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	10NES@Everything2.com
		In an entirely brazen move, a lawyer for Atari went down to the copyright office and convinced someone there that it was involved in a lawsuit with Nintendo and, under the principle of discovery, needed to see the source code Nintendo filed for 10NES.
		It had merely read the data 10NES was generating and its Rabbit system was duplicating that data.
		They copied parts of 10NES that had nothing to do with the key generation.
	everything2.com /index.pl?node_id=1428867 (731 words)

	10NES - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The 10NES was patented; only Nintendo could produce the authorization chips, and there existed other policies that prevented other companies from producing games for the NES.
		Tengen took a different tack: the corporation obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Copyright Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
		A few unlicensed games released in Europe and Australia came in the form of a dongle that would be connected to a licensed cartridge, in order to use that cartridge's 10NES lockout chip for authentication.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/10NES (263 words)

	10NES - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The 10NES was patented under US patent 4,799,635 and the source code was copyrighted; only Nintendo could produce the authorization chips.
		The patent covering the 10NES expired on January 24, 2006, although the copyright is still in effect.
		Tengen (Atari's NES games subsidiary) took a different tack: the corporation obtained a description of the code in the lockout chip from the United States Copyright Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/10NES (544 words)

	10NES
		Since 10NES was patented, only Nintendo could produce the authorization chips.
		Tengen, which had tried to reverse engineer the authentication chip unsuccessfully, actually stole the 10NES code from the U.S. Patent Office — they requested it as part of a copyright suit between themselves and Nintendo, but then proceeded to use it in the manufacture of NES cartridges.
		Needless to say, Nintendo was less than amused, and successfully sued Tengen over patent violation — it was this, not the huge fight over Tetris, that led to Tengen's demise.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/1/10/10nes.html (291 words)

	10NES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since 10NES was patent ed, only Nintendo could produce the authorization chips.
		Tengen, which had tried to reverse engineer the authentication chip unsuccessfully, actually stole the 10NES code from the U.S. Patent Office — they requested it as part of a copyright suit between themselves and Nintendo, but then proceeded to use it in the manufacture of NES cartridges.
		Needless to say, Nintendo was less than amused, and successfuly sued Tengen over patent violation — it was this, not the huge fight over Tetris, that led to Tengen's demise.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-10NES.html (280 words)

	10NES at AllExperts
		The 10NES was patented under US patent 4,799,635 and the source code was copyrighted; only Nintendo could produce the authorization chips.
		The patent covering the 10NES expired on January 24, 2006, although the copyright is still in effect.
		The court found that Tengen did not violate the copyright for copying the portion of code necessary to defeat the protection with current NES consoles, but did violate the copyright for copying portions of the code not being used in the communication between the chip and console.
	en.allexperts.com /e/0/10nes.htm (494 words)

	Famicom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Problems with the 10NES lockout chip frequently resulted in one of the systemâs most infamous problems: the blinking red power light, in which the system appears to turn itself on and off repeatedly.
		Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen, and took a different tack: the company obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
		When the console was reissued as the NES 2, the 10NES chip was omitted from the console, marking the end of Nintendoâs most notorious hold over its third-party developers.
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/Famicom (4598 words)

	HES Unidaptor - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To circumvent this, HES developed a technology to bypass it called the 'Piggy Back' or 'Dongle' game, where you could insert an official licensed NES cartridge into the back of a HES game and it operated the country code of the official title instead of HES'.
		This was so successful HES also used this technology to build a converter to bypass the 10NES security protocol entirely, released as the HES Unidaptor.
		Slot 1, is the master slot which is where the user inserts an official licensed NES game compatible with the NES hardware so the 10NES chip can read the country code from the masters EPROM.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/HES_Unidaptor (388 words)

