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Topic: 12th century BCE

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Ekron

In the News (Tue 10 Nov 09)

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	Ekron: A Philistine City
		In the second millennium BCE, Tel Mikne was a large Canaanite city, at first covering all parts of the tel, but later confined to a settlement on the acropolis, where a public building destroyed by conflagration in the 13th century BCE was uncovered.
		During the 12th-11th centuries BCE Philistine Ekron was a flourishing city enclosed by a sturdy, 3-meterthick brick wall.
		At the end of the 7th century BCE the city’s fortunes declined and in 604 BCE, it was conquered and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/Ekron.html (1395 words)

	Beit She'an
		At the end of the 12th, and during the 11th century BCE, Beit She'an was an important Canaanite city with a mixed population: Canaanites and descendants of Egyptians and Philistines.
		Beit She'an is mentioned in written sources of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE describing the conflict between the Ptolemids and the Seleucids (inheritors of the empire of Alexander the Great) over control of the Land of Israel, and with reference to the wars of the Hasmoneans to gain independence from Seleucid rule.
		The western colonnade of the street was re-paved in the 4th century, according to a mosaic inscription, during the governorship of Palladius son of Porfirius.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/Beitshean.html (4878 words)

	Beer Sheva
		century it was destroyed, probably in the invasion of Israel by the Egyptian pharaoh Shishak in 925 BCE.
		century, in the form of a double wall with a space between them that was often used as living room or storehouses.
		century it became a reservoir of rain water, which was collected from all over the town, dripping from roofs and courtyards into channels under the streets.
	www.jewishmag.com /61mag/beersheva/beersheva.htm (1476 words)

	trends - May 2000
		As early as the 15th century BCE, Megiddo led a confederation of rebel Canaanite cities which attempted to overthrow Egyptian rule in Asia, only to be defeated by an Egyptian army led by Pharaoh Thutmose III.
		In 609 BCE Josiah, King of Judah, was slain at Megiddo by Pharaoh Necho of Egypt, an ally of the crumbling Assyrian army in its last-ditch efforts against the Babylonians.
		According to Finkelstein it dates to the 10th century BCE and was destroyed in the late 10th century, either by the expanding Israelite Northern Kingdom or by the Egyptians.
	www.tau.ac.il /Research-Authority/trends/megiddo.html (987 words)

	Egyptian art records the Invasion of the Sea People, sea faring in the 12th Century BCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The invasions occurred in two primary waves over a fifty year period beginning toward the end of the the Twelfth Century BCE during the rule of the Pharaoh Merneptah (1224-1210bc) and climaxing during the reign of Ramesses III 1194-1163bc toward the middle of the the eleventh Century BCE.
		All three accounts are twelfth century events recorded in three different cultures from the perspective of the individual cultures recording their heritage and histories.
		The map above is an illustration of the known routes used in Twelfth Century BCE seafaring and trade with suggestions made for the geographic origins of the Wheshesh, Karshishka, Shekelesh and Danuna.
	www.artsales.com /ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/17_sea_peoples.html (1176 words)

	Archaeology Insitute, Tel-Aviv University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Lachish was continuously settled from the Chalcolithic period in the 4th millennium BCE until the end of the Persian period in the middle of the first millennium BCE.
		In the ninth century BCE Lachish was built and fortified by the kings of Judah, who turned it into a royal Judean stronghold-- second in importance to Jerusalem.
		In the seventh century BCE Lachish was rebuilt as a royal Judean stronghold.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/archaeology/projects/lachish.html (813 words)

	Judaism 2 - Crystalinks
		At the Exodus from Egypt (13th century BCE), YHWH showed his faithfulness and power by liberating Israel from bondage and punishing their oppressors with plagues and drowning at the sea.
		Jeroboam I (10th century BCE), the first king of the north (now called Israel, in contradistinction to Judah, the southern Davidic kingdom), appreciated the inextricable link of Jerusalem and its sanctuary with the Davidic claim to divine election to kingship over all Israel (the whole people, north and south).
		King Jeroboam II (8th century BCE) was able to undertake to restore the imperial sway of the north over its neighbour, and a prophecy of Jonah that he would extend Israel's borders from the Dead Sea to the entrance to Hamath (Syria) was borne out.
	www.crystalinks.com /judaism2.html (4125 words)

