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Topic: 146 BCE

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	Carthage
		From the 8th century until the 3rd century BCE, Carthage was the dominant power in the western half of the Mediterranean.
		The wars against Rome are called the Punic Wars, and involve three periods of wartime, between 264 and 146 BCE.
		146: Thousands of Carthaginians suffer a horrible death, Carthage is burned almost totally to the ground, and strict regulations regarding further settlements are imposed on the remaining population.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/carthage.htm (661 words)

	History of Sparta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 449 BCE the war was ended by a five years' truce, but after Athens had lost her mainland empire by the battle of Coronea and the revolt of Megara a thirty years' peace was concluded, probably in the winter 446-445 BCE.
		That the terms of the Peace of Nicias, which in 421 BCE concluded the first phase of the war, were rather in favour of Sparta than of Athens was due almost entirely to the energy and insight of an individual Spartan, Brasidas, and the disastrous attempt of Athens to regain its lost land empire.
		The final success of Sparta and the capture of Athens in 405 BCE were brought about partly by the treachery of Alcibiades, who induced the state to send Gylippus to conduct the defence of Syracuse, to fortify Decelea in northern Attica, and to adopt a vigorous policy of aiding Athenian allies to revolt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Sparta (3246 words)

	romhist.html
		Third Punic War 149-146 BCE started because the Numidian king Masinissa provoked Carthage into a war not approved by Rome; Carthage was destroyed and razed by the Romans and Carthaginian territory became the Roman province of Africa.
		The Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius) began a reform movement to redistribute senatorial lands to the landless poor; Tiberius was slain in 133 BCE.
		In 31 BCE Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in the East.
	publish.uwo.ca /~kolson2/romhist.html (1155 words)

	BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NEW TESTAMENT
		Between 215-206 BCE, Rome, allied with the Aetolian League, Sparta, and Pergamum, defeated Philip V, king of the Macedonian kingdom, and his ally, the Achaian League, forcing Philip to agree to peace on terms favorable to the Romans and its allies (First Macedonian War).
		In 40 BCE Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus II, allied with the Parthians, gained control of Jerusalem; a Hasmonean was once again king.
		Augustus (27 BCE - 14); Tiberius (14-37); Gaius (Caligula) (37-41); Claudius (41-54); Nero (54-68); Galba (69); Vitellius (69); Vespasian (69-79); Titus (79-81); Domitian (81-96).
	www.abu.nb.ca /courses/NTIntro/History1.htm (4360 words)

	filmhist.html
		Traditional date of the founding of Rome was April 21 753 BCE; there were two mythological traditions (Romulus and Remus: The twins were members of the royal house of Alba Longa— sons of Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor deposed by Amulu/ Aeneas: the Trojan hero who escaped to Italy to found Rome (his destiny).
		Lucius Junius Brutus (Superbus' nephew) expelled the kings and liberated Rome in 509 BCE and became her first consul (along with L. Tarquinius Collatinus, cousin to Superbus).
		After 510 BCE Rome was ruled by an oligarchy and became a Republic.
	publish.uwo.ca /~kolson2/filmhist.html (1608 words)

	Heritage
		1st century BCE to 616 CE During the period of Roman rule, the Jewish population of Sardis was large, wealthy, and thoroughly integrated into the life of the city.
		During the Maccabean revolt (167 to 165 BCE) a number of Judeans were taken captive by the Greek forces of Syria, and some of them probably found their way to Greece as slaves.
		In 146 BCE, the last league of independent Greek states was conquered by Roman forces and Greece became a Roman province.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/heritage/episode2/atlas/map2.html (1360 words)

	Ancient Roman Chronology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		265 BCE: Rome initiates the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire stretching from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar.
		146 - 30 BCE: As a result of the Punic Wars, Roman civilization witnesses a series of cultural conflicts ranging from class conflicts and assassinations to slave retaliation in Sicily in 104 BCE and 73 BCE.
		52 BCE: Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
	www.crystalinks.com /romehistory.html (3100 words)

	[No title]
		Their conservative government consists of a kingship, resembling the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate, comprised of elders who serve as the heads of different community sects.
		Their major contributions to the Romans are the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment and the study of animals to predict future events.
		52 BCE: Rome - Pompey is elected as sole consul by the Senate, and Caesar is declared an enemy of the Roman Republic.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/ropage.htm (2946 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Polybius: The Destruction of Corinth, 146 BCE
		The Thebans were the readier to join him because they had lately been ordered by Metellus, as arbiter in the dispute, to pay fines to the Phocians, Euboeans, and Amphissians.
		When news of these proceedings reached Rome in the spring of 146 B.C., the consul Mummius was ordered to lead a fleet and army against Achaea.
		Critolaus was already engaged in besieging Heracleia, to compel it to return to its obedience to the League, and when his scouts informed him of the approach of Metellus, he retreated to Scarphea on the coast of Locris, some miles south of the pass of Thermopylae.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/polybius-corinth146.html (4195 words)

