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Topic: 1421

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 1421 hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The 1421 theory of the Chinese discovery of the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies.
		The 1421 theory is partially influenced by Charles Hapgood's theory.
		The 1421 hypotesis is based on several discussed documents (the Piri Reis map, the Vinland map), on the original interpretation of accepted documents (Fra Mauro map, de las Casas) and archeological findings.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /1421_hypothesis (748 words)

	1421 hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1421 hypothesis of Chinese contact with the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies.
		The 1421 hypothesis is based on documents of debatable provenance (the Piri Reis map, the Vinland map) and on original interpretation of accepted documents (Fra Mauro map, de las Casas) and archaeological findings.
		One key question is why the alleged great voyages of 1421 managed to touch every corner of the world except Europe, where a record of their occurrence would have been made and maintained.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1421_hypothesis (1558 words)

	hackwriters.com - 1421 - The Year China Discovered the World - Review Sam North
		1421 under the orders of Emperor Zhu Di magnificent mahogany Junks capable of transporting hundreds of soldiers, sailors, diplomats and farmers set sail to discover and map the world.
		In 1421 China wanted the world by 1423 it had turned its back on it and in the end it was the accountants who closed the door and kept it locked for the next four hundred years.
		Read 1421 It will challenge everything you know and it is written with the authority of a man who knows and understands navigation, tides and currents intimately.
	www.hackwriters.com /China1421.htm (940 words)

	Robert Finlay \| How Not to (Re)Write World History: Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America \| Journal of ...
		1421 concentrates on what Menzies terms "the missing years" of the sixth voyage of Zheng He, that is, the two and a half years between March 1421 and October 1423, during which the fleets of Zheng He supposedly roamed the globe.
		Much of 1421 is devoted to interpreting European maps in the light of that knowledge, and without Conti as "the crucial link" in the chain of evidence, the central thesis of the book collapses (p.
		The reasoning of 1421 is inexorably circular, its evidence spurious, its research derisory, its borrowings unacknowledged, its citations slipshod, and its assertions preposterous.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.2/finlay.html (5544 words)

	RFC 1421 (rfc1421)
		Linn [Page 11] RFC 1421 Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail February 1993 4.3.2 Approach Our approach to supporting PEM across an environment in which intermediate conversions may occur defines an encoding for mail which is uniformly representable across the set of PEM UAs regardless of their systems' native character sets.
		Linn [Page 18] RFC 1421 Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail February 1993 4.6 Summary of Encapsulated Header Fields This section defines the syntax and semantics of the encapsulated header fields to be added to messages in the course of privacy enhancement processing.
		Linn [Page 40] RFC 1421 Privacy Enhancement for Electronic Mail February 1993 [8] Throughout this RFC we have adopted the terms "private component" and "public component" to refer to the quantities which are, respectively, kept secret and made publicly available in asymmetric cryptosystems.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /cgi-bin/rfc/rfc1421.html (11388 words)

	1421 - The year China discovered the world - Home Page
		Be sure to visit the extensive archive of both ancient and modern interactive maps.
		Explore related artefacts from shipwrecks to cave art in the galleries section.
		Keep up to date with 1421 by joining the mailing list.
	www.1421.tv (135 words)

	The myth of Menzies' "1421 " exposed
		The linguistic "evidence" in 1421 is a joke
		1421 Exposed, which will be officially launched on May 1, is a web site put together by academics and researchers to combat Gavin Menzies’s theory that the Chinese discovered the world in the 15th century, and, in particular, to refute the authenticity of Liu Gang’s purported 1418 map of the world.
		This website has been set up by an international group of academics and researchers who are greatly concerned about the myths being created and perpetuated by Gavin Menzies, his team, and his publishers...
	www.1421exposed.com (692 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: 1421: The Year China Discovered the World: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		1421 is a well written and fascinating book which I choose to consider a brilliant piece of counterfactual history.
		1421 is an important book, and one which is made accessible to all through Menzies'; easy narrative style.
		At the most, 1421 has begun the process of rewriting history, and at the least, it poses important questions which ought to be explored elsewhere in more depth.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0553815229 (1676 words)

	Amazon.com: 1421: The Year China Discovered America: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Greenland was not circumnavigatable by sea in 1421; rather the Norse colonies in Greenland were dying out because of the miserable weather.
		Perhaps, the thesis of the great expedition of 1421 will be found to be too narrowly phrased, while the broader matter of pre-Columbian contact with the Americas will be buttressed.
		"1421: The Year China Discovered America" makes for a fascinating reading experience with much in it worthy of further thought, but I would also recommend to the prospective reader that caution be exercised against taking everything at face value.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0060537639?v=glance (2823 words)

	1421 - The year China discovered the world - The Book
		1421 - The year China discovered the world - The Book
		"...On the 8th of March, 1421, the largest fleet the world had ever seen sailed from its base in China.
		The ships, huge junks nearly five hundred feet long and built from the finest teak, were under the command of Emperor Zhu Di's loyal eunuch admirals.
	www.1421.tv /the_book.asp (333 words)

