12th century in poetry

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	Renaissance of the 12th Century
		The twelfth century left its signature on higher education, on the scholastic philosophy, on European systems of law, on architecture and sculpture, on the liturgical drama, on Latin and vernacular poetry.
		[The 12th century in Europe] was in many respects an age of fresh and vigorous life.
		A series of changes took place in parts of 12th-century Europe that some historians refer to as the Renaissance of the 12th Century or the Medieval Renaissance.
	users.telerama.com /~jdehullu/islam/more_028.htm (384 words)

	[History] > 12th Century - Lamed - Renaissance of Learning
		Renaissance of the twelfth century --- return of classical learning to the West, translations of Greek and Arabic works, rise of universities, (Balogna, Paris, Oxford), development of professional curriculums in law, medicine, theology; revival of Latin poetry, development of vernacular literature...
		The distinction between the Renaissance of the Twelfth Century and the Italian Renaissance of the Fifteenth Century is discussed by Charles Homer Haskins in his introduction to his book Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
		in the Twelfth Century and the subsequent rise of the system of Universities.
	www.biblewheel.com /History/C12_Learning.asp (322 words)

	THE TROUBADOUR POETRY OF SOUTHERN FRANCE IN THE 12TH CENTURY
		THE TROUBADOUR POETRY OF SOUTHERN FRANCE IN THE 12TH CENTURY
		In the 11th century, feudalism stressed loyalty and service to one's king and lord.
		Also, in 13th century, a cruel crusade against the Cathars in the south of France, followed by the
	www.elon.edu /sullivan/trobvita.htm (1014 words)

	An introduction to Chinese literature
		Chinese literature may be divided into three major historical periods that roughly correspond to those of Western literary history: the classical period, from the 6th century BC through the 2nd century AD; the medieval period, from the 3rd century to the late 12th century; and the modern period, from the 13th century to the present.
		During the first half of the 20th century Chinese writers used literature as a mirror to reflect the seamy side of life, as a weapon to combat the evils of society, and as a form of propaganda to spread the message of class struggle.
		The greatest Chinese poetry was created during the Tang (Tang) dynasty (618-907), a period of general peace and prosperity ending in a decline.
	www.china-on-site.com /literatu/intro.htm (1014 words)

	Spanish-American Poetry (Dual-Language)
		From 12th-century Cantar de Mío Cid to 20th-century poetry of García Lorca, Salinas and Alberti.
		Four centuries of Spanish creativity—from such Renaissance masters as Garcilaso and Lope de Vega to 20th-century poets García Lorca and Nobel Prizewinner Gabriela Mistral.
		Inspiring treasury of 40 poems ranging from the time of the Conquest to the first half of the 20th century.
	store.doverpublications.com /0486293807.html (1014 words)

	Spanish Poetry
		");Newwindow.Document.Write ("Image Zoom");Newwindow.Document.Write (" From 12th-century Cantar de Mío Cid to 20th-century poetry of García Lorca, Salinas and Alberti—37 poems by Spain’s greatest poets.
		Barnstones Spanish Poetry: From Its Beginnings Through The Nineteenth Century.
		Spanish Poetry Magnetic Poetry World Series Kits are the international versions of the popular American phenomonen.
	www.resourcereference.com /directory/poetry/spanish-poetry.html (280 words)

	Uma's Ghazal Page
		The ghazal came to India with the advent and extension of the Muslim influence from the 12th century onwards.
		Wali's poetry awakened the minds of the Persian-loving North to the beauty and richness of Urdu language, and introduced them to the true flavor of ghazal, thus encouraging its rapid growth and popularity.
		When Persian gave way to Urdu as the language of poetry and culture in India, the ghazal, the fruit of Indo-Iranian culture, found its opportunity to grow and develop.
	www.msci.memphis.edu /~ramamurt/ghazal.html (713 words)

	ARCE/NC ARCHIVES
		In about the middle of the 9th century, some colloquial poetry began to appear, and by the 12th century, poetry dealing with the “7 Arts” was generally found in the popular literature.
		Early Arabic poetry served as poetic propaganda in which the Caliph or provincial rulers are given poetic qualities - being portrayed as rulers with “divine” sanction, like those attributed to early Medieval kings.
		For example, one poem contains a first verse about a beautiful woman of Syria.
	home.comcast.net /~hebsed/larkin.htm (1028 words)

