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	1421 theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1421 theory is used as a term to describe a theory from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies.
		In his book 1421: The Year The Chinese Discovered The New World he suggests that the Chinese admiral Zheng He travelled to many parts of the world from 1421 to 1423, before the Europeans did.
		Menzies bases his theory on Chinese shipwrecks, old maps, surviving Chinese literature from the time, and accounts written by navigators like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/1/14/1421_theory.html (385 words)

	1421 hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1421 hypothesis of Chinese contact with the Americas originates from former British Royal Navy submarine commander Gavin Menzies.
		The 1421 hypothesis is based on some documents of debatable provenance (the Piri Reis map, the Vinland map) and on novel interpretation of already accepted documents (Fra Mauro map, de las Casas) as well as uncategorized archaeological findings.
		On the dust jacket of 1421, Menzies states that he was raised in China.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1421_theory (2082 words)

	Gavin Menzies' Zheng He Theory - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Behind reader reactions to the theory that China discovered America and the theory that China is out to destroy it, one sees a profound ambivalence on the part of Americans towards China as both an ancient and newly-rising power.
		The story of how Menzies arrived at his theory after musing over a series of old pre-Columbus maps, and spent more than a decade researching it, is by now well-told.
		Interestingly, there seems an equal uneasiness among Chinese regarding Menzies’ theory, as if to be informed of their past achievements by a Westerner is somehow objectionable and suspect.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=298 (5014 words)

	LUCID "Course Enrollments & Catalog Descriptions"
		An overview of chemical theory and principles with emphasis on the role of chemistry in the modern world.
		Continuation of CHEM 1201; additional theory with emphasis on solution chemistry and a quantitative approach; descriptive chemistry of selected elements and compounds from the main groups and first transition series.
		Continuation of CHEM 1421; Modern chemical theory and principles; descriptive chemistry of selected elements and compounds; the role of chemistry in the modern world.
	www.chem.lsu.edu /lucid/descriptions/descriptions.html (411 words)

	"1421" - Chinese beat the Euros to the New World - Sailing Anarchy Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Something that I haven't heard brought up in the critiques of 1421 is that there are limits to the size that a wooden ship can be built, and I think that it's somewhere around 200 feet.
		i haven't read 1421 and i won't i believe that china built huge ships but for some reason they decided to abandon all of it and regress behind there borders.
		Sure there are holes in the theory, but before you get all excited about plumbing those depths, how about doing the harder work of explaining away some of the factoids that seem to support the theory.
	www.sailinganarchy.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=29944 (2233 words)

	The myth of Menzies' "1421 " exposed
		Many members of the community of scholars who specialize in the history of cartography have criticized this text (1421) severely.
		It is a parable of modern popular culture, a tale about intellectual chutzpah and about a publishing industry that knows how to extract profit from a public which wants to thumb its nose at the dry though documented history taught at school.
		It concludes that the evidence presented remains highly speculative and is not sufficient to justify the conclusions Menzies draws.
	www.1421exposed.com (592 words)

	chinese in america 1421? - History Forum
		While chasing his theory around the web, I came accross one researcher who said that there was nothing new presented in the book.
		1421 is the ming dynasty at the height of its power.
		I doubt zheng he reached america, but however i do think that king zhou yin of the shang dynasty's descendant or some of the yin people of shang dynasty have reached america, i mentiond this before, the shang calligraphy is identical in many charactes to the olmec writing.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=909 (999 words)

	Rewriting history with a grand theory - 1421: The Year China Discovered America - Book Review Skeptical Inquirer - Find ...
		The primary claim is that the several voyages of the great Chinese admiral Zheng He during the sixteenth century, well-known to scholarship, actually completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, supported by a massive logistic effort that included the construction of astronomical observation platforms all over the world.
		As Menzies presents his theory, the fifteenth-century Chinese had to have built large stone structures in their circumnavigational voyages in order to take sun and star readings for their maps.
		While it is not possible to say that all of the existing evidence is explained by the current theory, certainly there is no data from Nan Madol itself that requires the presence of fifteenth-century Chinese, and no one who studies the data would need such a presence, with the sole exception of Gavin Menzies.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_27/ai_110575769 (843 words)

	IslamiCity.com - Communications & Services
		The British submarine engineer and historian Gavin Menzies gave an astounding seminar on March 15, 2002 to the Royal Geographical Society in London, with evidence to support his theory that Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim navigator in the Ming dynasty, beat Columbus by more than 70 years in discovering America.
		Using evidence from maps drawn dated before Columbus' trip that clearly showed America, and astronomical maps traced back to Zheng He's time, Menzies is confident that the Zheng He should be honored as the first discoverer of America.
		Phillip Sadler, a celestial navigation expert at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, says the estimation of a map's age based on star positions is possible.
	www.islamicity.com /articles/Articles.asp?ref=IC0301-1843 (659 words)

