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Topic: 1499 invasion of Italy

	Switzerland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A male native of Switzerland is said to be a Schweizer and a female is a Schweizerin in German; Suisse (male) or Suissesse (female) in Swiss French and svizzero (male) or svizzera (female) in Swiss Italian.
		The country, which borders Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east, was historically a confederation, and has been a federation since 1848.
		The massive mobilisation of Swiss armed forces under the leadership of General Henri Guisan is often cited as a decisive factor that the German invasion was never initiated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Switzerland (3609 words)

	Italy
		(1) the Kingdom of Lombardy, or Italy, in the north, (2) the Papacy in the center, and (3) the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily in the South.
		It was the invasion of Italy by the French King Charles VIII in 1494 that disrupted the rule of the Medici.
		Southern Italy and Sicily had not been united since the Lombard invasion of 568, and then Sicily was detached from Romania by the Aghlabids between 827 and 878.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	Switzerland - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Switzerland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In 1499 the Austrian Habsburg emperor, Maximilian I, attempted to reassert his rule over the eastern region of Rhaetia – which as the Grey League (Grisons or Graubünden) had asserted its independence – but he was defeated at Calven.
		Switzerland's de facto independence dates from the Swiss victory over the Empire at Dornach in 1499, after which the Confederation was released from its obligation to pay the imperial tax.
		After the German invasion of the USSR Germany demanded that Switzerland participate in the ‘fight for Europe’ and adhere to the ‘New Order’.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Switzerland (2789 words)

	The World Factbook 2004 -- Field Listing - Background
		Disputes between a series of "prisoner" popes and Italy were resolved in 1929 by three Lateran Treaties, which established the independent state of Vatican City and granted Roman Catholicism special status in Italy.
		Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the city-states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL.
		Italy was a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC).
	www.brainyatlas.com /fields/2028.html (15472 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI
		He did his best to dissuade Charles VIII of France from his projected invasion of Italy; if he was unsuccessful, the blame is in no slight degree due to the unpatriotic course of that same Giuliano della Rovere who later, as Julius II, made futile efforts to expel the "barbarians" whom he himself had invited.
		From the crumbling ramparts of St. Angelo, the defences of which were still incomplete, he looked calmly into the mouth of the French cannon; with equal intrepidity he faced the cabal of della Rovere's cardinals, clamorous for his deposition.
		Alexander cannot be held responsible for the second "barbarian" invasion of Italy, but he was quick to take advantage of it for the consolidation of his temporal power and the aggrandizement of his family.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01289a.htm (5450 words)

	Spain - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The long, convoluted period of expansion of the Christian kingdoms, beginning in 722, only eleven years after the Moorish invasion, is called the Reconquista.
		A 1499 Muslim uprising was crushed and was followed by the first of the expulsions of Muslims, in 1502, from Isabel's and Ferdinand's new, combined, Christian kingdom.
		However, in July 1936, against a backdrop of increasing political polarization, anti-clericalism and pressure from all sides, coupled with growing and unchecked political violence, the Republic was faced with an attempted military coup d'etat led by right-wing army generals.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/p/a/Spain.html (5244 words)

	April 15 Birthdays: Leonardo da Vinci
		The work was never cast, and the model, admired by his contemporaries, perished during the French invasion of 1499.
		After the fall (1499) of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo left Milan and, following brief sojourns in Mantua and Venice, returned to Florence in 1500.
		His engagement took him to central Italy to study swamp reclamation projects in Piombino and to tour the cities of Romagna.
	www.infoplease.com /birthday/April-15 (1092 words)

	Top20Spain.com - Your Top20 Guide to Spain!
		Later waves of stricter Muslim groups from North Africa even led to some persecutions of non-Muslims, forcing many (including some Muslim scholars) to seek safety in the then still relatively tolerant city of Toledo after its Christian conquest in 1085.
		The 1085 conquest of Toledo had brought to an end the reconquest of the northern half of Iberia.
		The Treaty of Granada [1] guaranteed religious toleration toward Muslims while Jews were expelled immediatly.
	www.top20spain.com (4914 words)

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