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 | | At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, an artificial stone often regarded as a forerunner of concrete was in use at Uruk (160 miles south-southeast of modern Baghdad), but the secret of its manufacture apparently was lost in subsequent years. |
 | | For the next millennium, the 5th, it is customary to speak in terms of various "cultures" or "horizons" distinguished in general by the pottery, which may be classed by its color, shape, hardness, and, above all, by its decoration. |
 | | At the turn of the 4th to 3rd millennium BC, the long span of prehistory is over, and the threshold of the historical era is gained, captured by the existence of writing. |
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