	1421 - Evidence - New Zealand 1421 Group and current projects
		The New Zealand 1421 group is interested in a wider time frame than just the Ming treasure fleets and hopes to investigate, organise and verify the historical information that comes our way.
		The 1421 theory is breathtaking in its scale and vision but the hard work filling in the detail needs to be done.
		One goal is to find private land owners willing to allow the 1421 team to survey and investigate non-destructively old buildings and earthworks from this era.
	www.1421.tv /pages/evidence/content.asp?EvidenceID=400 (599 words)

	SPACE.com -- Starry Night Charts Support Theory That Chinese Beat Columbus to America
		Menzies presented his new theory March 15 in a lecture to the Royal Geographical Society in London.
		Other historians said they could not review the theory until all of the evidence is presented.
		Like the historians, Sadler said it won't be possible to evaluate the merits of Menzies' theory until all the maps and other data are on the table.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/navigation_china_020318.html (1307 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: 1421: The Year China Discovered the World: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1421 is a well written and fascinating book which I choose to consider a brilliant piece of counterfactual history.
		To have his theory partly or fully acknowledged is hard enough in itself.
		At the most, 1421 has begun the process of rewriting history, and at the least, it poses important questions which ought to be explored elsewhere in more depth.
	www.amazon.co.uk /1421-Year-China-Discovered-World/dp/0553815229 (2199 words)

	Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1421 Exposed, which will be officially launched on May 1, is a web site put together by academics and researchers to combat Gavin Menzies’s theory that the Chinese discovered the world in the 15th century, and, in particular, to refute the authenticity of Liu Gang’s purported 1418 map of the world.
		Oh right, that would be me.Earlier this year I bought 1421: The Year China Discovered America by Gavin Menzies.
		Now, multiple sources have debunked his theories, and there's certainly enough evidence to prove him wrong.
	www.1421exposed.com /html/media.html (333 words)

	Amazon.com: 1421: The Year China Discovered America: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Greenland was not circumnavigatable by sea in 1421; rather the Norse colonies in Greenland were dying out because of the miserable weather.
		Perhaps, the thesis of the great expedition of 1421 will be found to be too narrowly phrased, while the broader matter of pre-Columbian contact with the Americas will be buttressed.
		"1421: The Year China Discovered America" makes for a fascinating reading experience with much in it worthy of further thought, but I would also recommend to the prospective reader that caution be exercised against taking everything at face value.
	www.amazon.com /1421-Year-China-Discovered-America/dp/006054094X (2495 words)

	New Book To Be Written On Pre-Columbus Voyage By Chinese
		British amateur historian Gavin Menzies received a book contract Tuesday for the publication of new theory that a Chinese admiral with a fleet of 100 ships beat Columbus to America and circumnavigated the globe almost a century before Magellan.
		Menzies created a stir among historians last Friday when he presented the broad outlines of his theory, but not the fine points, during a lecture to the Royal Geographical Society in London.
		As key evidence for a voyage that will remake history if the theory proves out, Menzies says he obtained ancient Chinese navigation charts associated with the travels of Zheng He, an admiral in the emperor's Navy.
	www.rense.com /general21/pre.htm (793 words)

	Mathematical Sciences, Course Listings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Honors Calculus I. Concepts of differential calculus with emphasis on theory; limits, continuous functions, applications of the derivative.
		Algebraic Theory I. Studies in group theory and ring theory, including Sylow theory and factorization theory.
		Applications could include various topics in science, engineering, economics, or geometry, such as ground state density theories, Dirichlet’s principle and differential equations, theory of least action, depending on interests of class.
	www.msci.memphis.edu /courses.html (3104 words)

	Newsflash: Tv Show On Ming Voyages To Air On Pbs - Asia Finest Discussion Forum
		1421: THE YEAR CHINA DISCOVERED AMERICA?, airing on PBS Wednesday, July 21, investigates a theory that could turn the conventional view of world history on its head: the startling possibility that a daring Chinese admiral, commanding the largest wooden armada ever built, reached America 71 years before Columbus.
		Menzies, author of the best-selling book 1421: The Year China Discovered the World, has assembled evidence that he believes substantiates his theory.
		The program examines the evidence behind his theory, then puts it to the test, drawing together historical accounts, archaeology and information from consultations with contemporary historians, archaeologists and scientists.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=11024 (1382 words)