	Carthage - Classics - Ancient Carthage
		Carthage founded by Tyrian colonists according to Timaeus (350-260 BCE), a historian from Taormina in Sicily historian.
		Under Hamilcar's grandson, Hannibal, Himera is destroyed in 409 BCE.
		After the 480 battle, a temple to Athena was built to mark the victory.
	www.carthage.edu /dept/outis/carthage3.html (473 words)

	meet1
		RA: Jews may have come here first in the 10th century BCE when the fleet of King Solomon and King Hiram of Tyre joined on sailings to Tarshish; (It seems that Tarshish is a general term for all the regions/countries in Western Mediterranean, area of expansion of the Phoenicians till Spain).
		It’s probable that there were Jews in NA before destruction of Carthage in 146 BCE.
		The Roman Era: 146 B.C.E.-430 C.E. After the Roman conquest of Carthage in 146 BCE, the Jewish population in that province increased with the addition of Jews from Rome and Judae following Titus’ conquest of Jerusalem in 70 CE and from Cyrenaica, after the suppression of the Jewish rebellion of 115-117 CE.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Tunisia/meet1.html (6634 words)

	city: rome
		The period from the third to first centuries BCE, usually called the Republican period, saw the progressive expansion of Roman power to neighboring territories and eventually to the far-flung borders of the Mediterranean.
		By 63 BCE Rome had become Ñprotectoræ of the client kingdom of the Hasmoneans, that is the land of Judea.
		By the fourth century BCE the city was enclosed with a defense structure, the Servian Wall, measuring over 10 feet thick.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/rome.html (1101 words)

	Roman History
		367 BCE: The first plebeian consul is elected to the assembly, and plebeians become eligible to serve as lesser magistrates, formerly a position only granted to the aristocratic class.
		264 BCE: Rome initiates the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire stretching from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibraltar.
		146-30 BCE: As a result of the Punic Wars, Roman civilization witnesses a series of cultural conflicts ranging from class conflicts and assassinations to slave retaliation in Sicily in 104 BCE and 73 BCE.
	www.geneseo.edu /~harrison/humn1_html/romhist.html (3031 words)

	[No title]
		By 146 BCE Rome had subjected these states to her domination.
		In 216 BCE Hannibal defeated the Romans at Cannae, destroying 80,000 Roman soldiers.
		In 204 BCE Scipio landed in African used the same tactics that Hannibal used in Italy - he burned the farm land and headed straight for Carthage to besiege the city.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~mbstwck/punicwars.htm (644 words)

	Punic Wars 264-146 BCE
		Battles and campaigns of the 1st war (264-241 BCE)
		Battles and campaigns of the 2nd war (218-201 BCE)
		Battles and campaigns of the 3rd war (149-146 BCE)
	i-cias.com /e.o/atlas/h-punic_wars.htm (35 words)

	Untitled
		The absorption of the Greek areas of Italy was complete in 272 BCE, after the failure of the Greek king Pyrrhus in a series of campaigns against the Romans in the 280s and the fall of Tarentum to the Romans.
		The Roman conquest of the Greek kingdoms founded by the successors of Alexander the Great (d., 323 BCE) took place mostly in the first half of the third century (200-146 BCE), ending with the destruction of the great fortress of Corinth in 146.
		From these wars Rome made provinces of the Greek mainland and, later, in Asia Minor (133 BCE, when the kingdom of Pergamum was bequeathed to Rome): most of the other Greek kingdoms were made into provinces in the 60s BCE by Pompey, who also incorporated Syria.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~mpm8b/romciv/section2.html (575 words)

	Hellenic Tribes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the 12th century BCE they began migrating southward, and three separate Doric tribes (Hylleis, Pamphyloi, and the Dymanes) settled in eastern and southern Peloponnesus, displacing the native Achaeans.
		For a variety of reasons, the 17th to 13th centuries BCE saw a general retreat, one which did not begin to reverse itself until the 9th century BCE (leading to the eventual flowering of Classic-Age civilization by the 5th century).
		) in the reign of Merneptah (roughly 1230 BCE).
	www.hostkingdom.net /gktrib.html (3300 words)

	Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 151 BCE the Carthaginians made war with Massinissa and lost.
		The Romans, alarmed at Carthage's action, raised an army and sent it to Carthage in 149 BCE.
		in 147 BCE even though he was legally not eligible for this office according to the
	www.romanrepublicancoins.com /Third_Punic_War.html (229 words)

