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	JAPANESE LITERATURE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although Japanese literature and Japanese authors are perhaps not as well known in the west as those in the European and American canons, Japan possesses an ancient and rich literary tradition that draws upon a millennium and a half of written records.
		Literature of this period evinces the influences that Buddhism and Zen ethics had on the emerging samurai class.
		Literature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Tokugawa Period (commonly referred to as the Edo Period).
	www.livingflowers.com /Japanese_literature (1928 words)

	History of literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry which attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/hearer/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques used in the communication of these pieces.
		Egyptian literature was not included in early studies because the writings of Ancient Egypt were not translated into European languages until the 19th century when the Rosetta stone was deciphered.
		In the middle of the century the king of England was overthrown and a republic declared.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/H/History-of-literature.htm (3974 words)

	Business Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Scottish literature is literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers.
		From the 13th century much literature was produced by writers based around the royal court in Edinburgh and the University of St. Andrews.
		In Scotland, after the 17th century, anglicisation increased, though Lowland Scots was still spoken by the vast majority of the population.
	www.bizencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Scottish_literature (807 words)

	HEBREW LITERATURE - LoveToKnow Article on HEBREW LITERATURE
		As in other literatures, these popular elements form the foundation on which greater works are gradually built, and it is one function of literary criticism to show the way in which the component parts were welded into a uniform whole.
		With the 13th century Hebrew literature may, be said to have reached the limit of its development.
		The characteristic of the 18th and 19th centuries is the endeavour, connected with the name of Moses Mendelssohn, to Modern- bring Judaism more into relation with external izing learning, and in using the Hebrew language to purify tend- and develop it in accordance with the biblical standard.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HE/HEBREW_LITERATURE.htm (10057 words)

	Lyric poetry to the 13th century (from French literature) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The 12th century saw the revolution in sexual attitudes that has come to be known as amour courtois, or courtly love.
		Its first exponents were the Provençal troubadours, poet-musicians of the 12th and 13th centuries, of whom some 400 are known by name.
		Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems, including language, national origin, historical period, genre, and subject matter.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-22490?tocId=22490 (1032 words)

	ITALIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The prose of the 14th century was characterized by an explosion of religious literature, primarily aimed at the education and religious instruction of the people.
		Italian culture and literature experienced a revival in the second half of the 18th century as a result of the spread of the ideals of the Enlightenment.
		In the general irrationalism of the early 20th century, the Futurists sought to be the voice of the dynamism of the modern world, praising the new machine age and glorifying - in varying degrees of velleity - irrational energy, immediate and aggressive energy, violence, heroism and war.
	www.crs4.it /~riccardo/Letteratura/Misc/Storia.html (5711 words)

	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Italian Literature
		From the beginning of the 19th century until 1870, when the evacuation of French troops from Rome removed the last trace of foreign domination, the prevailing influence in Italian literature and in almost every phase of Italian life was nationalism, in its particular Italian form called the Risorgimento.
		Early 19th-century Italian literature was marked not only by nationalism but also by a lingering classicism and by a new spirit of romanticism, which, emphasizing history and tradition, encouraged nationalism.
		It was a revolt against a literature obsessed by the past and its own past achievements, and with its roots in books rather than in life.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563851___11/Italian_Literature.html (1779 words)

	Middle English literature. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ideals of courtly love, together with its elaborate manners and rituals, replaced those of the heroic code; adventure and feats of courage were pursued for the sake of the knight’s lady rather than for the sake of the hero’s honor or the glory of his tribal king.
		The continental allegorical tradition, which derived from classical literature, is exemplified by the Roman de la Rose, which had a strong impact on English literature.
		Medieval works of literature often center on a popular rhetorical figure, such as the ubi sunt, which remarks on the inevitability—and sadness—of change, loss, and death; and the cursor mundi, which harps on the vanity of human grandeur.
	www.bartleby.com /65/mi/MiddleEn.html (1110 words)

	Czech Literature up to the Hussite Wars
		Literature in Czech has a continuous manuscript tradition from the latter part of the 13th century.
		From the 14th century onwards numerous texts are preserved in a growing variety of genres, both verse and prose.
		Before the late 13th century Bohemian literature was predominantly composed in Latin, with documents from at least the mid 11th century.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~tayl0010/lit_to_hus.htm (2626 words)

	Welcome to Italy1 Literature page of 13 and 14 Centuries
		Before the 13th century the literary language of Italy was Latin, which served for the writing of chronicles, historical poems, heroic legends, lives of the saints, religious poems, and didactic and scientific works.
		He was one of the founders of Italian literature through his use of the vernacular for some of his greatest works.
		The period was marked by a rebirth of culture based on the discovery of ancient manuscripts and the reevaluation of classical literature and philosophy, which spread eventually throughout Europe.
	www.italy1.com /literature (1476 words)

