He is condemned to death in 399 BCE on the charges of corrupting the youth and introducing new gods into Greek thought.
		Both Epicurus (342-270 BCE) and Zeno, the Stoic (not to be confused with Zeno of Elea), believe in an individualistic and materialistic philosophy.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/index2.htm (6231 words)

	Gaius Flavius Fimbria (consul 104 BCE) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 105 BCE, he was a candidate for the consulship, and the people gave him the preference to his competitor, Quintus Lutatius Catulus; and accordingly, Fimbria was the colleague of Gaius Marius in his second consulship, 104 BCE.
		What province he obtained after his consulship is unknown, but he seems to have been guilty of extortion during his administration, for M. Gratidius brought an action of repetundae against him, and was supported by the evidence of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus; but Fimbria was nevertheless acquitted.
		During the revolt of Saturninus, in 100 BCE, Fimbria, with other consulars, took up arms to defend the public good.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaius_Flavius_Fimbria_(consul_104_BCE) (258 words)

	History at OSU
		It will emphasize the political history of the Jews in Judea, where "political" is to be perceived not as the mere succession of governments and wars, but rather as an interaction between politics and social, economic and religious affairs working together under certain circumstances.
		One important goal is to explore how Judaism of that era served as a backdrop and background for the understanding of the rise of Christianity.
		The rise of the Tobaids and the beginning of Hellenization in the Jewish society.
	history.osu.edu /courses/syllabi/syllabus.cfm?SYL=hist53002.htm (1435 words)

	Lehrhaus Judaica - The Adult School For Jewish Studies
		DeVaux discovered that Qumran was originally settled sometime in the Eighth Century BCE as a defensive outpost of the southern Jewish kingdom of Judah.
		This phase was likely closed by two catastrophes: an earthquake and massive fire in 31 BCE (an alternate theory holds that a Parthian Persian invasion in 40 BCE may have been the main cause of Qumran's destruction).
		There is no question that the population of Phase II was Jewish, although a few noteworthy changes in one or two of the buildings hint that their practices may have been slightly different.
	www.lehrhaus.org /catalog/scrolls/scrolls3.html (3972 words)

	Ancient Jewish Coins Related to the Works of Josephus
		The first coins to be used in Judea appeared in the 4th century BCE while Judea was part of the Persian Empire.
		Perhaps this is due to the decree of in 47 BCE, Julius Caesar in 47 BCE, in which Hyrcanus is named not king but "ethnarch," and the true power of procuratorship of Judea is awarded to Antipater.
		There is somewhat of a change in style for coins dated after 18 BCE, and numismatists suggest that these later coins were actually minted in Jerusalem expressly for use in the Temple.
	members.aol.com /fljosephus/coins.htm (5025 words)

	Alexander Jannai
		The youngest son of Johanan Hyrcanus was imprisoned for a year by his oldest brother, Aristobulus [104 BCE].
		Released by his widowed sister-in-law, Salome, whom he married, Alexander conquered cities on the Mediterranean coast from Gaza to Carmel and extended Judean control to Gadara across the Jordan.
		Public outrage at this Hellenized soldier-priest reached a climax when he was pelted with citrons at the festival of Sukkoth [Oct. 94 BCE].
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/jannai.html (170 words)

	Ancient Roman History Timeline III
		Was elected tribune of the people in 133 BCE, and fought for reforms of benefit to the plebeians.
		Marius was Roman general and statesman who led the popular party in the civil war of 88 to 86 BCE.
		He was elected tribune of the people in 123 BCE, and attempted the continuation of popular reforms.
	www.exovedate.com /ancient_timeline_three.html (1309 words)

	Sadducees Summary
		By about the reign of John Hyrcanus I (135–104 BCE), they were a recognizable aristocratic group.
		They were unwilling to tolerate the replacement of the Zadokite high priest with a Hasmonean in 153–152 BCE, and they disagreed with the Jerusalem priesthood regarding matters of Jewish law.
		Most scholars ascribe the origin of the Boethusians to Simeon ben Boethus, appointed high priest by Herod in 24 BCE so that he would have sufficient status for Herod to marry his daughter Mariamne (II).
	www.bookrags.com /Sadducees (2648 words)

	Ta-Yuan - China-related Topics TA-TD - China-Related Topics
		Also in 106 BCE106andndash;101 BCE, during their conflict against China, the country Ta-Yuan is said to have been an ally with the neighbouring tribes of the Kang-Kiu (Sogdians).
		According to the Han DynastyHan Chronicles the Yuezhi suffered another defeat around 155 BCE, against the Wusun, and fled south from the Ili river area, by-passed the urban civilization of the Ta-Yuan in Ferghana, and re-settled north of the Oxus in modern-day Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, definitively cutting Ta-Yuan from contact with the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.
		Around 130 BCE, at the time of Zhang Qian???s embassy, the Ta-Yuan were described as inhabitants of a region corresponding to the Ferghana, to the west of the Chinese empire.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Ta-Yuan (1914 words)

	The Lost Books of the Bible - The Dead Sea Scrolls Part 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		They are all dated between 200 BCE and the end of the pre-Christian era.
		It is dated to the first half of the 1st Century BCE, but the composition of the Admonition is thought to be pre-Qumran.
		The scroll is dated to the end of the 2nd Century BCE and contains information about a priestly figure that encounters opposition because of the wickedness prevalent in his generation.
	www.thelostbooks.com /deadsea4.htm (1245 words)

	Chinese calendars
		The civil calendar, used in official records since at least the 10th century bce, was lunisolar, and consisted of 12 months each of 29 or 30 days.
		By 104 bce it had been settled that the year begins on the second new moon after the winter solstice (it always falls between January 21 and February 20 in the Gregorian calendar.)
		Various rules determine when an intercalary month may be added and their application, like every other aspect of the calendar, was a prerogative of the court.
	www.sizes.com /time/cal_chinese.htm (481 words)

	EPILOGUE - The king's Calendar
		Having laid the foundation for justification of the 'King's Calendar' methodology, the balance of the volume consisting of the 'King's Calendar' interpretation of the Biblical (artificial) chronological historical record, traces the history of Israel from the time of the flood to the Reign of Aristobolus in 104 BCE.
		Chapters Five through Thirteen, whilst providing a reasonably straightforward presentation of the 'King's Calendar' reconstruction (936 BCE to 586 BCE), is nevertheless required to further justify that reconstruction, at several junctures.
		Ahab, having died a decade earlier, was not present at the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BCE.
	www.kingscalendar.com /kc_free_files_no_frames/Epilogue_Part_One.html (732 words)

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