	Uma's Ghazal Page
		The ghazal came to India with the advent and extension of the Muslim influence from the 12th century onwards.
		Wali's poetry awakened the minds of the Persian-loving North to the beauty and richness of Urdu language, and introduced them to the true flavor of ghazal, thus encouraging its rapid growth and popularity.
		When Persian gave way to Urdu as the language of poetry and culture in India, the ghazal, the fruit of Indo-Iranian culture, found its opportunity to grow and develop.
	www.msci.memphis.edu /%7Eramamurt/ghazal.html (713 words)

	Egypt: Literature in Ancient Egypt: A prominent Component of Civilization, A Feature Tour Egypt Story
		The most notable work of that era was the story of Snohit, written in 2000 BC during the region of the 12th Dynasty.
		Besides, ancient Egyptians wrote plays, dramatic poetry, songs, religious hymns and love poetry, in addition to description of nature, panegyrical poems to glorify their kings and their glorious battles, and songs for workers and farmers and others to be sung in parties.
		An Egyptian document dating back to king Menes (Narmer); of the 32nd Century BC shows the first dramatic text along man’s history on earth.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/liter.htm (3032 words)

	Modern Korean Poetry by Jaihiun Kim, New, Used Books, Cheap Prices, ISBN 0875730574
		A companion volume to the Classical Korean Poetry, this anthology provides the reader a bird's eye view of modern, 20th century Korean poetry, thus completing the sampling of the Korean poetry beginning with the 12th century through the present.
		Truth of Poetry: Tensions in Modern Poetry from Ba...
		Search 75 bookstores for: Modern Korean Poetry : ISBN: 0875730574
	www.bookfinder4u.com /detail/0875730574.html (3032 words)

	Lyric poetry to the 13th century (from French literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The 12th century saw the revolution in sexual attitudes that has come to be known as amour courtois, or courtly love.
		Its first exponents were the Provençal troubadours, poet-musicians of the 12th and 13th centuries, of whom some 400 are known by name.
		Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-22490?tocId=22490 (3032 words)

	Auburn Public Library --Columbia Grangers Index
		This page provides a list of literature collections held by the library that are cited in the Columbia Granger's Index to Poetry, 12th edition, with Columbia Granger abbreviations and Auburn Public Library Call Numbers.
		The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry: from Early Times to the Thirteenth Century
		The Faber Book of 20th Century Women's Poetry
	www.auburnalabama.org /library/columbia_grangers.htm (3032 words)

	Urdu alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Urdu has been written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script since the 12th century and is normally written in Nastaliq style.
		Urdu is also spoken in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Fiji, Germany, Guyana, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Thailand, the UAE, the UK and Zambia.
		Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language with about 104 million speakers, including those who speak it as a second language.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/urdu.htm (176 words)

	History Bookshop.com: Khazars
		The Khazar state was defeated by the Kievan Prince Svyatoslav in 966 and declined until, after the 12th century, the Khazars were unknown.
		Explore these sites developed by History Bookshop: Poetry Book Society, Poetry Bookshop Online,
	www.historybookshop.com /articles/glossary/khazars.asp (176 words)

	Japanese Poetry
		In the more usual restricted sense, it designates Japanese poetic kinds predating renga (linked verse from the 12th century), especially tanka.
		Waka "Japanese poem." Waka literally means "Japanese poem," and in the widest sense is all Japanese rather than foreign poetry, especially Chinese.
		In most Japanese poetry, there is a seasonal referent.
	www.albany.edu /eas/170/waka.htm (136 words)

	Records for Korean poetry -- To 1900 -- Translations into English. (in MARION)
		Classical Korean poetry : more than 600 verses since the 12th century / selected and translated with an introduction by Jaihiun J. Kim.
		Korean poetry -- To 1900 -- Translations into English.
		Records for Korean poetry -- To 1900 -- Translations into English.
	library.cerritos.edu /MARION/@KOREAN%20POETRY/1cef00005100/0 (136 words)