	Japanese literature -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Classical Japanese literature generally refers to literature produced during the (Click link for more info and facts about Heian Period) Heian Period, what some would consider a golden era of art and literature.
		Both were rapidly developed in the middle of the (Click link for more info and facts about 14th century) 14th century, that is, early (Click link for more info and facts about Muromachi period) Muromachi period.
		Literature during this time was written during the largely peaceful Tokugawa Period (commonly referred to as the (Click link for more info and facts about Edo Period) Edo Period).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/J/Ja/Japanese_literature.htm (2049 words)

	Susan Reed: Men's Headdress -- A Review of Literature
		The previous article on 15th century visual evidence as sources of costume information (in the Archive) was also derived that study.
		Most of the literature is descriptive of a few chosen examples and little or no attempt is made to examine the overall patterns of change of styles over time or to examine the social or culture implications of the clothing.
		Although the surviving evidence is strongly biased to representation of the upper classes, Herald does moderately discuss the role of clothing in the lives of the middle and lower classes based on the evidence she has found.
	www.nachtanz.org /SReed/headrevlit.html (4844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The duration of the M.A. program is three years, including a prep year, during which students will take courses designed to introduce them to various aspects of literature and to strengthen their proficiency in Ottoman Turkish and foreign languages.
		Applications will be evaluated on the basis of the applicant’s scholastic record, level of proficiency in Turkish and English, a written examination designed to assess his/her ability to do a critical analysis of literary texts, and an interview.
		Century Literature and Ottoman Literature; a Turkic language and Russian for Ancient Turkish Literature and Turkic Literatures; French and/or German for 19
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~tebsite/bmastere.html (216 words)

	Ukrainian literature -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The earliest writings of the Ukrainians, works produced in Kievan Rus from the 11th to the 13th century, were composed in Church Slavonic and are thus the common literary heritage of the Russians and Belarusians as well.
		After the Mongol invasion (13th century), Ukrainian literature was in decline until its revival in the 16th…
		After the Mongol invasion (13th century), Ukrainian literature was in decline until its revival in the...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9074134?tocId=9074134 (857 words)

	virtualitalia.com - language - quick history of italian literature
		The rise of a literature, both written and spoken, in the vernacular began in the 13th century; a period of great political and civil revival in the Italian cities and a lively renaissance in art and culture after the difficult centuries following barbarian domination.
		Dante's major work, and the greatest in Italian literature is the "Divine Comedy": a complex and highly poetic work treating a vast subject.
		Boccaccio's greatest work is "The Decameron", a collection of 100 tales linked in a narrative framework, where he masterfully portrays different characters and their various passions, thus creating a vivacious image of life in all its many facets.
	www.virtualitalia.com /language/literature_history1.shtml (1444 words)

	Icelandic literature (the s.c.nordic FAQ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first Icelandic literature was written down some two centuries after the island was settled in the 9th century.
		Among the more historical Saga literature, based on both oral and written sources, the best known are Ari Þorgilsson's Íslendingabók (a history of Iceland), Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla ('The Disc of the World', a history of Swedish and Norwegian kings), and the anonymous Knytlinga Saga (a history of Danish kings).
		Pre-Reformation literature also includes Eysteinn Ásgrimsson's religious poem Lilja (14th century), a number of popular ballads, and the rímur, which were cycles of epic poetry.
	www.lysator.liu.se /nordic/scn/faq55.html (1062 words)

	WWW Virtual Library: Sinhalese prose literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, it is the Polonnaruwa (10th - early 13th centuries) and the Dambadeniya (13th century) periods which mark the efflorescence of Sinhala prose literature.
		The 13th century is widely considered to be the golden age of Sinhala literature.
		Other 13th century works of a religious character include the Buth-sarana (Refuge in the Buddha) an eulogy in praise of the founder of Buddhism by Vidyachakravarti and the Pujavaliya (Garland of offerings), a collection of Buddhist tales by Mayurapada Buddhaputra.
	www.lankalibrary.com /books/sinhala7.htm (1323 words)

	Italian Literature Resources
		However, the focus of this study is to collect modern literature, essays on language, and works from the Renaissance to the present.
		This resource covers the time period from the 13th century to the first sixty years of the 20th century.
		A thorough survey of Italian literature that is organized by time period and literary movements that include: from its origins to Dante, to the crisis of humanism, the Renaissance, the Counter-Reformation, the Baroque, the Napoleonic era, the Risorgimento, Positivism, Decadentism, etc. Includes bibliographical sources and index.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /mdx/bibliogs/Italian/itallit.htm (3172 words)

	TIMELINE 13th CENTURY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		The 13th Century, according to D.E. Smith, "represents the real awakening of the world after a long period of intellectual torpor....a Spirit of the Times was abroad.
		It was not a century of great beacon lights, but it was one in which lanterns were hung in all the thoroughfares of the West, promises of the great illumination that was to come with the period of the Renaissance" [p.211-212].
		Centuries later, Galileo found experimental evidence for Impetus, and then Isaac Newton improved the concept to the modern notion of Momentum.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline13.html (4950 words)

