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Topic: 14th Amendments

	ELS - ERD - Law By Country - United States Substantive Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Amendment X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Oklahoma in June 1947, and Massachusetts on June 9, 1949.
		The amendment was rejected by Mississippi (and not subsequently ratified) on December 20, 1962.
	www.law.emory.edu /FEDERAL/usconst/amend.html (2796 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Amendments
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Kentucky, Maryland, and Tennessee.
		The amendment was rejected by Georgia on July 24, 1919; by Alabama on September 22, 1919; by South Carolina on January 29, 1920; by Virginia on February 12, 1920; by Maryland on February 24, 1920; by Mississippi on March 29, 1920; by Louisiana on July 1, 1920.
		This amendment was subsequently ratified by Virginia in 1952, Alabama in 1953, Florida in 1969, and Georgia and Louisiana in 1970.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendments.html (3846 words)

	SSC - TEKS and TAKS - TEKS Glossary - Grade 5
		The 14th Amendment is one of three to the U.S. Constitution passed during the era of Reconstruction to protect the rights and involvement of citizens in government.
		In 1868, the required number of states ratified the 14th Amendment which declared that all persons born in the United States (except Indians) were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race, and their rights were protected by due process of the law.
		Amendments are proposed by two-thirds vote of both houses of the U.S. Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the states.
	www.tea.state.tx.us /ssc/teks_and_taas/teks/gloss5.htm (3943 words)

	United States House of Representatives - Amendments to the Constitution
		The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on December 4, 1797.
		The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11, 1914.
		Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789.
	www.house.gov /Constitution/Amend.html (2589 words)

	A State Senator Explains 14th Amendment Citizenship, by Wayne Stump, Arizona State Senator
		Amendment reveals that persons encompassed thereby were "subject" to jurisdiction thereof and may not "question" the validity of the public debt.
		Amendment to subvert the States' authority or that of the Constitution as it relates to the status of the de jure State Citizens.
		Amendment and are residing therein as a United States citizen and are enjoying the privileges and immunities of "limited" citizenship.
	centre.telemanage.ca /links.nsf/articles/C33C98E582071B7F85256969004E3803 (2302 words)

	Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a major victory for the North, and it was hoped that with the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, the effects of slavery in the United States would quickly diminish.
		The last of the Reconstruction Amendments, the 15th Amendment was designed to close the last loophole in the establishment of civil rights for newly-freed fl slaves.
		Anthony later used the 15th Amendment as rationale for voting in a New York election, and though she was tried and fined for voting, the ordeal proved an impetus for the eventual guarantee of voting rights for women.
	www.usconstitution.net /constamnotes.html (4176 words)

	Case: The Slaughterhouse Cases, 1873 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 14th amendment is about citizenship and seems to set up a distinction b/t citizens of states and citizens of the US.
		The 14th Amendment was not meant to take rights over its citizens away from the states.
		14th A. is designed to do on a national level what Art 4 on the state level: protect citizens from abuses of power.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~ralatham/lawiki/Case__The_Slaughterhouse_Cases__1873.html (331 words)

	State v. Kleypas - Synopsis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Amendments to the United States Constitution, § 9 and 18 of the Kansas Bill of Rights, and K.S.A. Issue XXVI: The trial court erred in limiting discovery and presentation of evidence regarding the 1977 homicide; such a limitation violated Mr.
		Kleypass rights under K.S.A. 21-4624 and 21-4627(b) and (c), § 1, 2, 9,10, 11 and 18 of the Kansas constitution, and the 5th, 6th, 8th and 14th Amendments of the United States Constitution when it made inflammatory, prejudicial statements, in closing argument, many of which were not supported by the evidence.
		Issue XL: The instruction defining the heionus, atrocious, and cruel aggravating factor violates the 8th and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution and the cruel and unusual punishments clause of the Kansas Bill of Rights.
	www.kscourts.org /kbrief.htm (3084 words)

	Slaughter-House Cases, 1873
		The word "servitudes" in the 13th amendment refers to "personal servitudes" not property rights, because of the qualifying word "involuntary." The purpose of the 13th amendment was thus to etch freedom for slaves into the constitution so that it later would not be questioned or avoided.
		The 14th amendment was a further step needed to protect former slaves from the "fl codes." The 15th amendment must be grouped in with the 13th and 14th, and it was specifically for fl suffrage.
		While the thirteenth article of amendment was intended primarily to abolish African slavery, it equally forbids Mexican peonage or the Chinese coolie trade, when they amount to slavery or involuntary servitude; and the use of the word 'servitude' is intended to prohibit all forms of involuntary slavery of whatever class or name.
	www.lectlaw.com /files/case30.htm (13415 words)

