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	Lecture 2 West Civ to 1650
		In the second millennium BCE the great empires that dominated Mesopotamia and the Near East were composed mostly of peoples who had not lived in the region a few hundreds of years before.
		Hammurabi would continue to use diplomacy with skill and cunning in dealing with other lands during the height of his empire; among his innovations was the regular use of diplomatic correspondence and the preservation of a diplomatic archive.
		But from 1350 to 1200 BCE, the Mycenaeans fell into almost constant internal warfare (the Trojan War is one example), and their cities suffered from several famines, epidemics, fires, and other disasters.
	facstaff.bloomu.edu /hickey/lecture%202%20west%20civ%20to%201650.htm (4708 words)

	Timeline of Buddhism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		563 BCE: Siddhārtha Gautama, the Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini, Ancient India.
		220 BCE: Theravada Buddhism is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Venerable Mahinda, the son of the emperor Ashoka of India during the reign of king Devanampiya-Tissa.
		By the 1300s this story of Josaphat had become so popular that he was made a Catholic saint.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline+of+Buddhism (3276 words)

	Calendar
		In Canada the Gregorian calendar is in use under the terms of the 1750 British Act for Regulating the Commencement of the Year, and for Correcting the Calendar Now in Use, which switched the official English calendar from the Julian to the Gregorian form in 1752.
		The Act declared that the year 1752 would begin on Jan 1 (rather than on March 25, as had been the case in England since the 1300s) following Dec 31, 1751 and that the day following Sept 2, 1752, was to be known as Sept 14, 1752.
		Astronomers sometimes use negative years to simplify their time interval calculations, eg, 2 BCE corresponding to -1, 1 BCE to their 0.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0009099 (691 words)

	Global Networking Timeline: 30,000 BCE-999 CE
		3500 BCE - [M] A 10,000 km strong network of long-distance trade routes spans the seas (a total of 1,000 km) and lands (a total of 9,000 km) of Eurasia and Africa (reanalysis of Sherratt 2003 data in Ciolek, forthcoming).
		A second network (in addition to that established circa 4000 BCE in Mesopotamia), centered on north-eastern China, was established (Sherratt 2003).
		Distant signalling stations would use torches to indicate the beginning and end of the transmission, as well as which of the many possible water levels was to be noted down and interpreted according to a given codebook (James and Thorpe 1994, cited in Chang et al.
	www.ciolek.com /GLOBAL/early.html (2873 words)

	Old World Contacts/Modes of Transport/Ships of the Old World
		The earliest existing evidence for the use of sails in Northern Europe is much later in date – between the 1st century BCE and the second and third centuries CE.
		Previously, in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, the Athenians had developed a type of warship called the trireme, which employed three banks of oarsmen in order to maximise speed and manoeuvrability in combat.
		Planked boats and reed crafts were in use by the third millennium BCE and there are records of voyages from Babylon, through the Persian Gulf, to the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and even further to western India.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/transport/ships.html (2101 words)

	The Six-Point Brewer's Star
		The earliest appearance in a Jewish context is in the 13-16 centuries BCE, but long after that it continued in widespread use in other circumstances not associated with the Jewish faith.
		The first use of the term "Shield of David" was about 1300 CE when a Spanish practitioner of Jewish mysticism wrote a commentary on the central book of that mysticism, the Zohar.
		The first actual linkage of the hexagram to a Jewish community appears in the early 1300s on the flag of the Jewish community of Prague, which was designed with permission of Charles IV when he became king of Bohemia.
	www.beerhistory.com /library/holdings/brewerstar.shtml (320 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tutankhamun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The royal titulary or royal protocol of an Egyptian Pharaoh is the standard naming convention taken by the kings of Ancient Egypt.
		Known rulers, in the History of Egypt, for the Eighteenth Dynasty.
		The New Kingdom is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BCE and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tutankhamun/External_links (1829 words)

	Ancient Greece \| Grade 10 \| School \| www.aaronparecki.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the 1700s BCE, there was a major crisis in the culture which almost caused it to disappear.
		Generally in wars, a few men from each side were sent to a battlefield and the country with the winners would dictate what the other side had to do for a period of time.
		In 474 BCE, the father of Greek drama, Aeschylus, wrote a play about the recent battle called "Persians." This was the first Greek tragedy based on actual history.
	www.aaronparecki.com /school/grade10/ancientgreece (7279 words)

	Science notes for 10/25/01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Gold and silver were first used because they are the only two metals that are found in the metallic state, not as an ore (such as iron or aluminum ore); metals possess very unique properties (e.g., they are malleable) compared to previously known materials such as stone, wood or bone.
		Much harder and stronger than bronze, it made for better tools and weapons; first produced by the Hittites, who quickly rose to prominance in what is now Turkey; Hittite empire fell in about 1,200 BCE and the technology of iron refinement quickly spread and began the Iron Age.
		Alchemy was banned in the 1300s, and alchemists were often persecuted for heresy, etc.
	academic.evergreen.edu /curricular/teoh/notes/1026.htm (744 words)

	Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		These regions are constantly in flux, and by 9000 BCE (Before Common Area), precipitation was increasing—desert became arid steppes suitable for animals and the Mediterranean climate expanded southward so that it encompassed much of what today is considered North Africa.
		Somewhere around 2500 BCE, the ancestors of the Berber peoples, for reasons we don’t yet know, migrated from the western Sahara across the entire regions and “Berber-speaking societies came to predominate” (Ehret 2002, 154-155).
		In the eastern part of the region, Christianity was adopted by most urban and rural peoples, however, in the western part of North Africa, it tended to be adopted mostly by settled peoples, while the nomadic Berbers maintained their traditional beliefs (albeit with some overlap).
	exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu /curriculum/lm16/acttwo.htm (2975 words)

	The Hebrews to 1000 BCE
		The great migrations that pushed against the Assyrians and overran Asia Minor and the Hittites around 1200 BCE also pushed on some seafaring people from the region around the Aegean Sea.
		Then around 1177 BCE, in the eighth year of the reign of Merneptah's successor, Ramses III, more raids came by the sea, and Ramses III repelled the invaders, and he boasted of re-establishing Egyptian rule through Canaan as far north as the Plain of Jezreel.
		But by the time of pharaoh Ramses XI, who ruled from around 1100 to 1085, the Egyptian domination of Canaan had again ended, and along the southern coast of Canaan, in such towns as Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Gaza, were the sea peoples who had been driven from Egypt.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch04.htm (3843 words)

	Din Timelines
		The 5000 to 500 BCE Timeline, 500 to 1 BCE Timeline, and the 1 CE to 499 CE Timeline has the rise and fall of civilizations all over the world.
		During the 1000 to 1199, 1200s, and 1300s Western Europe comes out of its dark age.
		There is an age of discovery and rediscovery, and an eventual Renaissance in Florence in the 1400s.
	din-timelines.com /bline.shtml (657 words)

	1250s BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1250s BC 1250s BC (Redirected from 1250s BCE)
		Decades: 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC 1260s BC - 1250s BC - 1240s BC 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s BC 1200s BC
		September 7, 1251 BC - A solar eclipse at this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes, Greece.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/1250s_BCE (108 words)

	History of invention in the arts
		Nearby are paintings from 15,000 BCE found in the Lascaux caves.
		In 50 BCE, the Roman poet Lucretius writes De Rerum Natura (On the Nature of Things), a beautiful and sensuous poem on the theory of atoms.
		Some argue this was the second photograph, the first being the Shroud of Turin dating from the early 1300s and thought to have been prepared by using silver nitrate on linen.
	www.patenting-art.com /history/timlin-e.htm (10314 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Timeline of Buddhism
		534 BCE: Gautama leaves his inheritance and becomes a monk.
		528 BCE: Gautama claims he has attained Enlightenment, and begins his ministry.
		100s BCE: Theravada Buddhism is officially introduced to Sri Lanka by the Venerable Mahinda, the son of the emperor Ashoka of India during the reign of king Devanampiya-Tissa.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Timeline_of_Buddhism (3296 words)

	Gods, Kings, Honored Dead, and Mortals
		To the ancient Egyptians, their land was known as Kemet ('fl land'; Egypt derives from the Greek, Aegyptos), revealing an intimate understanding of the importance of the river's natural cycles in sustaining life.
		He was at once the monarch, supreme judge, and high priest of the social order—even when some or all of the functions of these offices where executed by subordinates.
		2600-2150 BCE) is derived from doctrines articulated by the priesthood based in the city of Heliopolis, scribal priests who created the first compilation of texts, the Pyramid Texts.
	obsidianmagazine.com /Pages/gkhdm.html (2310 words)

	ArtLex's Se-Sf page
		Seals have been affixed to documents to prove their authenticity or to secure them from tampering.
		American, [two versions of the] Seal of the United States Department of State, which is based upon the Great Seal of the United States of America.
		- An early, pre-Classical, transitional style of mid-fifth century BCE Greek statuary that is formal but not rigid in pose and emphasizes the principle of weight distribution; a liberation from the archaic limitation of frontal rigidity found in Egyptian portrait statues.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/Se.html (3743 words)

	Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia - - Bremen Cog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Bremen Cog is especially important because prior to its discovery, the only available evidence of what cogs looked like came from the official seals of Hanseatic towns and their coinage.
		The hull form had been evolving for 1,500 years (the earliest evidence is a 200 bce clay model found at the town of Leese on the Weser), and from the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries the cog dominated trade between the Baltic and North Sea ports of the Hanseatic League.
		The type was found mostly between England and Bruges in the west and along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea as far as Elbing (now Elblag, Poland) in the east, but cogs also traded to the Mediterranean, and by the early 1300s the type was being copied by shipwrights from Spain to Venice.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/ships/html/sh_014000_bremencog.htm (956 words)

