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Topic: 11th century BCE

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	Europe Continents Facts \| 4 Corners Club
		The 1st millennium BCE saw the expansion of the Celtic peoples throughout Europe, reaching as far north as Britain by 450 BCE to be followed by incursions by pre-Christian Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, during the first millennium CE.
		The Parsis played an important role in the British development of Bombay as a commercial centre in the early 19th century, and many of them became westernised, receiving a British education; three Parsis living in London were elected to represent their constituencies in the House of Commons.
		The mid 20th century saw the spread of Sikhism outside its Punjab homeland, especially after the second world war when many Sikh men made their way to Britain, being joined by their wives and families in the late 1960s, the Sikh Missionary Society being founded in Britain in 1969.
	www.4cornersclub.com /adventure_trips/europe/continent_facts (2855 words)

	Beersheba — the Southern Border of the Kingdom of Judah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the mid-10th century BCE, during the monarchic period, the first large fortified city was established at Beersheba, to serve as the administrative center of the southern region of the kingdom.
		The uppermost layer of the mound revealed the 8th century BCE city of Beersheba, a remarkable example of provincial town planning and indicative of the importance of the city for the defense of the southern border of the Kingdom of Judah at the end of the monarchic period.
		The population of Beersheba in the 8th century BCE is estimated at 400-500, including officials and soldiers of the army of Judah stationed in Beersheba, the regional capital of the south.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/beersheva.html (892 words)

	Tel Beth Shean: An Account of the Hebrew University Excavations
		This ware is typical to assemblages of the 16th century BCE in the Jordan Valley, Samaria Hills and Transjordan.
		During the Thirteenth Century BCE, the reign of Seti I, Ramesses II and Merneptah, the Egyptian rule over Canaan became stronger, as evidenced by the establishment of citadels, governors' residencies, and headquarters of the Egyptian administration.
		We still miss a stratigraphic sequence to fill the gap between the 10th century BCE destruction layer found in Area S, and the 8th century destruction layer in Area P. Among the finds from this period was the bottom of a jar inscribed with a Hebrew inscription in fl ink on its lower part.
	www.rehov.org /project/tel_beth_shean.htm (7813 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: History :: Ancient Chinese History :: Summary
		In the 11th century BCE a frontier state called Zhou rose against and defeated the Shang dynasty.
		During the 7th and 6th centuries BCE, brief periods of stability were achieved through alliances among states, under the domination of the strongest member.
		The years from 403 BCE to 221 BCE became known as the Warring States Period because the conflicts were particularly frequent and deadly.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/01his/c01s01.html (3803 words)

	Tel Qasile - Archaeology in Tel Aviv
		Century BCE there lived the incredible amount - for that time - of up to 800 inhabitants.
		Century BCE, in the time of the Philistine wars of Saul and David.
		Century BCE it was again destroyed; again for unknown reasons.
	www.jewishmag.com /23mag/arch/arch.htm (1305 words)

	Salamis, Cyprus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Salamis was an ancient city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km North of Famagusta.
		The copper ores of Cyprus made the island an essential node in the earliest trade networks, and Cyprus was a source of the orientalizing cultural traits of mainland Greece at the end of the Greek Dark Ages, examined by Walter Burkert in 1992.
		This 11th century BC town was confined to a rather small area around the harbour but soon expanded westwards to occupy the area, which today is covered by forest.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Salamis,_Cyprus (1675 words)

	Findings this season in Area K
		Area K is crucial to the current debate concerning the 10th century, as we have now reached the floors of Stratum VIA.
		Stratum VIA is to be dated either to the 11th century (according to the prevailing chronology) or to the 10th century (according to the Low Chronology for the Iron Age strata).
		From the absolute chronology point of view, this evidence seems to strengthen the possibility of dating it later than the 11th century BCE.
	jbe.la.psu.edu /jst/megiddo/meg98final/area/K/k.htm (486 words)