	PRESS RELEASE DNAPrint Genomics Ancestry e-Symposium to Feature Gavin Menzies, Noted Historian and Author of Theory ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Menzies' book puts forth the theory that Chinese sailors discovered America before Christopher Columbus and also were the first to circumnavigate the globe.
		Menzies, who is also a retired Royal Navy submarine commander, will elaborate on his theories that a Chinese armada, following the orders of Emperor Zhu Di to sail to the end of the world and back, discovered America seventy-one years before Columbus and circled the globe a hundred years before Ferdinand Magellan.
		After retiring from the Royal Navy, he returned to China and formulated the theories that would constitute his book, which was published internationally by Bantam Press and made into a two-part documentary that was aired in the United States on the Public Broadcasting System.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=143539 (746 words)

	culture · history
		The result of fifteen years research, 1421 is Gavin Menzies’ enthralling account of this remarkable journey, of his discoveries and the persuasive evidence to support them: ancient maps, precise navigational knowledge, astronomy, surviving accounts of Chinese explorers and later European navigators as well as the traces the fleet left behind.
		Menzies notes that when the surviving ships of the 1421 fleet returned home having exercised curiosities as they had, a regime change meant the information gathered was suppressed, even destroyed, in the interests of Imperial reclusiveness.
		If Menzies’ 1421 theory can be verified regarding Australian locations, then it will suggest the Portuguese used even earlier Chinese mapping as they struggled to understand the geography of Australia.
	www.freewebs.com /emperorli/lihuode.htm (3907 words)

	John Quiggin » Blog Archive » 1421 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is the title of a book by Gavin Menzies, described as a “historian and former submarine commander”, who claims that the fleet commanded by Zheng He, and known to have sailed to India and East Africa, actually continued on to America and circumnavigated the world.
		In the second episode, the pieces of evidence advanced by Menzies were presented in more detail, along with responses from experts on a wide range of topics, nearly all of whom tore Menzies’ claims to shreds (though in a very polite way).
		The eclipses during the two years of the 1421 expedition may be readily calculated, eg by the astronomy professor, John Oliver, whom he talks about on page 374-5 and who writes part of Appendix 2.
	johnquiggin.com /index.php/archives/2005/11/17/1421 (2633 words)

	Ming Dynasty - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		An ambitious Muslim eunuch of Hui descent, a quintessential outsider in the establishment of Confucian scholar elites, Zheng He led seven expeditions from 1405 to 1433 with six of them under the auspices of Yongle.
		He traversed perhaps as far as the Cape of Good Hope and, according to the controversial 1421 theory, the Americas.
		Zheng's appointment in 1403 to lead a sea-faring task force was a triumph the commercial lobbies seeking to stimulate conventional trade, not mercantilism.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ming (9966 words)

	1421 - The year China discovered the world - Home Page
		Be sure to visit the extensive archive of both ancient and modern interactive maps.
		Explore related artefacts from shipwrecks to cave art in the galleries section.
		Keep up with 1421 by joining the mailing list and receive regular updates.
	www.1421.tv (105 words)

	1421: The Year China Discovered America? - Multimedia Collection
		At the behest of Chinese emperor Zhu Di, Zheng He sailed this fleet to far flung outposts throughout the eastern hemisphere, established major ports, and extended the commercial reach of "the Middle Kingdom" far beyond its previous bounds.
		investigates best-selling author Gavin Menzies' theory that Admiral Zheng He reached America decades before Columbus.
		Menzies seeks to prove his extraordinary theory by retracing the steps he believes the Chinese took from Africa to Europe to the Caribbean and along the eastern coast of the United States.
	osulibrary.oregonstate.edu /video/geog3.html (157 words)

	Zheng He : Ma Sanbao
		Some recent controversal theory (see 1421 in further reading) suggested that Zheng He circumcircled the globe and discovered America in the 1400s before Ferdinand Magellan and Christopher Columbus.
		The "Qeng Ho" space-faring society in Vernor Vinge's science fiction novels A Fire Upon the Deep and A Deepness in the Sky[?] are named for Zheng He.
		Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year the Chinese Discovered the World, Morrow/Avon, 2003, hardcover 576 pages, ISBN 0060537639 This book, in so far as it relates to the Chinese discovery of America, is considered by knowlegeable experts to not be founded in fact Review of 1421 by a science editor at the New York Times (http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/books/review/02WILFORT.html?tntemail1)
	www.fastload.org /ma/Ma_Sanbao.html (610 words)

	The Pinta, Santa Maria, and a Chinese junk? \| csmonitor.com
		That, at least, is the theory posed by former British naval officer and amateur historian Gavin Menzies.
		But Menzies's tale, which looks at a well-documented voyage by a Ming Dynasty fleet in 1421, is more specific in its assertions than most theories.
		For evidence of his theory, Menzies casts a broad net, citing shipwrecks, anchor stones, language, and maps that he says helped guide Columbus and Magellan.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0129/p03s01-ussc.html (1179 words)

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