	Cohen, Reverse Engineering
		Assuming, still, that a lock-out program such as the 10NES has no use other than to enlarge the scope of the patent grant by excluding competitors from creating and marketing programs for an unpatented computer system, its "usefulness" turns on whether triggering an equitable defense to an infringement claim is sufficient to establish illegality.
		However, under the "capacity for lawful use" standard advanced here, the possibility of scenario B is enough to establish the 10NES' usefulness, or at least to incline courts to address that question on a case-by-case basis.
		A corollary to the absence of a standing requirement is that there need not be even rough parity between the remedy - complete and unconditional nonenforcement of the patent - and the injury suffered by the infringer as a result of the patentee's attempt to extend its grant.
	www.law.cornell.edu /copyright/commentary/chn95t5.htm (4675 words)

	links2
		Moreover, the 10NES lockout chip was quite finicky, requiring precise timing in order to permit the system to boot.
		Atari created a line of NES products under the name Tengen, and took a different tack: the company obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
		Following the introduction of Sega's successful Genesis, Nintendo began to face real competition in the industry, and in the early 1990s was forced to reevaluate its stance towards its developers, many of whom had begun to defect to other systems.
	library.thinkquest.org /04oct/00928/buttons/makeup/neshistory.htm (1943 words)

	10NES was the authentication code for the Nintendo Entertainment System...
		Since 10NES was patent patented, only Nintendo Nintendo could produce the authorization chips.
		Tengen Tengen, which had tried to reverse engineer reverse engineer the authentication chip unsuccessfully, actually stole the 10NES code from the U.S. Patent Office U.S. Patent Office — they requested it as part of a copyright suit between themselves and Nintendo, but then proceeded to use it in the manufacture of NES cartridges.
		Needless to say, Nintendo was less than amused, and successfuly sued Tengen over patent violation — it was this, not the huge fight over Tetris Tetris, that led to Tengen's demise.
	www.biodatabase.de /10NES (289 words)

	Cohen, Reverse Engineering
		When the cartridge is inserted into the console, the two 10NES programs generate and exchange a series of values based on an initial, randomly selected number.
		Examination of the 10NES and Rabbit programs revealed, and Atari did not dispute, that Atari had duplicated some 10NES functions that were unnecessary to achieve interoperability with the version of the NES then on the market.
		The court ruled, in essence, that those functional attributes of the 10NES unnecessary for current interoperability were expressive elements of the program's structure, and so entitled to copyright protection.
	www.law.cornell.edu /copyright/commentary/chn95t1.htm (1589 words)

	NES Player
		To break the "10NES" security code, Tengen signed a fraudulent affidavit to get the source code from a copyright office.
		Once they had the code, it was easy to understand the technology behind it.
		Atari's main argument was that the "10NES" security code made it impossible for competitors to compete with Nintendo.
	www.nesplayer.com /features/lawsuits/tengen.htm (313 words)

	nintendo > 10NES
		The 10NES was programmed onto chips located in the NES...
		Four pins were added for the 10NES lockout chip (explained later), ten pins connected directly to the seemingly useless expansion port on the bottom of the console, and two pins were removed which...
		Nintendo incorporated a special program (10NES) on its game cartridges that would activate and allow the Nintendo game console to operate the game cartridge.
	www.isaga2003.org /nintendo/10NES.php (310 words)

	Diritto, economia e software open source
		By registering the 10NES with the Copyright Office, Nintendo obtained the benefit of a presumption of originality which Atari does not rebut on this record.
		The district court defined the unprotectable 10NES idea or process as the generation of a data stream to unlock a console.
		In the 10NES chips, the object code, contained in chip memories, is implemented when the chips are operational.
	www.istitutocolli.org /prosos/visualizza.php?oggetto=materiali&id=36 (7333 words)

	NES 2 information - Search.com
		The NES 2 is similar in design to the AV Family Computer, which was released in Japan at roughly the same time (for differences, see the AV Family Computer article).
		The internal hardware of the unit remained essentially unchanged from the earlier model, with the exception of the removal of RCA composite video output jacks (a significant difference from the AV Famicom), and the removal of the 10NES authentication chip.
		The external appearance, on the other hand, was greatly overhauled, restyled to align its looks to the North American Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and to address a number of commonly cited ergonomic problems of the original NES deck.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/NES_2 (642 words)

	The Edge of I-Hacked » How To: Disable the Lockout Chip in the NES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In order to do this, they designed the 10NES lockout system, which comprised of a chip on the system’s board, and a chip in the game cartridge.
		When plugged in, the chip in the cartridge would send an authentication code to the chip on the board, letting the system know it was an authorized game.
		Disabling the lockout can ease quite a bit of frustration (no longer having to blow into the cartridge!) but it is still recommended you regularly clean your cartridges and cart contacts inside the system.
	edge.i-hacked.com /how-to-disable-the-lockout-chip-in-the-nes (352 words)