	Overheads - LIT 102 - Spring 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		56 BCE: the conference at Luca: the Triumvirate was renewed.
		53 BCE: Crassus was defeated by the Parthians in the battle of Carrhae and lost his life.
		44 BCE the Ides of March: killed by a conspiracy of aristocratic partisans led by Cassius and Brutus.
	web.syr.edu /~dhmills/lit102/102ovrhd.htm (2083 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He was elected consul in 122 BCE with the help of C. Sempronius Gracchus.
		He became interested in philosophy in 155 BCE when the Athenians sent a famous philosophical embassy to the Roman Senate.
		P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus was famous for having defeated the Carthaginians in the Third Punic War (146 BCE), destroying Carthage, and successfully ending a troublesome military campaign in Spain in 133 BCE.
	www.iona.edu /latin/cicero/commentpoem4.html (347 words)

	early_roman_history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		753 BCE is the traditional date for the foundation of Rome by Romulus and Remus, sons of Rhea Silvia and Mars.
		496 BCE: Defeat of the Latins at Lake Regilla.
		334-264 BCE (or, roughly, the fourth and start of the third centuries): Gradual expansion of Roman control of Italy, through conquest, colonization, and alliance.
	classics.uc.edu /hooker/cc112_2000/early_roman_history.html (669 words)

	Ancient Roman History Timeline II
		A seminal event, Rome's success in its first major wars, first against the town of Fidenae, followed by its defeat of the Etruscan city of Veii in 406-396 BCE, are seen by some historians as laying the foundation for the militaristic underpinnings of Roman society.
		Success in these wars allowed for its expansion of territory, and now, as a proven formidable opponent, Rome was seen as a potential danger by some, and a desired ally by others.
		The problem is these two were joint rulers from 170 to 164 BCE, and Plutarch simply says "Ptolemy".
	www.exovedate.com /ancient_timeline_two.html (1504 words)

	Solar Eclipses of Saros 146
		olar eclipses of Saros 146 all occur at the Moon’s descending node and the Moon moves northward with each eclipse.
		The total duration of Saros series 146 is 1352.26 years.
		However, for annular eclipses, the instant of greatest duration may occur at either the time of greatest eclipse or near the sunrise and sunset points of the eclipse path.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros146.html (923 words)

	Old World Contacts/Overviews/First Period: 350 BCE - 400 CE
		The acquisition of Greece in 146 BCE turned over an established trade network reaching China and India to the Romans.
		Beginning around 206 BCE, the Han dynasty succeeded in providing a unifying influence to the diverse peoples of Asia and the ancient Silk Roads were secured through the military ability of the Han generals.
		India was a destination for adventurous merchants and travellers as far back as 3000 BCE but it was not until the Mauryan Empire (321-181 BCE) was established that there was sufficient stability for trade to blossom.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/overview/first.html (1426 words)

	Sorting the letter ÞORN
		After Greece was conquered by the Romans in 146 BCE, the letters UPSILON and ZETA were borrowed directly from Greek to represent the foreign sounds /y/ and /z/ (< earlier /dz/) respectively.
		BCE A B C D E F Z H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X 20th c.
		It is an ordering known to scholars of Medieval English even when they prefer another ordering; and in any case the established historical practice for adding letters to the Latin alphabet, which we have observed in the 1st century BCE as well as the 11th, is to place them at the end.
	www.evertype.com /standards/wynnyogh/thorn.html (4833 words)

	VICTORIA UNIVERSITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		By C1 BCE, a triumvirate - three generals (incl Julius Caesar) governing the Empire.
		Military influence grew in determining Emperors in C1 CE, and later.
		Julius Caesar and Augustus (22 BCE – 14 CE).
	www.staff.vu.edu.au /worldhistory/AAH1001-Lec5.htm (320 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		Each of its four sides is divided into five compartments of sculpture representing the tribute brought to the Assyrian King by vassal princes, Jehu of Israel being among the number.
		Shalmaneser, whose annals and conquests are recorded upon it, was the son of Assur-natsir-pal, and died in 823 BCE.
		Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Constitution of Carthage, c.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1275 words)

	L'OBSERVATOIRE DE L'EUROPE APRES LE NON
		Un ex-Séguiniste rassure la BCE (et l'UDF) sur les intentions de M. Sarkozy
		Pourtant, nul journaliste n'ayant souligné la flagrante contradiction, que l'on retrouve d'ailleurs dans le programme de la candidate socialiste, ces engagements de Nicolas Sarkozy destinés à flatter ceux qui avaient dit "non" le 29 mai 2005, n'auront tenu que...
		"Nous demandons simplement que la BCE accepte de regarder la situation et d'essayer de balancer la politique monétaire européenne" pour qu'"on puisse encore fabriquer des avions en Europe", a-t-il poursuivi, en faisant allusion à la crise traversée par Airbus et EADS.
	www.observatoiredeleurope.com (4672 words)

	Uchronia: The Alternate History List
		323 BCE — Toynbee, Arnold J. "If Alexander the Great had Lived On".
		c 200 BCE — Somtow, S.P. The Aquiliad III: Aquila and the Sphinx
		44 BCE — Mergey, P.J.G. "Tels le Jonc et l'Abeille".
	www.uchronia.net /bib.cgi/diverge.html?o=100 (631 words)

	homepage\timeline
		10,000 -3,500 BCE Neolithic Age in the Middle East.
		3500 BCE Sumerians develop a system of writing (cuneiform)
		332-30 BCE Greek Empire in the Middle East
	www.list.org /~mdoyle/timeline.html (276 words)

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