	Welsh literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Much of the poetry in these manuscripts is credited to four late 6th-century bards—Aneurin, Taliesin, Myrddin (the Merlin of Arthurian romance), and Llywarch Hen—and most of the anonymous poetry is marked by style and subject as belonging to their various schools.
		The earliest Welsh literature is preserved in about half a dozen manuscripts written with one exception after the 12th cent.
		Dafydd was influenced by Provençal poetry, but his verse was more informal and spontaneous.
	www.bartleby.com /65/we/Welshlit.html (916 words)

	Ethics of India 30 BC To 1300 by Sanderson Beck
		In the 12th century Vijayasena established a powerful kingdom in Bengal; but in spite of the military victories of Lakshmanasena, who began ruling in 1178, lands were lost to the Muslims and others early in the 13th century.
		The erotic poetry of Amaru about the 7th century often expressed the woman's viewpoint.
		For three centuries the kingdom of the Satavahanas flourished except for a brief invasion by the Shaka clan of Kshaharata led by Bhumaka and Nahapana in the early 2nd century CE.
	www.san.beck.org /AB2-India.html (916 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century (Brill's Inner Asian Library)
		Written partly in prose and partly in epic poetry, it is the major native source on Èinggis Qan, also dealing with part of the reign of his son and successor Ögödei (1229-41).
		The 13th century Secret History of the Mongols, covering the great Èinggis Qan’s (1162-1227) ancestry and life, stands out as a literary monument of first magnitude.
		De Rachewiltz has mastered the secondary literature in all the relevant languages including Mongolian and even Hungarian, and this work is really the culmination of a century and a half of work by dozens of scholars.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/9004131590/ref=nosim/theworldofroyalt (916 words)

	Attending to Early Modern Women: Title Browse--
		Primarily 19th century poetry, but includes some 18th century and early 20th century texts as well.
		The American Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies is an interdisciplinary group dedicated to the advancement of scholarshipin all aspects of the period from the later seventeenth through the early nineteenth century.
		Includes authors from the beginning of Italian literature in the late 12th and 13th centuries up to authors born in 1945; Anthologies, articles and essays, autobiographies, biographies, children's literature, devotional works, dialogues, diaries, dramas, epics, hagiographies, histories and chronicles, interviews and conversations, letters, memoirs, novels, operas, poems, reviews, short stories, and travel literature are included.
	www.lib.umd.edu /ETC/LOCAL/emw/emw.php3?Action=browseTitles (8939 words)

	Lisa's Poetry List
		NY: Hoawthorn Books, Inc., 1963; Stahl, E.L. The Oxford Book of German Verse, from the 12th to the 20th Century, third edition.
		NY: Chicorel Library Publishing Corp., 1974 (1st ed.); Classical Outlook, a serial which publishes several genres of verse that may be of interest; Dillon, John.
		The following list is alphabetically arranged by author.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~awiesner/poetry.html (3998 words)

	The Authorship of the "Canadian Boat-Song": A Bibliographical Note
		The Earl wrote music, but not poetry, and it seems likely that one of his most popular settings became attached to the “Boat Song” sometime after his death in 1819, and the poem’s first appearance in 1829.
		Donald Campbell, using the song to conclude an article on the Highland exiles, remarks that it was found, evidently a translation from the Gaelic, among the posthumous papers of Hugh Montgomerie, 12th.
		Newbigging’s contention that there was an alternative — and original — fourth stanza, the implications of which threw the date of the writing of the poem back to the mid-eighteenth century, is eventually laid to rest in Scottish Notes and Queries for July, 1934.
	www.uwo.ca /english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol06/dowler.htm (3998 words)

	Chinese Literature
		Chinese literature may be divided into three major historical periods that roughly correspond to those of Western literary history: the classical period, from the 6th century BC through the 2nd century AD; the medieval period, from the 3rd century to the late 12th century; and the modern period, from the 13th century to the present.
		The most important poetic work produced during the classical period was the Shih Ching (Book of Poetry), an anthology of ancient poems written in four-word verses and composed mostly between the 10th and the 7th centuries BC.
		The formative stages took place during the 6th to the 4th century BC, at the time of the Zhou (Chou) dynasty (1027?-256 BC).
	www.ron-turner.com /chineseliterature.html (3998 words)