	Additional Amendments to the Constitution
		ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
		For purposes of representation in the Congress, election of the President and Vice President, and article V of this Constitution, the District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall be treated as though it were a State.
	www.constitution.org /afterte_.htm (1557 words)

	13th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Amendment in December 1865, slavery was officially abolished in all areas of the United States.
		Amendment summarizes that people who are born or naturalized in the United States territory are citizens of the United States and of the State they reside.
		Without these two amendments, minorities in America would not be have open jobs opportunities, would not be able to attend certain schools, or even be treated fairly in public.
	www.savstate.edu /naacp/Documents/13thn14thamendments.htm (183 words)

	Civil Rights
		That the 14th Amendment is prohibitory upon the States only, and the legislation forbidden to be adopted by Congress for enforcing it, is not "direct" legislation, but "corrective," -- such as may be necessary or proper for counteracting and restraining the effect of laws or acts passed or done by the several States.
		The amendment was not, as held in the opinion of the majority, primarily intended to confer citizenship on the negro race.
		The 14th Amendment provides that all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the States wherein they reside.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/robert_ingersoll/civil_rights.html (14301 words)

	Community Forum - View Single Post - More 527 idiotic lunacy.........................
		It should be noted that the 4th, 9th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution have been interpreted to offer guarantees of the right of privacy.
		The Due Process clause of 14th Amendments guarantees that all citizens of the United States are entitled to equal protection under the law, and shall not be denied the right to life, liberty or property without due process of law.
		This decision makes the 9th and 14th Amendments relevant to the idea of privacy, and was evoked by the Court for the 1963 decision of Griswold v.
	www.psoriasis.org /forum/showpost.php?p=98155&postcount=2 (372 words)

	BRIA 7:4 The 14th Amendment, Equal Protection Clause, Stalin Purges, Due Process, fair trial, self-incrimination
		Raoul Berger, a scholar who wrote extensively on the 14th Amendment, argued that the elusive due process clause was simply intended to protect the civil rights of the ex-slaves in the South following the Civil War.
		The 14th Amendment prohibits any state from denying "to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The equal protection clause clearly requires that all American citizens must be treated equally by the law.
		The equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment requires Texas and the Tyler Independent School District to provide free public schooling to the children of undocumented immigrants on an equal basis with the other children in the state and school district.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria7_4.htm (5917 words)

	Dispatch Depot Message Board - 13th and 14th amendments
		The 14th was submitted on the 16th of June 1866 and proclaimed on the 28th of July 1868.
		This amendment is tendered to Georgia for ratification, under that power in the Constitution which authorizes two-thirds of the Congress to propose amendments.
		And in the Article which concerns Amendments, it is expressly provided that 'no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.' The contemplated Amendment was not proposed to the States by a Congress thus constituted.
	civilwartalk.com /forums/printthread.php?t=19353 (2118 words)

	MSED 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Therefore, it can be seen that the 14th seeks to ensure States adhere to allowing due process of law, while the 5th asserts that a person is entitled to due process.
		Thus, the 5th is applicable at both the federal and state level, while the 14th affects to force States to provide for due process.
		Furthermore, the Court upheld the summary judgment granted to the School Board by finding that the school had not established a precedent of banning the flag and that the final decision was not up to the principals, but to the board itself, making the suspension subject to the Board.
	www.valdosta.edu /~raboyd/msed.2000.2.html (960 words)

	The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
		The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
		In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
	www.usconstitution.net /const.html (5174 words)

	Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Con... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Con... (43 words)

	Lesson 1 Criminal Due Process
		With regard to the criminal justice system, due process means that a defendant accused of a crime must be told of the charges against him or her, have the opportunity to present a defense against such charges at a trial, and have the services of counsel and the right to an appeal.
		Although the first ten Amendments were intended to apply only to actions of the Federal Government, over the years the courts have been able to extend due process rights to those accused of violating state law via the 14th Amendment, that says, "No State shall...
		Distribute Handout 1B,"Due Process Amendments." Ask students to stay in their groups, having at least one group re-write in their own words a different one of the five Amendments on the handout.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /plegal/Lessons/Dpr/dpr1.html (1352 words)

