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Topic: 1244 invasion of Anatolia

	The Crusades
		The Byzantines lost Anatolia (modern Asiatic Turkey) to the Turks, a loss that foreshadowed the eventual end of the Byzantine Empire.
		Anatolia was the breadbasket and population center of the Byzantine Empire; without it, the Empire would exist only at the sufferance of the Turks.
		The Crusades failed to recover Anatolia from the Turks, and the sack of Constantinople in 1204 destroyed Byzantium as a first rate power.
	www.uwgb.edu /dutchs/WestTech/xcrusade.htm (2550 words)

	Molana Jalaledin
		It was after this journey that most likely as a result of the invitation of 'Ala', al-Din Kayqubad, the ruler of Anatolia, Baha' al-Din came to Asia Minor and finally settled in Konya, a city associated with his family to this day.
		Having become a master of both the Shari'ite sciences and Sufism, Rumi established a circle around him in Konya, and from around 1240 to 1244, he was occupied with teaching, meditating, helping the poor, and other activities of a religious scholar.
		In 1244 Rumi's life was transformed through his encounter with Shams al-Din Tabrizi, who had entered Konya that year after spending some time in Baghdad.
	www.farhangsara.com /jalal_al.htm (1086 words)

	international invasions ordered by date
		1964 invasion of the Turkish Cypriot Enclave Kokkina by Cyprus and Greece
		1573 invasion of Venetian Corfu by Ottoman Turks
		1571 invasion of Venetian Corfu by Ottoman Turks
	www.lonympics.co.uk /aaaaa.htm (1794 words)

	List of invasions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1912 invasion of Albania by Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro
		1716 invasion of Venetian Corfu by Ottoman Turks
		409 invasion of the NW of the Iberian peninsula by Suebians
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_invasions (1556 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> invasion (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Invasion over land is the straightforward entry of armed forces into an area using existing land connections, usually crossing borders or otherwise defined zones, such as a demilitarized zone, overwhelming defensive emplacements and structures.
		Invasion by sea is the use of a body of water to facilitate the entry of armed forces into an area, often a landmass adjoining the body of water or an island.
		The 1066 invasion of England by William the Conqueror, and the decisive battle which won the war, the Battle of Hastings, were to have profound effects on the historical and societal development of Britain, and the English language itself.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/invasion (4398 words)

	List of invasions - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		1912 invasion of Albania by Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro
		1224 invasion of the Kingdom of Thessaloniki by the Byzantine Despotate of Epirus
		1220-1224 invasion of Georgians and the Cumans of the Caucasus, the Kuban, Astrakhan, Russia, Ukraine by Mongols
	www.music.us /education/L/List-of-invasions.htm (1088 words)

	Central Europe
		Invasions by military elites should be distinguished from mass movements of peoples.
		The Magyars determined to escape the turmoil of the steppes, and assembled east of the Carpathians for their invasion of the Hungarian Plain, which they had determined was very thinly populated with the remnants of Avars and Gepids.
		Bulgaria was the staging point for the invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia in the spring of 1941.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/misc/europe.htm (23125 words)

	Tito was born Josip Broz in Kumrovec (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Byzantines lost Anatolia (modern Asiatic Turkey) to the Turks, a loss that foreshadowed the eventual end of the Byzantine Empire.
		Anatolia was the breadbasket and population center of the Byzantine Empire; without it, the Empire would exist only at the sufferance of the Turks.
		Two land armies marched down across Anatolia; one was destroyed and the other badly mauled by the Turks.
	koz.vianet.ca /boshis132.htm (2467 words)

	1236-71. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		He failed to take the city, owing to his lack of seapower, but John, the despot of Thessaly, was obliged to give up the title Emperor of the West and to recognize the suzerainty of the Nicaean emperor.
		The Mongol invasion of Anatolia, after the defeat of the Seljuks in the Battle of Köseda
		John Vatatzes established friendly relations with them and succeeded to much of the Seljuk territory in central Anatolia.
	www.bartleby.com /67/510.html (330 words)