	The 13th Century Literature and Dante Alighieri
		The rise of Italian literature began in the 13th century; a period of great political and civil revival in the Italian cities and a lively renaissance in art and culture after the centuries following barbarian domination.
		There were a great number of trends in 13th-century literature: religious (San Francesco d'Assisi and Jacopone da Todi) ; comic-satirical (Cecco Angiolieri); love lyrics (Cielo D'Alcamo); Marco Polo and Il Novellino; the "Dolce Stil Novo", the basic experience of the conscience and the life of the soul (Guido Guinizzelli, Guido Cavalcanti, Dante Alighieri).
		His major work and the greatest in Italian literature is the "Divine Comedy": a complex and highly poetic work well known worldwide.
	www.101language.com /narr1.html (228 words)

	Incest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Incest portrayed in literature is not just a twentieth-century phenomenon, according to Kathryn Gravdal, a professor of French and the director of Graduate Studies for Research on Women and Gender at Columbia University.
		At the same time, legal records about northern France from the 13th century show no cases of nuclear family sexual incest, only incest arising from marriages between relations deemed too close by authorities.
		The literature of the time portrayed incest as a sin, but also showed it to be socially productive.
	ogb.wfu.edu /back_issues/1996_Spring/3-28-96/News/n.incest.html (568 words)

	My family tree - www.myfamilytree.da.ru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ukraina), East European republic, formerly the Ukraine S.S.R. At the close of the 16th century there were about 45,000 Jews (out of the 100,000 Jews who were then presumably in the whole of Poland) living in the eastern regions of Poland which were inhabited by Ukrainians.
		Before the Chmielnicki massacres of 1648—49 their numbers had increased to at least 150,000; in the census of 1764, 258,000 Jews were enumerated, though in fact their number was over 300,000.
		The Jewish settlement in the Ukraine preceded the unification of the area and the formation of the Ukrainian nation.
	i.domaindlx.com /myfamilytree/histdet.asp?id=7&lg=1 (678 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> French Literature: Twentieth Century
		On the one hand, he was sensitive to the effects of Islamic fundamentalism on Arab women, but on the other, he could not understand the importance of rape as a feminist issue, seeing it merely as a problem of bourgeois repression.
		James Baldwin, a pioneering figure in twentieth-century literature, wrote sustained and articulate challenges to American racism and mandatory heterosexuality.
		One of the leading philosophers of the twentieth century, Foucault has had an enormous influence on our understanding of the lesbian and gay literary heritage and the cultural forces surrounding it.
	www.glbtq.com /literature/french_lit3_20c,5.html (1284 words)

	Life in 13th Century Novgorod -- Literature and the Bardic Tradition
		The literature and oral traditions of the Kievan period survive in fragments copied over and over and preserved randomly.
		A curious genre of literature are translated texts, originating in Byzantium and the east.
		Most curious of all that century's entries, however, is the record of a dragon flying over the city in 1214.
	www.geocities.com /medievalnovgorod/nov17.html (970 words)

	Middle English literature -> The Thirteenth Century on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Current conversations in the teaching of college-level literature.
		Cultural cringe in academe: studying literature in the 1940s.
		Although religion dominates in Iraq, there is a brisk trade these days in books and magazines in English, snapped up by people trying to learn the language.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/middleen_thethirteenthcentury.asp (831 words)

	5.5 The sagas, Eddas, and subsequent Icelandic literature.
		For electronic versions of some of the works of Nordic literature, see the collection of Project Runeberg: * * * gopher.lysator.liu.se ; path: /project-runeberg 5.3.2 Greenland Greenland is said to have been discovered by a man called Gunnbjörn whose ship had gone off course.
		He who was born in Norway in the mid-10th century, but went to Iceland as a child after his father was banished from Norway.
		In 1712, centuries after the links between Greenland and the rest of the world had been broken, the king of Denmark-Norway sent an expedition to Greenland with pastor Hans Egede to nurture the Christian faith among the Viking descendants, but none had survived.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/nordic-faq/part5_ICELAND/section-4.html (1901 words)

	Welcome to Italy1 Literature page of 19 and 20 Centuries
		Italian literature of the 20th century displays a rich variety of forms and concerns.
		At the turn of the century, as the attempt to expand Italy's colonial empire became dominant in politics, a preoccupation with individual rather than social concerns began to be reflected in literature.
		Insisting that 20th-century literature should express the characteristic dynamism of industry, he advocated a type of writing that would emulate the speed and tension of machines.
	italy1.com /literature/19_20_centuries.php (3554 words)

	Andhra Pradesh on the path of progress and development
		Literature, temple art and the fine arts reached their pinnacle during the rule of the Kakatiyas, who brought most Telugu speaking areas under their control.
		Following their decline in the 14th century, the Vijayanagar Empire was founded.
		Though its origin is shrouded in veils of mystery, the present system of worship and management was laid in the 12th century by Sri Ramanujacharya.
	www.lifepositive.com /mind/culture/indology/andhra-pradesh.asp (2496 words)

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