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1470s in architecture

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	Italian Art and Architecture - MSN Encarta
		The paintings and relief sculptures of this period often contain Classical architectural settings that are themselves reflections of the buildings that were being erected in Florence at the time.
		The most important early Renaissance architect is Filippo Brunelleschi, whose perfectly proportioned buildings revived the language of Classical architecture, in contrast to the Gothic style that was flourishing in most of Europe.
		A purer form of Classical architecture was created by a younger architect, Leon Battista Alberti, who also wrote an early explanation of perspective in his Trattato della Pittura (Treatise on Painting) of 1435.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781533649_2/Italian_Art_and_Architecture.html (2302 words)

	Italian Art and Architecture - MSN Encarta
		A primary characteristic of Italian art and architecture, particularly after the Renaissance, is that it has been strongly affected by the cultural legacy of Italy's Classical past.
		Although Christian art and architecture predominated in Italy at this time, Islamic forms of decoration reached the country with the Saracen conquest of Sicily in the 9th century, and even outlived the effects of the Norman invasion of southern Italy that took place in the 11th century.
		The arrival from northern Europe of the architectural style now known as Gothic can be detected in a series of Cistercian abbeys completed in the early 13th century, such as Fossanova, near Rome (consecrated 1208) and San Galgano, near Siena (c.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781533649/Italian_Art_and_Architecture.html (2326 words)

	Early Renaissance Architecture
		Architectural history: In terms of formal analysis, the Renaissance in architecture marks a return to the vocabulary and (in part) the compositional principles of classical architecture, and hence a return to the foundations of western art.
		Brunelleschi represents self-awareness in his concern for architecture as a system of mathematical co- ordinates rather than an arbitrary or irrational selection of forms.
		Highly important is the new kind of architect envisaged and encouraged by Alberti, who wrote in his treatise On Building, around 1452: Painting and mathematics are as indispensable to the architect as the knowledge of metrical feet and syllables is to the poet, and I doubt whether a superficial knowledge of these arts will suffice.
	www.pitt.edu /~tokerism/0040/syl/src1030.html (631 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Christie and Sarro, Palaces and Power in the Americas
		He examines several small settlements based on architectural form and distinguishes between cumulative residential buildings, which are complexes of small rooms constructed one after another, and planned orthogonal architecture, which consists of a rigidly rectangular compound with a large patio in one sector and orderly room complexes in another.
		Carol Mackey's essay is a comparison of the elite architecture at Farfán, a provincial center on the north coast of Peru, during the occupation of two empires—the Chimú and the Inka.
		In Maya architecture, the formal differences between palaces and elite residences are minor, and one has to focus on size, ornamentation, and location—the latter because palaces typically sit in the ceremonial core of Maya cities (for an in-depth discussion, see Christie 2003).
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exchrpal.html (8308 words)

	Mathematics and Art
		There is little doubt that a study of the development of ideas relating to perspective would be expected to begin with classical times, and in particular with the ancient Greeks who used some notion of perspective in their architecture and design of stage sets.
		architectural settings in the relation with which the eye measures them, and real to such a degree that...
		His 1569 treatise shows that he had studied the work of Piero and Dürer carefully and the methods he gave for perspective constructions were variations on their methods.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Art.html (4272 words)

	British Art - ninemsn Encarta
		In the visual arts, the essentially northern European character of Anglo-Saxon art and architecture was overtaken by Romanesque forms brought from France but which ultimately traced their origins to Byzantium.
		The spread of Gothic architecture from France to England in the late 12th century was accompanied by developments in sculpture.
		Although relatively little medieval sculpture has survived, the figures on the façade of Wells Cathedral (second quarter of 13th century) combine harmonious, monumental poses with some interest in realistically representing the structure of the human body.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_781533636/British_Art.html (1156 words)

	Summer 2004 Exhibition Archives: Carnegie Museum of Art
		1940) combines an extraordinary mastery of drawing with a penetrating analysis of architectural and urban form and social and political conditions that is nourished by his wide knowledge of fields ranging from philosophy to cybernetics.
		Through hundreds of architectural projects and installations, solo and group exhibitions, publications, and seminars, workshops, and teaching positions, Woods has passionately and imaginatively advocated forms that defy tectonic expectation and spaces whose uses are indeterminate.
		By the 1470s, painters like Martin Schongauer began to make prints, translating the range of tone in their drawings and paintings into fl and white and creating increasingly complex designs.
	www.cmoa.org /exhibitions/archives04sum.asp (1866 words)