	Islam and Europe Timeline (355-1291 A.D.)
		This invasion of Iraq had been one of the last military orders given by Muhammed before his death.
		Instead, the Arabic invasion of Europe must proceed along the longer path across northern Africa and into Spain, a route which prevents quick reinforcement and ultimately proves ineffective.
		It became the base of operations for invasions of the Kingdom of Jerusalem every year afterwards, and numerous battles were fought there in the following years, until it was finally captured by the crusaders in 1153.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/islamchron.html (7477 words)

	Finance Choices - Personal Finance Wiki
		Starting with the invasion of Western Xia and Jin Dynasty in northern China and consolidating through numerous conquests including the Khwarezmid Empire in Persia, Mongol rule across the Eurasian landmass radically altered the demography and geopolitics of these areas.
		In 1256, during the rule of Ögedei, Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui, was charged with the conquest of the Muslim nations to the southwest of the empire.
		Invasion of Japan against samurai Suenaga using arrows and bombs, circa 1293.
	www.financechoices.co.uk /personal-finance-wiki.php?title=Genghis_Khan (8979 words)

	List of invasions
		1944 invasion of Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Greece, the Philippines, Albania by Allied forces
		1919 invasion of Ukraine and Belarus by Bolshevist Russia and Poland
		1931 Invasion of Manchuria by France and Britain
	erwiki.com /article/List_of_invasions (1281 words)

	Genghis Khan
		In 1256, during the rule of Ögedei, Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui, was charged with the conquest of the Muslim nations to the southwest of the empire.
		Invasion of Japan against samurai Suenaga using arrows and bombs, circa 1293.
		Before the Mongol invasion, Chinese dynasties reportedly had approximately 120 million inhabitants; after the conquest was completed in 1279, the 1300 census reported roughly 60 million people.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Genghis_Khan.htm (9349 words)

	914
		According to tradition, Warwick was founded on the banks of the River Avon in the year 914 AD, when Ethelfleda, sister of Mercian king Edward the Elder built defences against Danish (Viking) invaders; these were to be the basis of Warwick Castle.
		Historians like José António Lopes Silva, the translator of Idatius' chronicles, the primary written source for the period, find that the essential temper of Galician culture was established in the blending of Ibero-Roman culture with that of the Suebi [1].
		As with most Germanic invasions, the number of the original Suebi invaders is estimated at fewer than 30,000, settling mainly in the zones around Bra...
	www.experiencefestival.com /914 (2208 words)

	Mongol Empire - Information at Halfvalue.com
		One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that had refused to surrender; in the invasion of Kievan Rus', almost all major cities were destroyed; but if they chose to submit, the people were spared and treated leniently.
		1251â“1259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia (Timour)
		1220-1224 invasion of Georgians and the Cumans of the Caucasus, the Kuban, Astrakhan, Russia, Ukraine
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Mongol_Empire (4255 words)

	e. The Kassites, the Hurrians, and the Arameans. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Hurrians had lived in Mesopotamia in small numbers from the late 3rd millennium, but the major Hurrian invasion of the region began around 1700.
		Tukulti-Ninurta was murdered by his son in a palace coup, and Assyria entered into an 85-year period of weakness.
		When the invasion of the Sea Peoples around 1200 destroyed the Hittite Empire and pushed the Egyptians out of Asia, and created a power vacuum in the region, Tiglath-Pileser I (Tukulti-apal-eser, 1115–1077) quickly took advantage of the situation.
	www.bartleby.com /67/86.html (801 words)