	European Religions
		The 1st millennium BCE saw the expansion of the Celtic peoples throughout Europe, reaching as far north as Britain by 450 BCE to be followed by incursions by pre-Christian Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, during the first millennium CE.
		The Parsis played an important role in the British development of Bombay as a commercial centre in the early 19th century, and many of them became westernised, receiving a British education; three Parsis living in London were elected to represent their constituencies in the House of Commons.
		The mid 20th century saw the spread of Sikhism outside its Punjab homeland, especially after the second world war when many Sikh men made their way to Britain, being joined by their wives and families in the late 1960s, the Sikh Missionary Society being founded in Britain in 1969.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/europe/geness.html (1795 words)

	Genesisarchaeologicalanomalies
		Grayson's articles point out that Calah was the capital of Assyria during the 9th-7th centuries BCE until it was succeeded by Nineveh which became Assyria's capital during the reign of Sennacherib (BCE) in the 7th century.
		A 7th-6th century Bozrah (the principal building remains are 7th-6th centuries, not 8th) suggests Genesis was composed either in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
		Bozrah's principal building remains are of the 7th-6th centuries BCE, suggesting again, that Moses could not have written the Pentateuch and Genesis in the 15th century BCE (cf.
	www.bibleorigins.net /Genesisarchaeologicalanomalies.html (2590 words)

	Tel Dan -Archeology in Israel
		However, with the Assyrian invasion (732 BCE) life in Dan came to a halt, although Dan is not mentioned in an Assyrian victory account.
		century BCE, and because it’s the very first time that the house of David is mentioned in a text outside the Bible.
		century BCE inscription in Aramaic and Greek, also from the cultic area, the name of the god is formulated very vaguely as: “the god who is in Dan.”
	www.jewishmag.com /59mag/dan/dan.htm (1985 words)

	Deconstructing the walls of Jericho / By Ze'ev Herzog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The school of biblical criticism that developed in Germany beginning in the second half of the 19th century, of which Julian Wellhausen was a leading figure, challenged the historicity of the Bible stories and claimed that biblical historiography was formulated, and in large measure actually "invented," during the Babylonian exile.
		Despite the excavators' efforts, it emerged that in the late part of the 13th century BCE, at the end of the Late Bronze Age, which is the agreed period for the conquest, there were no cities in either tell, and of course no walls that could have been toppled.
		These inscriptions, from the 8th century BCE, raise the possibility that monotheism, as a state religion, is actually an innovation of the period of the Kingdom of Judea, following the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/jerques.htm (2757 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: History :: Ancient Chinese History :: Comprehensive
		By the 3rd century BCE, Chu was on the forefront of cultural innovation.
		Much of what came to constitute China Proper was unified for the first time in 221 BCE In that year the western frontier state of Qin, the most aggressive of the Warring States, subjugated the last of its rival states.
		Chinese armies also invaded and annexed parts of northern Vietnam and northern Korea toward the end of the 2nd century BCE Han control of peripheral regions was generally insecure, however.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/01his/c01s03.html (5704 words)

	Eve and the Identity of Women: 4. Genesis, Patriarchy, & Matriliny
		From the 13th century to the time of the Babylonian Captivity in the 6th century BCE, the same people are known as Israelites.
		Properly speaking, it is only after the conquest of Canaan in the 13th century that "Hebrews" are speaking Hebrew, which was a dialect of Canaanite, a Semitic language heavily influenced by Egyptian and spoken in the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Moab between 1500 and 500 BCE.
		When state formation did occur, around the middle of the 11th century BCE, it can be argued, based on other historical examples, that it involved a process which increasingly excluded women from public and religious activities and introduced a stricter regulation of female sexuality.
	witcombe.sbc.edu /eve-women/4patriarchy.html (682 words)

	Mayton English 500 Fall 1998
		The term rhetoric (rhLtorikL) was first coined by Plato in the 4th century BCE, whose disciplinary use of the term separated the art of persuasion from philosophy.2 While the term rhLtorikL is exclusive to Ancient Greece, references to magic are found in cultures all over the world.
		The classical period of Chinese history is thought to have ended in 221 BCE with the establishment of the Qin or Ch=in dynasty, which began the Great Wall and attempted to destroy all remnants of the classical period by censoring and burning books (Kennedy 142).
		According to Xing Lu'Rhetoric in Ancient China Fifth to Third Century BCE, A[f]rom the Xia to Shang dynasties (approximately twenty-first to eleventh century BCE), the Chinese rhetorical experience was characterized by mythological and ritualistic communication in the form of the oral transmission of legends, along with rites of ancestor worship and divinations"(6).
	www.cwru.edu /affil/sce/old/ricemayton500.html (3644 words)