	Old World Contacts/Colonists/Canary Islands
		Cane sugar has been a favoured Old World food since 8000 BCE, when knowledge of the product began to spread from fields in New Guinea north into other locales in the Far East, and into India.
		Linguistic evidence indicates that the Asian nomads called Aryans, who overwhelmed the ancient cultures of the Indus Valley after 1500 BCE, were familiar with sugar.
		In the late 1300s and 1400s, the Portuguese colonised Madeira and the Azores for the same purpose and the Spanish absorbed the Canary Islands.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/colonists/canary.html (750 words)

	GLOSSARY
		Around 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt, bronze alloys were developed to make stronger and more durable tools, shields, swords, and spear and arrow tips.
		Hellenistic: A culturally distinctive era (323‑30 BCE), inaugurated by the conquests of Alexander the Great, in which Greek political regimes and culture became dominant in the Near East, Egypt and the Mediterranean.
		Over several centuries, their fight for equality succeeded; by about 300 BCE they were eligible to hold all major political and religious posts.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /history/dfg/coregate/glossary.htm (11722 words)

	Samaritan - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Samaria was a largely autonomous state nominally dependent on the Seleucid empire until around 129 BCE, when the Jewish Hasmonean king Yohanan Girhan (John Hyrcanus) destroyed the Samaritan temple and devastated Samaria.
		Samaritans fared badly under Roman rule, when Samaria was part of the Roman province of Judea, in the early part of the Common Era.
		In the 1300s the Mamluks came to power; they plundered all Samaritan religious sites, and turned their shrines into mosques.
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Samaritan (1492 words)

	Gods, Kings, Honored Dead, and Mortals
		To the ancient Egyptians, their land was known as Kemet ('fl land'; Egypt derives from the Greek, Aegyptos), revealing an intimate understanding of the importance of the river's natural cycles in sustaining life.
		He was at once the monarch, supreme judge, and high priest of the social order—even when some or all of the functions of these offices where executed by subordinates.
		2600-2150 BCE) is derived from doctrines articulated by the priesthood based in the city of Heliopolis, scribal priests who created the first compilation of texts, the Pyramid Texts.
	www.madstone.com /obsidianmagazine/Pages/gkhdm.html (2310 words)

	1260s at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Decades: 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s - 1260s - 1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s 1310s
		1310s BC 1300s BC 1290s BC 1280s BC 1270s BC - 1260s BC - 1250s BC 1240s BC 1230s BC 1220s BC 1210s...
		14th century Decades: 1210s 1220s 1230s 1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s 1290s 1300s 1310s Years: 1260 1261 1262...
	www.springknow.com /1260s.html (247 words)

	South and Southeast Asia
		1300s breakup of Delhi Sultanate led to more southern states.
		Between 3000 and 2000 BCE, Malays and others arrived from China and India.
		2500 BCE- 900 CE left Philippines and Indonesia and settled throughout thousands of Pacific Islands.
	www.historyblogs.com /southandsoutheastasia.htm (625 words)

	Alchemy - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Its principles restored the health of those who were ill beyond hope and gave back youth to fading old age." The best example of a text based on this science is The Vaishashik Darshana of Kanad (fl.
		Of course this view was not incorrect if one accepted the postulate of a limitless God versus limited human reasoning capability, but it virtually erased alchemy from practice in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
		335) Pope John XXII in the early 1300s issued an edict against alchemy, which effectively removed all church personnel from the practice of the Art.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/index.php/Alchemy (5211 words)

	White Crow - Editor's Notes
		Amenhotep IV, also known as Akhenaten, pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, instituted a radical change in Egyptian religion in the mid 1300s BCE and converted the polytheistic nation to monotheism.
		The colossi are over 3000 years old, and were moved in 1971 after the construction of a dam would have put them underwater.
		An earthquake in 27 BCE destroyed the face of one of the statues.
	www.wcrow.com /editor.html (1092 words)

	Module 13, Session 2, Lecture Notes
		Our alphabet, the Roman alphabet, developed between 1700 and 1500 BCE (Before Common Era) as the Romans adapted Etruscan script.
		Letter formations were refined and mastered by the first century BCE.
		Many of the words we use today are borrowed from the Romance languages of this period.
	alternativeed.sjsu.edu /mod13/mod13_2_notes.html (815 words)

	Women in World History: WEBSITE REVIEWS
		The texts span from 2300 BCE to the early 18th century, with about half of them written after 1400.
		These are followed by select transcriptions of representative passages and annotated bibliographies for each author.
		Nearly all the texts reproduced are translations, and the three English sources date from the 1300s and 1400s.
	chnm.gmu.edu /wwh/w/1/wwh.html (630 words)

	The pentagram
		3500BCE) in ancient Mesopotamia where the general sense seems to be "heavenly body." By the cuneiform period (post 2600 BCE) the pentagram or symbol UB means "region," "heavenly quarter" or "direction".
		[4] De Vogel cites Eisler for an example of a pentagram on an Attic red-figured cup from the early 5th cent, BCE.
		The Inquisition of the early 1300s does not appear to have made a connection between the pentagram and the Knights Templar's alleged worship of the Baphomet.
	www.freemasonry.bcy.ca /anti-masonry/pentagram.html (3390 words)

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