	Famous Historic Battles
		The invasion did not take place, but an uprising against Montfort of the Welsh “Marchers” (Englishmen along the Welsh border) led to his defeat by the king's son (later Edward I) at Evesham.
		The invasion of the North of England by Robert the Bruce forced Edward III of England to sign the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton on May 1 in 1328, which recognised the independence of Scotland with Bruce as king.
		The Roman invasion of Britain: Britain was the target of invasion by forces of the Roman Republic and Roman Empire several times during its history.
	www.mystical-sites.stevenredhead.com /Warriors/battles2.html (14493 words)

	palestin imam khomeini14
		Consequently, the Palestinian issue, which until then had been the focus of the regions attention, was now relegated to a position of secondary importance and the reactionary Arab regimes, with the excuse of supporting Iraq in a war deemed to have first priority, procrastinated in their support for the PLO and Syria.
		This invasion and the ensuing war not only weakened the PLOs military might it also destroyed the organisations political clout driving some of the Palestinian leaders to seek solutions in conciliation and the development of closer relations with Egypt and Jordan.
		As the invasion commenced, the Zionists announced that their objective was to establish a security zone 40-45 kilometres inside Lebanese territory.
	www.al-shia.com /html/eng/books/miscelleneous/palestine-from-the-viewpoint-of-imam-khomeini/14.htm (11162 words)

	History of the Macedonian People from Ancient times to the Present - Part XVII, by Risto Stefov
		The theme system in Anatolia, which had been the basis of the empire's military power, was rapidly breaking down.
		Failing to convince the Crusaders to help him re-take Anatolia, the next best thing the Emperor did was get its leaders to swear that they would restore towns or territories they might conquer from the Turks on their way to the Holy Land.
		The Mongol invasion weakened the Seljuq Turkish sultanate and isolated the rival empire of Trebizond.
	www.maknews.com /html/articles/stefov/stefov38.html (10574 words)

	The Battle over the Crusades
		With the Crusades, the assumption is of a ruthless Church driving Europe into a barbaric war of aggression and plunder against a peaceful Islamic population in the Holy Land.
		As the common portrait paints it, led by mad preachers and manipulating popes, the Crusades were a Church-sponsored invasion and slaughter that descended into a massacre at Jerusalem, the sack of Constantinople and the persecution of European Jews.
		The invasion failed when the King of Jerusalem was forced to return to defend Antioch from an attack by Nur-ur-din.
	www.catholiceducation.org /links/jump.cgi?ID=3307 (8871 words)

	Bulgaroktonos Married? - Page 3 - Alternate History Discussion Board
		If the Mongol invasion plays out like it always does in Medieval Total War, with the Mongols attacking me and me alone, then the Byzantines could face a serious crisis regarding holding on to NA and Spain and saving the rest of the Empire....
		Anatolia and Asia Minor are likely to have been taken over by the Mongols due to them being dependent on nomadic lifestyle, with plains of Anatolia providing plenty of space for such.
		Unlike OTL, where the loss of Anatolia and Asia Minor deprived the Byzantines of their manpower and economic strength, the Italian provinces are likely to at least partially compensate for that, and make sure that the Empire could still survive and maybe even thrive.
	www.alternatehistory.com /Discussion/showthread.php?p=41989 (4416 words)

	Assyria (general introduction)
		The ancient Near East had become unstable by the invasions of the Sea People, and there were other nations that had left their homelands in search for more fertile land, like the Aramaeans.
		He was a capable general, however, and conquered Israel, defeated the Egyptians near Gaza, captured Carchemish in the west, fought against the Medes, supported king Midas of Phrygia against the invasion of the Cimmerians, and overcame king Rusa of Urartu.
		During the reign of Sennacherib's son and successor Esarhaddon (680-669), the Assyrian armies defeated the Cimmerians, who had threatened Anatolia, and advanced to Egypt, which was evacuated by the last pharaoh of the Kushite dynasty, Taharqa.
	www.livius.org /as-at/assyria/assyria.html (1765 words)

	Konya, Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Born in 1207 in the town of Balkh in Khurasan (near Mazar-I-Sharif in contemporary Afghanistan), Jalal al-Din Rumi was the son of a brilliant Islamic scholar.
		At the age of 12, fleeing the Mongol invasion, he and his family went first to Mecca and then settled in the town of Rum in 1228.
		In 1244 a strange event occurred that was to profoundly change Rumi's life and give rise to the extraordinary outpouring of poetry for which he is famous today.
	www.sacredsites.com /middle_east/turkey/konya.htm (1492 words)