	History of Indian Science And Technology
		century BCE, and was later repaired in 150 BCE by his grandson.
		BCE), Agucha (sixth century BCE) and Zawar (fifth century BCE).
		The first math war in Europe was from 10th to 16th centuries, during which time it took Europe 500 years to accept the zero, because the Church considered it to be heresy.
	www.indianscience.org (7373 words)

	First word
		This occurred in the South Sinai in the 14th century BCE or so.
		Even the Korean alphabet invented in the fourteenth century by the king was inspired by his knowledge of the phonetic alphabet and his desire to imitate it.
		The Phoenicians received it in the 11th century BCE from the Hebrews who came out of Egypt, crossed Sinai, and marched on Canaan.
	motspluriels.arts.uwa.edu.au /MP1901dpWord1.html (778 words)

	Erzulie-Lilith
		She is wearing an earring from Pompeii, 1st century BCE-1st century CE; a Roman ring from the 3rd century CE; and a Roman bracelet from the 1st-2nd century CE.
		The image on top of the staff is from a Syrian relief found at the Sanctuary of Hera at Samos, pre-5th century BCE; relief on the throne from a Cycladic relief of Hera as the Great Goddess, 680-70 BCE, Thebes; statue of Hera from Tarentum, Italy, 460 BCE.
		She is standing in front of the Gates of Ishtar, Babylonian, 6th century BCE; round image in her right hand is of Ishtar on a lion, 9th - 7th century BCE; statue of Ishtar in her left hand, 1000 BCE; bracelet and earrings, 4th century BCE; Babylonian necklace, 15th century BCE.
	www.goddessmyths.com /Erzulie-Lilith.html (1636 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Cypriot
		While the earliest examples dating from as early as 1500 BCE cannot be read, comparisons clearly show that the Cypriot syllabary seemed to have derived from Linear A, and therefore is like a sibling to Linear B.
		For this reason, sometimes the script at this very early stage is called Cypro-Minoan, to distinguish it from the Cypriot script used for writing Greek after the 12th century BCE.
		Not surprisingly, the first readable text in the Cypriot script appeared in the 11th century BCE to write the name of the owner of a funerary object.
	www.ancientscripts.com /cypriot.html (644 words)

	MapKadeshMasosBeersheba
		The Iron Age I site, late 13th-11th century BCE, embracing 15 acres (the largest ever Iron I site in the Negev) is in the upper right quadrant.
		The Iron Age III 7th century BCE Fortress is probably the Kadesh "in existence" at the Fall of Judah in 586 BCE.
		The Iron I city which began as a late 13th century TENT ENCAMPMENT is probably Moses' Kadesh Barnea of the Wilderness Traditions.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/MapKadeshMasosBeersheba.html (195 words)

	ArtLex on Masks
		In the fifth century BCE, standard mask forms became common for specific roles, with the specific features of each reflecting the character of the figure being played.
		Nô mask of a young woman, 18th-19th century, carved and painted wood, the white paint composed of crushed egg-shells in a binder, British Museum, London.
		The museum says, "Present-day Japanese Nô performances adhere to the traditions established in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries by the masters Kan'ami (1333-84) and his son Zeami (1363?-1443?).
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/mask.html (1394 words)

	ASOR Annual Meeting 1997: Abstracts
		This monumental structure is dated to the late second century CE by a Greek inscription on a lintel from the building which records a dedication by the Jews to the Roman Caesars during the reign of Septimius Severus.
		In the early twentieth century, E. Kohl and C. Watzinger, in their study of architectural remains in the Galilee and Golan, suggested it was a pagan temple.
		At the dawn of the 12th century BCE, scholars have traditionally claimed that there was a breakdown of these close ties, resulting in the cessation of international trade and the cultural and political fragmentation of peoples previously unified under Egyptian, Hittite or Aegean suzerainty.
	www.asor.org /AM/ASORAbs97.html (20988 words)