	Babylon
		About 2200 BCE it was known as the site of a temple and during the 21st centruy BC it was subject to the nearby city of Ur.
		In 1595 BCE the city was captured by Hittites and shortly thereafter it came under the control of the Kassite dynasty (circa 1590 - 1155 BCE).
		From the late 8th century BCE until Nabopolassar, between 626 and 615 BCE expelled the Assyrians, the city was part of the Assyrian Empire.
	members.tripod.com /dianasafricandream/Empires/babylon.htm (1856 words)

	Decalogue7thcentBCE
		Their conclusions are that while some of the concepts can be identified in 2nd millennium BCE contexts, there are other aspects preserved in the book of Deuteronomy that are attested ONLY in a late 1st millennium BCE environment.
		The preponderant evidence suggests that Moses' Decalogue, preserved in the Book of Deuteronomy, is a creation of the 7th century BCE, it mirroring most closely Neo-Assyrian Vassal treaties of that era, as noted by Moran.
		Judges and Samuel chonologies), nor with a 1446 BCE Exodus (1 Kings 6:1), nor with a Ramesside Exodus of the 13/12th century BCE.
	www.bibleorigins.net /Decalogue7thcentBCE.html (1506 words)

	meet1
		RA: Jews may have come here first in the 10th century BCE when the fleet of King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre joined on sailings to Tarshish; (It seems that Tarshish is a general term for all the regions/countries in Western Mediterranean, area of expansion of the Phoenicians till Spain).
		Delattre, in the 19th century, proved that it was a Jewish cemetery and not a Phoenician one.
		Robert Attal (RA): The Arab invasion of the 7th century was stubbornly resisted by the Berbers: Berber tribes that had converted to Judaism also took an active role in the struggle against the invasion, led by Kahina, queen of the mountains of Aures in Algeria.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Tunisia/meet1.html (6634 words)

	Tel Qasile - Archaeology in Tel Aviv
		Century BCE there lived the incredible amount - for that time - of up to 800 inhabitants.
		Century BCE, in the time of the Philistine wars of Saul and David.
		Century BCE it was again destroyed; again for unknown reasons.
	www.jewishmag.com /23MAG/ARCH/arch.htm (1305 words)

	Ussishkin : Tel Lachish \| The Shelby White - Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications
		Lachish was continuously settled from the Chalcolithic period in the 4th millennium BCE till the end of the Persian period in the middle of the first millennium BCE.
		It was dominated by the Egyptian pharaohs, and prospered till its final destruction in the 12th century BCE in the hands of the "Sea Peoples" or the Israelites.
		In the ninth century BCE Lachish was built and fortified by the kings of Judah, turning it into a royal Judean stronghold - second in importance to Jerusalem.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~semitic/wl/digsites/Cisjordan/Lachish_97 (413 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	Sheba
		Kingdom of ancient southwestern Arabia lasting from 12th-10th century BCE until 4th century CE, altogether between 1200 and 1400 years.
		The actual location of Sheba is a matter of discussion, but it is believed that their lands correspond to the western half of modern Yemen.
		The capital for most of the period of the kingdom was Ma'rib, 300 km from the Red Sea, on the eastern side of the high mountains but at the beginning of the Arabian desert.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/sheba.htm (522 words)

	Historical Alphabets
		The Aramaic language was the international trade language of the ancient Middle East between 1000 and 600 BCE, spoken from the Mediterranean coast to the borders of India.
		The Meroïtic script was used in the Kingdom of Kush, from the 2nd century BCE onwards until the 5th century CE, in an area of the Nile Valley stretching from Philae in Nubia to near Khartoum in Sudan.
		This event probably occurred around the 7th century BCE but the first evidence of the Oscan alphabet did not appear until the 5th century BCE in the form of inscriptions on coins.
	www.seansgallery.com /pages/h_alphabets.htm (2019 words)