	The Battle over the Crusades
		With the Crusades, the assumption is of a ruthless Church driving Europe into a barbaric war of aggression and plunder against a peaceful Islamic population in the Holy Land.
		As the common portrait paints it, led by mad preachers and manipulating popes, the Crusades were a Church-sponsored invasion and slaughter that descended into a massacre at Jerusalem, the sack of Constantinople and the persecution of European Jews.
		The invasion failed when the King of Jerusalem was forced to return to defend Antioch from an attack by Nur-ur-din.
	www.catholicleague.org /research/battle_over_the_crusades.htm (8701 words)

	Mongol Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the more successful tactics employed by the Mongols was to wipe out urban populations that had refused to surrender; in the invasion of Kievan Rus', almost all major cities were destroyed; but if they chose to submit, the people were spared and treated leniently.
		Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c.
		It is often speculated that this was one of the great turning points in history and that Europe may well have fallen to the Mongols had the invasion gone ahead.
	www.stupidproxy.com /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9Nb25nb2xfRW1waXJl (4371 words)

	Central Asian History, Part 1
		The Invasion of Transoxiana by the Achaemenids of Persia under Darius I and Cyrus.
		The Invasion of Transoxiana and capture of Samarkand by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, resulting in the rule of the Greek Seleucids in both Bactria and Soghdiana.
		The Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat the Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert and establish the Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
	www.oxuscom.com /cahist1.htm (2005 words)

	About Echo Publications! Dr. Nevit Ergin translates Rumi books from Turkish to English.
		In the West, he is known as Rumi, based on where he lived most of his adult life – in Anatolia, the old land of Rome (present-day Turkey).
		To escape the Mongol invasion and destruction, Rumi and his family moved to Konya, Anatolia (present-day Turkey).
		It was Shams influence and Rumi’s bereavement at his loss that inspired Divan-I Kebir, also known as Divan-I Shams, an anthology of Rumi’s poems from the time he met Shams in 1244 until the time he died in 1273.
	www.echopublication.com /rumi.html (373 words)

	Sufisizm, Mevlana Celalettin Rumi, Dancing Derwishes, Turkey
		During those years the greater part of Anatolia was under the reign of the Seljuk State and Konya was the capital.
		Hence Konya was bestowed with works of art and artists, and scholars were abundant in the city.
		In fact Mevlana had become a great scientific and religious scholar and was sermoning at the İplikçi Medrese.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /Tours/Interest/Sufisizm.htm (708 words)

	Islam -- The Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims
		After less than a century of independent rule their territory was absorbed in the greater Seljuq Empire and many of the people from that area spread throughout Anatolia and European Turkey, as is shown by the large number of Turkish villages bearing the name of Danishmand.
		Timur (Tamerlane) invaded Anatolia in 805 (A.D. The gallant Bayazid, surnamed the Thunderbolt because he was as quick as lightning and could strike a blow like a thunderbolt, rushed to meet him, but he was defeated and taken prisoner at Ankara due to the treason of some of his officers who deserted to the enemy.
		Greece gained her independence in 1244 (A.D. The Crimean War in 1271-72 (A.D. 1854-55, in which the Ottoman Empire was aided by England and France, put a temporary stop to the Russian advance.
	www.religion-online.org /showchapter.asp?title=1656&C=1643 (13882 words)

	Ranikot Fort - It's Odd Location and Why?
		Invasion via the river Indus was not possible as Bactrian Greeks, Parthians and Scythias controlled the north-western South-Asia, from Peshawar, down to Broach in Gujarat and they did not have any contestant in the South-Asia.
		Should such invasion take place, the invading army could expect to get water supply only for about first 15-16 miles, beyond which limit they would not get a drop of water.
		The Fort must have protected the route through the hills, the route which was the route of invasion (Refer Map No.2) as well as the established trade route.
	www.panhwar.com /Article19.htm (4564 words)

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