	National Gallery of Art - Artistic Exchange: Europe and the Islamic World
		In the mid-1530s, the white background began to be treated as a backdrop for an increasing variety of decoration, culminating in the naturalistic floral style, that peaked in the 1580s.
		Exterior and interior revetments of marble inlaid with semiprecious stones were characteristic of imperial architecture from the mid-seventeenth century.
		The Sasanian empire, which extended from the upper Euphrates and Tigris rivers on the west to the Indus River in the east, was Byzantium's foremost rival in late antiquity.
	www.nga.gov /exhibitions/2004/artexchange/artexchange_glossary.shtm (6983 words)

	The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Special Exhibitions - From Filippo Lippi to Piero della Francesca: Fra Carnevale and ...
		It seems to be a late work, perhaps from the 1470s or 1480s.
		In a fashion typical of Piero's erudite play with perspective, the depth of the picture field (and thus the enormous size of the courtyard) is evident only at the vertical borders of the painting.
		The architecture reveals the study of Leon Battista Alberti's treatise as well as of Roman buildings and reflects antiquarian interests fostered at the court of Urbino.
	www.metmuseum.org /special/Carnevale/carnevale_view_1.asp?gallery=3&item=6 (269 words)

	Carnegie Museum of Art 2004/2005 Exhibition Schedule
		Woods is similarly unbound by conventional principles governing architectural form, function, and space, and argues that world conditions and rapidly changing contemporary life demand the invention of wholly new approaches to architectural space.
		Through hundreds of architectural projects and installations, exhibitions, publications, and seminars, workshops, and teaching positions, Woods has passionately and imaginatively advocated forms that defy expectation.
		The Heinz Architectural Center, part of Carnegie Museum of Art, is dedicated to the collection, study, and exhibition of architectural drawings and models.
	www.cmoa.org /info/npress57.asp (2072 words)

	abstracts
		Many of these forms incorporated visual cues to the identity of the donors, whose constant presence was thus built into the communal experience of the building.
		This paper attempts to reconstruct the visual environment of St James’ during the heyday of its construction, the 1470s and 1480s, a time when some of Bruges’ most elite families competed for the rights to install mortuary chapels in the church.
		The St Christopher altarpiece is one of the earliest known painted triptychs that includes portraits of the donors’ children, and I argue that for this innovation it is directly dependant on famous the Portinari altarpiece, painted in Bruges in the 1470s, which would have been known by the Moreels through social connections with the Portinaris.
	www.princeton.edu /~medconf/Moran.htm (502 words)

	Middle_Ages - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia
		Romanesque architecture flourished in the early Middle Ages: Hildesheim.
		Outside of Italy building in stone was rarely attempted until the 8th Century, when a new form of architecture called the Romanesque, and based on Roman forms, gradually developed.
		During this period there was an increase of literature, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical and scriptural studies.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=Middle_Ages (4220 words)

	History of Art:The Early Renaissance
		Motifs from classical architecture and bust medallions of the Caesars were included - creating a clear visual link between the Gonzagas and the great figures of the Roman Empire.
		The painted architecture and the iconography, in which traditions of courtly painting, antiquarian decoration, and experimentation have been combined, make this room an undisputed Renaissance masterpiece.
		Carpaccio's precise rendering of architecture and the luminous atmosphere of his paintings were praised by the 19th-century English critic John Ruskin.
	www.all-art.org /history214-6.html (5601 words)