	Field Report of MPP 1996 Season
		The first dates to the foundation of the site around 3000 BCE; the second comes from the beginning of kingship in Jordan when local tribal groups were beginning to settle down around 1200 BCE; and the last dates to the end of the ancient Ammonite monarchy when Babylon was in control of the region.
		Architectural remains from the early Iron II were exposed in Field B (east side of the tell) where in previous seasons a paved approach ramp and the foundations of a small, outer gatehouse to the ancient city were found.
		While it appears that the lower portion of the paved approach ramp continued to be used with this later gateway, the original, small outer gatehouse was replaced by a larger one, slightly to the south.
	www.casa.arizona.edu /MPP/mpp_96/96_mpp_report.html (2996 words)

	KunYi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		We cannot suppose that the Yin Li system as used in the 4th century BCE somehow incorporated a "standard time" convention used in the 11th century BCE, i.e., of dating the solstice two days late, when that system was applied to determining 11th century dates.
		Three centuries later, Liu Xin had a piece of one, which he called the "Chunqiu Li." It didn't continue far enough for Liu to correlate it with known dates, so he was not able read off from it its intended absolute dates, and of course (using his own calculations) he got these wrong.
		The rewriting of the text must have been done in Wei in the late 4th century BCE, with the object of showing that the appointment of Tang-shu Yu, and the earlier conjunction, were in years when Jupiter was in station 10, Da Huo.
	www.stanford.edu /~dnivison/KunYi.html (3038 words)

	School of Theology: Research Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It was to present-day Jordan that 2nd century CE Jewish Christians fled seeking protection from hostilities waged against them in Palestine by the Romans in 70 CE.
		The beautiful 2nd century CE oval-shaped Southern Agora of Jerash (Gerasa), one of the cities of the Decapolis.
		4th century BCE house foundations at Pella, another of the cities of the Decapolis and the refuge for Christians fleeing the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70CE.
	ehlt.flinders.edu.au /theology/institute/mediterranean/jordan (468 words)

	Biblica 83 (2002) John H. CHOI
		The presence and use of this term suggests, at minimum, that an element of the Greek language was maintained nearly five centuries after the arrival of the Philistines from the Aegean.
		This fact, then, along with the unique cultural traits of the Philistines identified by Stager, strongly suggest that it may be necessary to speak of the Philistine’s cultural roots in the Aegean.
		century, in Mycenaean inscriptions, and as late as texts from the 3rd century BCE.
	www.bsw.org /project/biblica/bibl83/Comm09m.html (6411 words)

	davidicanomalies
		Peterson noted that in 1971, Yeiven in the course of repairs to a 4th century CE Synagogue at es-Samu, found two vessels of the 9th-8th centuries BCE.
		The excavations reveal the city is not earlier than the 9th century BCE, suggesting the Davidic narrative has erred in attributing the "silver booty" to David's time in the 11th century BCE.
		Biran suggested that Tel Esdar, 1 1/2 miles away from `Ar`arah, might be Aroer, as it did possess pottery of the 11-10th centuries BCE, the period of David.
	www.bibleorigins.net /davidicanomalies.html (1443 words)

	Western Zhou Bronze Tripod Ritual Vessel_Jue
		Stable and graciously proportioned, this jue has three flared legs emerge from the base splay outward, it has a dragon head on the strap handle, and the taotie masks at the waist are in fairly high relief.
		The jue was probably a gift or offering made to Gong Wang at the funeral; it may had been used for drinking or libations at the grave during the rite, a custom known as early as the prehistoric Dawenkou and Longshane culture (Fourth to third millennium BCE).
		The jue was excavated in the mid Qing era (1644-1911) with a damaged trough spout, and most of the encrustation of the jue has fallen off.
	www.buddhamuseum.com /archaic-bronze-vessel.html (417 words)

	Phoenicia
		The people of Phoenicia, are now referred to as Phoenicians, even if before 1200 BCE we see that there are no distinctions in descriptions or names between them and the Canaanites.
		Punic language would be strongly influenced by the original Berber languages of the region, and would survive as language long after the decline of the Punic cities as a language in the rural areas until 6th century CE.
		In most cases, the Phoenicians used cuneiform script, but at Byblos they developed what for long was considered to be the very first alphabet in the 15th century BCE.
	i-cias.com /e.o/phoenicia.htm (1600 words)

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