	Gamasutra.com - The Ten Most Important Video Game Patents
		Nintendo’s security program (referred to as the 10NES software) was a combination of “lock” software embedded into a chip in the NES gaming console, and “key” software in each Nintendo game cartridge.
		Developers were upset that Nintendo was forcing them to pay money for a license to develop games for the NES console.
		The patent was determined to be valid, and a jury determined that Atari infringed the patent.
	www.gamasutra.com /features/20070119/dannenberg_02.shtml (712 words)

	10NES
		The system consisted of two parts--a computer chip in the NES that would check the cartridge in the system for authentication, and a chip in the cartridge that would give the 10NES code upon demand.
		Most unlicensed companies created circuits that used a voltage spike to knock the authentication unit in the NES offline.
		Tengen (Atari’s NES games subsidiary) took a different tactic: the corporation obtained a description of the code in the lockout chip from the United States Copyright Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_10NES (496 words)

	How To Disable the Lockout Chip in the NES on VG Resource Center // VGRC.net - Because our opinion is better than ...
		In order to do this, they designed the 10NES lockout system, which comprised of a chip on the system's board, and a chip in the game cartridge.
		When plugged in, the chip in the cartridge would send an authentication code to the chip on the board, letting the system know it was an authorized game.
		Disabling the lockout can ease quite a bit of frustration (no longer having to blow into the cartridge!) but it is still recommended you regularly clean your cartridges and cart contacts inside the system.
	www.vgrc.net /articles-559.html (1067 words)

	Patent Arcade: Case: Atari v. Nintendo (Fed. Cir. 1992) [C]
		The Federal Circuit stated that “[t]o prevail on its copyright infringement claim, Nintendo must show ownership of the 10NES program copyright and copying by Atari of protectable expression from the 10NES program.” Ownership of the 10NES program was not in dispute, and thus, Nintendo had to prove only the copying of protectable expression.
		Next, the court held that “Nintendo is likely to show successfully that Atari infringed the 10NES copyright by obtaining and copying the source code from the Copyright Office.” Atari obtained a copy from the Copyright Office by providing false information about a pending litigation, therefore obtaining an unauthorized reproduction.
		The court then also held that “Nintendo is likely to prove substantial similarity between the Rabbit and 10NES programs sufficient to support its infringement claims.” The court primarily relied on the fact that Rabbit incorporated unnecessary features, including features that were deleted from the original 10NES program.
	www.patentarcade.com /2005/08/case-atari-v-nintendo-fed-cir-1992-c.html (781 words)

	[No title]
		Alternatively, Nintendo can show copying by proving that Atari had access to the 10NES program and that Atari's work -- the Rabbit program -- is substantially [F.2d 838] similar to Nintendo's work in ideas and the expression of those ideas.
		Reproduction of an unauthorized copy from the Copyright Office violates 17 U.S.C. On this record, the district court did not err in determining that Nintendo is likely to show successfully that Atari infringed the 10NES copyright by obtaining and copying the source code from the Copyright Office.
		While Atari may freely reproduce the idea or process of Nintendo's 10NES code, copying of fully extraneous instructions unnecessary to the 10NES program's function strongly supports the district court's imposition of an injunction on the likelihood Nintendo will show infringement.
	www.gamelaw.org /print.php?sid=3 (6963 words)

	NES 2 Information
		The NES 2 is stylistically similar to the AV Family Computer, which was released in Japan at roughly the same time, but differs in a number of its specifications.
		The internal hardware of the unit remained essentially unchanged from the earlier model, with the exception of the removal of RCA composite video output jacks (a significant difference from the AV Famicom), and the removal of the 10NES authentication chip.
		The external appearance, on the other hand, was greatly overhauled, restyled to align its looks to the North American Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and to address a number of commonly cited ergonomic problems of the original NES deck.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/NES_2 (614 words)

	NES
		Ten pins were added that connected a cartridge directly to the expansion port on the bottom of the unit.
		Atari Games created a line of NES products under the name Tengen, and took a different tack: the company obtained a description of the lockout chip from the United States Patent and Trademark Office by falsely claiming that it was required to defend against present infringement claims in a legal case.
		Following the introduction of the Sega Mega Drive, Nintendo began to face real competition in the industry, and in the early 1990s was forced to reevaluate its stance towards its developers, many of whom had begun to defect to other systems.
	www.hotspotsz.com /Article_about-NES (5569 words)

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