	Three Legged Stool: 1421
		The thesis of the book is that in the years from 1421 through 1424, a Chinese fleet under Admiral Zheng He voyaged across the globe and discovered all seven continents – all seventy years before Columbus.
		More convincingly, he demonstrates how native Americnas (north and south) were killed off so quickly by disease because they did not have the animals (pigs, horses, sheep) that frequently breed such diseases and pass them onto humans.
		I've heard that 1421 is pure quackery, but really have not investigated it and don't know anything about it.
	threeleggedstool.blogspot.com /2005/08/1421.html (509 words)

	Guide to California AB 1421, Laura's Law, California's new law for assisted outpatient treatment for people with severe ...
		AB 1421 creates for many, where none existed before, the chance for help and maximum possible recovery.
		AB 1421 does not require that every member of the team must be dedicated full-time to the care of those in assisted outpatient treatment.
		AB 1421 thus guarantees that those with the greatest need can take a place in line for the best available community services regardless of whether or not they are subject to court-ordered treatment.
	www.psychlaws.org /StateActivity/California/Guide-Lauras-Law-AB1421.htm (4988 words)

	RE: this and that (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1421, Menzies' myth of global voyages is founded on his creative interpretation of the world's system of ocean currents, while his so-called evidence is contrived by deliberate distortion and misquotations.
		GM states with some precision that on 5 March 1421 “The Fleet Sets Sail”, which is unlikely as the winds are then light and variable in the South China Sea.
		Yet, the worst error, [possibly] purposely over-looked by Menzies in 1421, is that the area of Africa is only about 1/6 of that of China [as given on said maps], and its relative longitude and latitude are entirely wrong in these two world maps.
	www.danbyrnes.com.au /lostworlds/articles/issues.htm (17493 words)

	CNN.com - Did the Chinese discover America? - Jan. 13, 2003
		In his new book, "1421: The Year China Discovered America" (William Morrow), Gavin Menzies claims that a massive Chinese fleet of huge junks and support ships made a two-year circumnavigation of the globe, with extensive exploration of the Americas, nearly a century before Magellan and Columbus.
		Menzies, a former Royal Navy submarine commander, is a soft-spoken and diminutive presence, not at all the obsessive eccentric he's been painted in the press.
		Delving further, Menzies found himself enmeshed in a 10-year research project on the instigators of the two monumental constructions, the Chinese emperor Zhu Di and his nemesis, the Mongol Tamerlane.
	www.cnn.com /2003/SHOWBIZ/books/01/13/1421 (1132 words)

	1421 bunkum
		I purchased a copy of Gavin Menzies' '1421: The Year China Discovered the World', published by Transworld, on the basis that it was classified as 'History' in their catalogue.
		In his book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World Menzies claimed Chinese admiral Zheng He had circumnavigated the globe, in the process "discovering" most of the world.
		Subsequent media coverage has failed to accurately present to the public the large body of evidence that Menzies' claim is a fabrication, without any basis in fact.
	maritimeasia.ws /topic/1421bunkum.html (1646 words)

	The Chinese discovered America! - Salon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		U.K. publisher Bantam/Transworld eagerly paid him a 500,000 pound advance for a manuscript that Menzies had previously been unable to sell, to be titled "1421: The Year China Discovered the World." Rights were sold to William Morrow in the U.S. as well as to publishers in Japan, Germany, Italy, Taiwan and eight other countries.
		Menzies' book is fractured history, a mishmash of off-base conclusions drawn from amateurish research and wide-eyed "discovery" of well-known facts.
		That hasn't hurt U.K. sales, though, and while Morrow first planned to publish "1421" stateside in May 2003, the swell of publicity beginning after that March presentation and leading up to the Nov. 4 publication in the U.K. led the publisher to rethink its timing.
	dir.salon.com /story/books/feature/2003/01/07/menzies/print.html (976 words)

	Search Results for "1421"
		...NUMBER: 1421 AUTHOR: William Shakespeare (1564–1616) QUOTATION: I drink to the general joy o the whole table.
		...NUMBER: 1421 AUTHOR: Barbara W Tuchman QUOTATION: The fleet sailed to its war base in the North Sea, headed not so much for some rendezvous with glory as for rendezvous...
		1421, English scholar, who in support of the Lollardry movement completed the first thorough translation of the Bible into English.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=1421 (286 words)