	In Depth Bible Studies
		From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan (comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon)Ñthroughout the biblical period and later ages a vortex of west Asian, Egyptian, and east Mediterranean ethnoculture.
		After Solomon's death in the 10th century B.C. the kingdom of Israel splits into two, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.
		He was closely involved in the political and religious events of a crucial era in the history of the ancient Near East; his spiritual leadership helped his fellow countrymen survive disasters that included the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC and the exile of many Judaeans to Babylonia.
	www.biblestudying.net /christianity1.html (5957 words)

	template
		The scroll lines and two protruding eyes embellishing the body of this jue, a ritual vessel for drinking wine, show the abstract beginnings of the taotie, or animal mask motif, a ubiquitous design element that is believed to have reinforced the ritual significance of bronzes.
		This vessel's imposing size, the generous use of precious bronze and the dramatic animal masks decorating the surface indicate the importance in early Chinese society and ritual.
		A four-character inscription, which can be translated as "made this precious you vessel", is cast on the base of the vessel's interior and repeated on the interior of the lid.
	www.marymount.k12.ny.us /marynet/TeacherResources/bronzesproject/html/bklynmuse.htm (950 words)

	VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Classical Hebrew, which became differentiated from Canaanite North Semitic in about the 12th century BCE, was replaced by Aramaic (another Semitic language) during and after the captivity in Babylon, and had essentially died out as a spoken language by the 2nd century BCE.
		Eight centuries elapsed between the time the first Bible writings were set down and the time that Hebrew died out as a spoken language.
		Until the time of the Masoretes (5th to 12th centuries CE), there was no rigorous system for ensuring the accuracy of copying and editing.
	www.cesame-nm.org /Viewpoint/contributions/bible/versions.html (3371 words)

	Field Report of MPP 1996 Season
		The first dates to the foundation of the site around 3000 BCE; the second comes from the beginning of kingship in Jordan when local tribal groups were beginning to settle down around 1200 BCE; and the last dates to the end of the ancient Ammonite monarchy when Babylon was in control of the region.
		Architectural remains from the early Iron II were exposed in Field B (east side of the tell) where in previous seasons a paved approach ramp and the foundations of a small, outer gatehouse to the ancient city were found.
		While it appears that the lower portion of the paved approach ramp continued to be used with this later gateway, the original, small outer gatehouse was replaced by a larger one, slightly to the south.
	www.casa.arizona.edu /MPP/mpp_96/96_mpp_report.html (2996 words)

	Christdot :: Christ. Period. :: 12th Century BCE Edomite Copper Works Found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		An international team of archaeologists has recorded radiocarbon dates that they say show the tribes of Edom may have indeed come together in a cohesive society as early as the 12th century B.C., certainly by the 10th.
		The evidence was found in the ruins of a large copper-processing center and fortress at Khirbat en-Nahas, in the lowlands of what was Edom and is now part of Jordan.
		12th century seems a bit early for state formation in Edom from all that I've read.
	christdot.org /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8229 (371 words)

	Radiocarbon Dates from Iron Age Strata at Tel Beth Shean and Tel Rehov
		RT2733 (1050-920 BCE) could fit the time of construction in the 10th century BCE, though it could also be considered as being earlier and providing a terminus post quem for the construction of the building.
		The first (RT2995) is dated to the 14th-13th centuries BCE and thus points to the use of old olive wood in the construction, as in the case of Stratum S I at Beth-Shean (above).
		Our elm tree beam is dated to the late II th early 10th century BCE in the 1σ range, while a lower date in the 10th century is suggested within the 2σ range.
	www.rehov.org /Rehov/publications/p04.html (4717 words)