	Department of the History of Art and Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Of all the arts, it was architecture that had the most success in changing the face of Rome in that quarter-century, and the High Renaissance movement in turn changed forever the face of architecture.
		Grading will be based on four components: 10% for your "analytical assignment"--the analysis of an article on Italian High Renaissance Architecture; 40% for your building report (10% for the "pre-summary"; 20% for the paper; 10% for the rewrite), 20% for the midterm test, and 30% for the final examination.
		Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564) a late-comer to architecture: Vatican Pieta of 1498-1500; David of 1501-04; Tomb of Julius 1506-1516ff-1526; Sistine Ceiling 1508-12.
	vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu /ftoker/syllabus1306.html (3016 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Architectural criticism is a process of evaluating the success of the architectural decisions taken years before.
		All architecture throughout history had been constrained by local conditions: local building materials, local workmen and their traditions, local taste, specifics of the local climate (hot or cold, dusty or damp, daytime and nighttime), local architectural iconography.
		Architecture in the early twentieth century was marked by problems (and opportunities) created by new technology, new kinds of urban planning, and social and environmental issues.
	vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu /ftoker/0040/sourcebook.html (17516 words)

	Orthodox Diakonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Nilus and his disciples lived a relatively obscure and peaceful life until 1490, when he was asked to attend a council convened by the church to decide the fate of a group of heretics known as the Judaizers.
		They were centered around Novgorod and began to make in-roads in the 1470s when other criticisms of the established church were on the rise.
		Many of the specifics of the heresy have been lost or disputed by church historians, though there seems to have been a primary concern with the reestablishment of Old Testament interpretations based on the Books of Moses and the reestablishment of the rites of the Judaic tradition as the base of church sacraments.
	www.iocc.org /orthodoxdiakonia/index.php4?id=10 (5298 words)

	Samarkand - Guri-Emir
		Majesty and lightness of architectural lines and shapes, richness of the multi-colored mosaic - all this makes the mausoleum a unique monument of Central Asian architecture.
		There are two more Timurids tombs nearby: the Mausoleum Rukhabad, built for Sheikh Burhanuddin Sagharji in the 1380s and the modest-sized Mausoleum Ak-Saray built in 1470s for the last of Timurids.
		One of the holy sites attracting a great number of pilgrims is the memorial and research complex of the Islamic scholar and theologian Imam Ismail al-Bukhari.
	www.samarkand-hotels.com /guri-emir.htm (218 words)

	Ercole de' Roberti - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Roberti's Bentivoglio portraits in the Gallery are close in style to Cossa, with their bright enamel coloring, brittle textures, complicated and stylized draperies, and elegantly artificial anatomy.
		Somewhat further from Cossa in manner--although some saw the hand of the older master in particulars--is Roberti's San Lazzaro altarpiece of the second half of the 1470s (originally in Ferrara, destroyed in Berlin, 1945); it brilliantly exemplified the lively, decoratively mannered Ferrarese style that developed during the third quarter of the fifteenth century.
		The composition of the altarpiece, with the enthroned Madonna placed aloft in an architectural setting, is based on the vertical, airy sacra conversazione altarpieces recently introduced in Venice, and the handling shows that Roberti was aware of the warm, unifying light, broader figures, and soft draperies of Giovanni Bellini.
	www.bonus.com /contour/national_gallery/http@@/www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pbio?26750 (824 words)

	Biography
		In the 1470s Francesco painted two different versions of the Coronation of the Virgin, one in fresco for the ancient Hospital of Santa Maria della Scala, done in 1471 (destroyed), and another, originally for the Benedictine abbey church outside Siena at Monte Oliveto, which appears to have been painted c.
		Francesco died in Siena toward the end of 1501, leaving behind, in addition to the works already mentioned, a series of manuscripts of the greatest importance devoted to architecture and engineering.
		No documentation confirms that he continued to paint after the Nativity, although critics usually assume later activity, including the magnificent newly discovered essentially monochromatic frescoes in the Bichi Chapel of Sant'Agostino in Siena which have been attributed to him.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /bio/f/francesc/biograph.html (601 words)

	NONE
		All adopted a simpler and clearer style than any of those current in late Quattrocento Florence, for example, while the pretensions to grandeur and to correct archaeological knowledge were greater in the setting of Rome and her ancient monuments.
		All these elements conspired to motivate artists to produce works of art and architecture of high idealism and intellectuality, and on a scale (not merely of a size) greater than anything hitherto attempted.
		Raphael constructed an architecture of frescoed greenery, an arbour resembling a garden structure, and stretched simulated 'tapestries' along the centre part of the flat vault to keep out the sun.
	rubens.anu.edu.au /new/books_and_papers/classical_tradition_book/chap6.html (13233 words)