	InteractiveIslam.com - A Haq Bros. Presentation - 1421: The Year a Chinese Muslim Discovered America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It's virtually impossible to still argue that Columbus discovered America, that Cook found Australia or that Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the world.
		The British submarine engineer and historian Gavin Menzies gave an astounding seminar on March 15, 2002 to the Royal Geographical Society in London, with evidence to support his theory that Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim navigator in the Ming dynasty, beat Columbus by more than 70 years in discovering America.
		Phillip Sadler, a celestial navigation expert at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, says the estimation of a map's age based on star positions is possible.
	www.interactiveislam.com /html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=151 (3261 words)

	eBay - Book: 1421 (ISBN: 006054094X) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A former British submarine commander raises a controversial theory that ancient Chinese explorers may have been first to "discover" the Americas, and sifts through evidence in maps, charts, and historical accounts from the time, which he posits as 1421--which would predate Columbus's more famous year of contact.
		Its mission was "to proceed all the way to the ends of the earth to collect tribute from the barbarians beyond the seas" and unite the whole world in Confucian harmony.
		Our knowledge of world exploration as it has been commonly accepted for centuries must now be reconceived due to this landmark work of historical investigation.
	product.ebay.com /1421_ISBN_006054094X_W0QQfvcsZ2178QQsoprZ4421630 (642 words)

	eBay - Book: 1421 (ISBN: 0060537639) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		His compelling narrative pulls togetherancient maps, precise navigational knowledge, astronomy and the surviving accounts of Chinese explorers and the later European navigators to prove that the Chinese had also discovered Antarctica, reached Australia three hundred and fifty years before Cook and solved the problem of longitude three hundred years ahead of the Europeans.
		1421: The Year China Discovered America is the story of a remarkable journey of discovery that rewrites our understanding of history.
		Our knowledge of world exploration as it has been commonly accepted for centuries must now be reconceived due to this classic work of historical detection.
	product.ebay.com /1421_ISBN_0060537639_W0QQfvcsZ1388QQsoprZ2404187 (849 words)

	RFC 1421 (rfc1421) - Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Par
		Network Working Group J. Linn Request for Comments: 1421 IAB IRTF PSRG, IETF PEM WG Obsoletes: 1113 February 1993 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I: Message Encryption and Authentication Procedures Status of this Memo This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
		RFC 1421: pls i need a generating machine for credit card with all the information by flipmode (1/14/2005)
		RFC 1421: i need a generating software on credit card..................u can send it to my...
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc1421.html (10935 words)

	The View from Taiwan: Why 1421 is Hogwash: A translation of a Chinese Expert's Letter
		The "map of the barbarians from all under Heaven who offer tribute to the Court" on which the "Overall Map of the Geography of all under Heaven" was based no longer exists, and we have no knowledge of its original form.
		After reading the book, he became fully confident on the authenticity of the map and realised that he was not the only person to question the common understanding about the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus.
		Gavin Menzies, author of '1421' considers that there is evidence that for every continent, ocean, island and river shown on the 1418 map, there is corroborative evidence that Zheng He's fleets visited there.
	michaelturton.blogspot.com /2006/01/why-1421-is-hogwash-translation-of.html (6736 words)

	Gavin Menzies, 1421
		On March 8, 1421, the largest fleet the world had ever seen sailed from its base in China.
		His compelling narrative pulls together ancient maps, precise navigational knowledge, astronomy and the surviving accounts of Chinese explorers and the later European navigators to prove that the Chinese had also discovered Antarctica, reached Australia three hundred and fifty years before Cook and solved the problem of longitude three hundred years ahead of the Europeans.
		“<1421> is likely to be the most fascinating read of 2003.”
	www.tleavesbooks.com /harper/hc09.htm (380 words)

	Language Log: 1421
		The thesis of 1421 is that in the years 1421-1423 a Chinese fleet commanded by admiral Zheng He circumnavigated the globe, along the way visiting the Americas and Australia.
		The New York Times was critical, as were The Asian Review of Books and Publisher's Weekly, but other publications, such as the Salt Lake Tribune, Science News, The Christian Science Monitor, and The Asian Reporter have been positive.
		It's sad that a major publisher obviously didn't do even the most elementary fact-checking or have the manuscript read by people competant to evaluate it, but it is worse that such nonsense has become a best-seller and is soon to be made into a documentary.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/000409.html (2198 words)

	1421 articles on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Menzies 1421 myth exposed Learn what the experts have to say!
		Purvey, John PURVEY, JOHN [Purvey, John] c.1354-c.1421, English scholar, who in support of the Lollardry movement completed the first thorough translation of the Bible into English.
		He fought in France for the French against the English in 1421 and persuaded his father in 1423 to go to France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=1421 (511 words)

	California Treatment Advocacy Coalition (CTAC) - Laura's Law can save lives
		Their efforts have been a huge success, as Laura's Law was signed by the governor Sept. 2002.
		Passage of AB 1421 brings hope to tens of thousands of people.
		The coalition supporting its passage over these past few years was extraordinary and included...
	www.psychlaws.org /StateActivity/California.htm (1770 words)

	Popular History, Academic History, and Bunkum (Gavin Menzies 1421 on H-Asia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the case of the former, the argument could be made that Chang did resurrect an issue in the public mind, which then provoked or at least reinvigorated academic debate on the topic.
		The complaint derives from Transworld publishing and advertising 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, authored by Gavin Menzies, as a work of history, which I believe is a violation of the British Trade Descriptions Act of 1968...
		Another thread was started, “Classification of books (was 1421),” to heatedly opine about ethics among cataloguers and the lack of same among certain publishers.
	hnn.us /articles/18698.html (1136 words)

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