	A_Bibliographic_Guide_to_Arthurian_Literature.doc
		This concept of Arthur does not only appear in Y Gododdin; it is also to be found in a number of other non-Galfridian sources, including the mid 7th-century Marwnad Cynddylan and the poetry of the 12th- and 13th-century Gogynfeirdd.
		Y Gododdin The collection of heroic death-songs known as Y Gododdin is found in the late 13th-century Book of Aneirin.
		To Aneirin is attributed y Gododdin, the oldest surviving heroic poetry in Welsh.
	myrddin.wz.cz /myrddin/A_Bibliographic_Guide_to_Arthurian_Literature.doc (12548 words)

	GERMAN LITERATURE - LoveToKnow Article on GERMAN LITERATURE
		The transition from this rigid ecclesiastic spirit to a freer, more imaginative literature is to be seen in the lyric poetry inspired by the Virgin, in the legends of the saints which bulk so largely in the poetry of the 12th century, and in the general trend towards mysticism.
		The disturbing and disintegrating element in the literature of the 13th century was thus the substitution of a utilitarian didacticism for the idealism of chivalry.
		When the vernacular literature began to emerge from an unwritten state in the 8th century, it proved to be merely a weak reflection of the ecclesiastical writings of the monasteries; and this, with very few exceptions; Old High German literature remained.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GERMAN_LITERATURE.htm (12548 words)

	MSN Encarta - Arabic Literature
		Medieval Arabic autobiography, however, receives its fullest treatment in al-Munqidh min al-Dalal (12th century; The Rescuer from Error), the spiritual autobiography of al-Ghazali, who died in the early years of the 12th century.
		Egypt’s Naguib Mahfouz, one of the best-known Arabic novelists of the 20th century, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1988.
		Arabic poets eventually cut loose from their classical moorings and looked to more modern forms, such as free verse—poetry with no fixed rhyme or meter.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561792_2/Arabic_Literature.html (2143 words)

	GERMAN LITERATURE - LoveToKnow Article on GERMAN LITERATURE
		The transition from this rigid ecclesiastic spirit to a freer, more imaginative literature is to be seen in the lyric poetry inspired by the Virgin, in the legends of the saints which bulk so largely in the poetry of the 12th century, and in the general trend towards mysticism.
		The disturbing and disintegrating element in the literature of the 13th century was thus the substitution of a utilitarian didacticism for the idealism of chivalry.
		The literature of the middle of the century was not wanting in achievement, but there was nothing buoyant or youthful about it; most significant of all, the generation between 1848 and 1880 was either oblivious or indifferent to the good work and to the new and germinating ideas which it produced.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GERMAN_LITERATURE.htm (17145 words)

	GERMAN LITERATURE - LoveToKnow Article on GERMAN LITERATURE
		The transition from this rigid ecclesiastic spirit to a freer, more imaginative literature is to be seen in the lyric poetry inspired by the Virgin, in the legends of the saints which bulk so largely in the poetry of the 12th century, and in the general trend towards mysticism.
		The disturbing and disintegrating element in the literature of the 13th century was thus the substitution of a utilitarian didacticism for the idealism of chivalry.
		The literature of the middle of the century was not wanting in achievement, but there was nothing buoyant or youthful about it; most significant of all, the generation between 1848 and 1880 was either oblivious or indifferent to the good work and to the new and germinating ideas which it produced.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GERMAN_LITERATURE.htm (17145 words)

	GERMAN LITERATURE - LoveToKnow Article on GERMAN LITERATURE
		The transition from this rigid ecclesiastic spirit to a freer, more imaginative literature is to be seen in the lyric poetry inspired by the Virgin, in the legends of the saints which bulk so largely in the poetry of the 12th century, and in the general trend towards mysticism.
		The disturbing and disintegrating element in the literature of the 13th century was thus the substitution of a utilitarian didacticism for the idealism of chivalry.
		The literature of the middle of the century was not wanting in achievement, but there was nothing buoyant or youthful about it; most significant of all, the generation between 1848 and 1880 was either oblivious or indifferent to the good work and to the new and germinating ideas which it produced.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /G/GE/GERMAN_LITERATURE.htm (17145 words)

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In the News (Thu 8 Jan 09)