	גלריית תמונות
		Lid of an anthropomorphic coffin, 12th century BCE
		View of the temple of Stratum R2 (15th century BCE).
		Plan of the Egyptian garrison quarter at Beth-Shean during the time of the 20th Dynasty (12th century BCE, Stratum Lower VI).
	www.rehov.org /project/pic.htm (212 words)

	Canadian Jewish News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Another Egyptian text related, in the versions known to us up to the 20th century BCE, the Sinuhe narrative, clearly has much in common with the biblical story of Moses, who escaped to Midian, where he “married” in the family of Jethro.
		This evidence is further supported by finds in Jordan, where the presence of large human communities and vast activity in the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, in the third millennium BCE, bear patterns similar to those recorded at Har Karkom.
		Like in the Negev and Sinai deserts, also in Edom and Moab, this archeological episode is followed by a hiatus until the Iron Age in the 12th century BCE.
	www.cjnews.com /viewarticle.asp?id=546 (1119 words)

	Department of Asian Studies
		Hebrew was the spoken language of the Patriarchs during the Biblical period, and the Bible is written in Hebrew.
		As a spoken language, Hebrew began to reemerge in the 19th century and became, in 1913, the official language of instruction in Jewish schools in the region of Palestine.
		A series of dots and dashes which represent vowel sounds were introduced in the 8th century in order to facilitate pronunciation.
	www.unc.edu /depts/asia/program_hebrew.html (405 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		Each of its four sides is divided into five compartments of sculpture representing the tribute brought to the Assyrian King by vassal princes, Jehu of Israel being among the number.
		Shalmaneser, whose annals and conquests are recorded upon it, was the son of Assur-natsir-pal, and died in 823 BCE.
		Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Constitution of Carthage, c.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1172 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Cypriot
		While the earliest examples dating from as early as 1500 BCE cannot be read, comparisons clearly show that the Cypriot syllabary seemed to have derived from Linear A, and therefore is like a sibling to Linear B.
		According to tradition, Greek settlers colonized Cyprus around the 12th century BCE, and they likely adopted the Cypro-Minoan script for their own use.
		Not surprisingly, the first readable text in the Cypriot script appeared in the 11th century BCE to write the name of the owner of a funerary object.
	www.ancientscripts.com /cypriot.html (644 words)

	Chinese martial arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinese martial arts can be traced back to the Zhou Dynasty in the 12th century BC and possibly earlier.
		As the Chinese writing system traces back to the Shang Dynasty (1766 BC - 1122 BC) and with the unfortunate destruction of many texts during the reign of the first emperor of China, it is difficult to confirm claims of entire books regarding the martial arts being written at earlier times.
		These sources, in contrast to those from the Tang period, refer to Shaolin methods of combat unarmed, with the spear, and with the weapon that was the forte of the Shaolin monks and for which they had become famous—the staff.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kung_fu (3486 words)

	TimnaPhallicIdol
		Below, to viewer's right, a 12th century BCE copper idol of a Phallic god found at the Timna sanctuary (perhaps the Midianite god Yaw or Yahweh ?
		8th century BCE, to the NW of Timna).
		In the Ugaritic myths (13th century BCE) El or Bull-El, father of the gods and of Man (Yahweh being called El or Elohim), is famed for his phallus which is likened to a "bowstave" when he seduces two women near the seashore.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/TimnaPhallicIdol.html (130 words)

	Antioch - Crystalinks
		In the narrow valley between the Amanus and Cassius ranges, stood at one time the city of Antioch, which flourished from the 18th to the beginning of the 12th century BCE, when it was suddenly destroyed.
		In the 4th century A.D. it was about 200,000 according to Chrysostom, who probably did not reckon slaves.
		About 4 miles west and beyond the suburb, Heraclea, lay the paradise of Daphne, a park of woods and waters, in the midst of which rose a great temple to the Pythian Apollo, founded by Seleucus I. and enriched with a cult-statue of the god, as Musagetes, by Bryaxis.
	www.crystalinks.com /antioch.html (2225 words)

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