	Biography
		Flemish painting and, in 1475, Antonello da Messina's paintings, showed Bellini the possibilities of the oil medium, which he used from then on in place of tempera.
		In these, figures, space, light, architecture, and sometimes landscape were balanced with seemingly effortless perfection to achieve a complex but harmonious image of serene grandeur.
		Such paintings as, for example, Madonna with Doge Agostino Barbarigo (1488, Santa Pietro Martire, Murano), are pioneer exemplars of the High Renaissance style.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /bio/b/bellini/giovanni/biograph.html (789 words)

	Centro Mallqui - Museo Leymebamba - Peru
		In a remote corner of northeastern Peru —embraced by the Marañón river to the west and the north and the Huallaga river to the east— the ancient Chachapoya once held sway over a vast territory, today scattered with the distinctive remains of their trademark cliff tombs and hamlets of circular structures.
		Feared warriors and famed shamans, the Chachapoya flourished from around AD 800 until their violent conquest by the Incas in the 1470s.
		Although the Chachapoya played a part in the greater Andean cultural sphere, their art and architecture convey a bold and independent spirit that sets them apart from their neighbors.
	centromallqui.org.pe /ley_chachapoya_en.htm (214 words)

	fortress
		A more sophisticated combination of fortress towers of horizontal logs, with stockade walls between the towers, is shown on the left, at the Museum of Wooden Architecture near Lake Baikal, Siberia.
		As Moscow grew, the fortified settlement on the small hill became the inner fortress of an expanding city, where the most important persons and institutions of government and church were housed.
		Between the 1470s and 1520s, some half dozen major embassies of Italian technicians of various skills came to Moscow.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/CREES/kremlin/fortress.html (3154 words)

	ArtLex on Marble
		A metamorphic rock (metamorphosed calcite or dolomite), finely grained, dense, with a nondirectional structure, capable of taking a high polish, and often irregularly veined and colored by impurities.
		Islamic tomb in a walled garden built for Shah Jahan's wife Mumatz Mahal [aka Arjuman Banu Begum], of bearing masonry and inlaid marble, in Agra, India, seat of the Mughal Empire.
		Sir Banister Fletcher wrote in A History of Architecture, "The interior of the building is dimly lit through pierced marble lattices and contains a virtuoso display of carved marble.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/marble.html (1030 words)

	Humanism (Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture)
		The humanists of the Renaissance believed that their mission was to revive the high Roman style of writing pure and eloquent Latin.
		When that flourished, "painting, sculpture, modelling, and architecture" would flourish as well--so Lorenzo Valla told the readers of his great treatise on Latin usage.
		In the 1470s, Pomponio Leto encouraged Niccolo Perotti, a prominent member of Cardinal Bessarion's circle, to edit their common efforts to explain the difficult text of Martial's Epigrams.
	www.lcweb.loc.gov /exhibits/vatican/humanism.html (5020 words)

	Architecture timeline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Palace of Assembly at Chandigarh, India, is finished, completing largely the design for the civic structures for the new city deisgned by Le Corbusier.
		John Entenza begins the Case Study House Program in Arts and Architecture magazine.
		The 1937 World's Fair in Paris showcases Nazi and Soviet architecture and Art Deco.
	zdnet.co.za /a/r/c/Architecture_timeline.html (2450 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It is an oustandind example of military architecture of that time.
		Its current appearence reflects the strong imprint desired by Federico da Montefeltro who had the fortress changed substantially around the second half of the 1470s.
		The two vast circular keeps which frame its westward flanks were designed and realized by Francesco di Giorgio Martini, one of Italy's greatest military architects, who was much used by Duke Federico da Montefeltro.
	www.gicas.net /sinigallia/sanleo.html (147 words)

	The Royal observatory, Edinburgh
		Since the 15th century, the tradition of the European observatory housing large telescopes, has left a distinctive legacy of architecture and engineering.
		Gathering and analysing evidence from the far regions of the universe, these observatories have fed the spirit of scientific enquiry that has been reshaping our culture, from the Renaissance onwards.
		It is of outstanding international significance and has been acknowledged as one of "four truly great collections of astronomical books" in the world.
	www.roe.ac.uk /roe/heritage (1145 words)

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