	WWWeBBB Forum Summer 99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The 14th amendment (equal protection clause)prohibits states from engaging in discrimination (unequal treatment).
		The 5th amendment is implicated the same qay only that amendment restrains the federal government not states(since Adarand involved a federal program, the claim was brought under the 5th amendment not the 14th).
		If the employer is a private employer, neither the 14th nor the 5th amendments are implicated.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /skaminshine/forums/law7195/msg.cgi?msgno=1051140807 (140 words)

	Corruption of blood, 13th and 14th Amendments
		The beneficiaries of such governmental overreaching, undertaken in clear violation of self-evident principles of justice ('natural law' in the framers' parlance), accept the largesse at their own risk.
		Given the clear intergenerational subtext to the 13th and 14th Amendments, it seems reasonable to conclude that public policies with intergenerationally discriminatory effects should be actionable under the 14th Amendment's equal protection clause.
		One of the jurisprudential guidelines just referred to is the widely accepted notion that the 14th Amendment should be used to "neutralize the systematic legislative underrepresentation of relatively powerless, non-participating groups."
	www.conlaw.org /Intergenerational-III-3-1.htm (308 words)

	The Balance Between the Commerce Clause and the 14th Amendment in Protecting Individual Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Court followed the lead of Congress, which relied on the commerce power rather than the 14th Amendment in light of prevailing caselaw interpreting the former broadly and the latter narrowly.
		Recent Supreme Court decisions have found that Congress exceeded its 14th Amendment powers when it passed the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the employment discrimination provisions of the ADA, and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
		Nevertheless, the Court’s narrow reading of the 14th Amendment is not a significant impediment to Congress’s ability to protect individuals as long as the Court reads the Commerce Clause broadly.
	www.nsclc.org /news/05/03/FR_balbetcommcl_14thamend.htm (1665 words)

	Martin County Development Review Staff Report Log No: 413
		On November 12, 1997, an application was filed for the 14th Amendments to the Development Order and PUD Agreement with a revision to the previously requested Final Development Plan for Parcel "H", Phase 2A.
		On November 12, 1997, an application for the 14th Amendments to the Willoughby PUD Agreement and DRI Development Order, and the Revised Preliminary (Master) Development Plan were submitted.
		On December 16, 1997, the Board approved a request to advertise for the 14th Amendment to the PUD(r) Zoning Agreement and the 14th Revision to the DRI Development Order on February 10, 1998.
	www.martin.fl.us /GOVT/depts/gmd/gmd/drc/413.html (1825 words)

	Marshall's Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The overall argument is supposed to lead to the conclusion that: The death penalty (DP) is a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the 8th and 14th Amendments.
		Conclusion: The DP is prohibited by the 8th and 14th Amendments.
		The main argument, supported by the sub-argument (and the arguments supporting the Premise 4 of the sub-argument), is supposed to lead to the conclusion that: The death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the 8th and 14th Amendments.
	spot.colorado.edu /~harrisov/marshall.html (428 words)

	14th Amendment
		The purpose of this, according to one Republican congressman, was to coerce Southern legislators to vote for the amendment at the point of a bayonet.
		The Cato Institute s Roger Pilon, who is a supporter of the Fourteenth Amendment, has defended the way in which the amendment was adopted on the grounds that after the war some Southern states had enacted the notorious Black Codes (Liberty Magazine, Feb. 2000).
		The notion that a racially-enlightened and benevolent Republican Congress unconstitutionally imposed the Fourteenth Amendment on the nation because it was motivated primarily (if not solely) out of concern with racial discrimination in the South is childishly naive and ahistorical.
	www.southernmessenger.org /14th_amendment.htm (915 words)

	[No title]
		The "law recognized, either implicitly or explicitly, the settled expectations of whites built on the privileges and benefits produced by white supremacy, it acknowledge[d] and reinforce[d] a property interest in whiteness that reproduces Black subordination." With this type of support for White supremacy and domination, the freed African slaves' path was severely jeopardized.
		Additional amendments were adopted, but bias continued in the courts immediately after Emancipation and that bias still exists today.
		Congress had the "power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article." The 14th Amendment and subsequent legislation were intended to impose a new political and economic view on a country that had, prior to the Amendment, conducted itself without much restraint.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/02rights/repara27.htm (5727 words)

	Digital Sunlight -- Legislative Update 4/1/97
		This update will provide a recap of SB 49's history, a discussion of important amendments that will be made to the bill, and some related newspaper columns recently published in the San Jose Mercury News and the San Francisco Chronicle.
		The bill may have to go back to the Senate for concurrence in Assembly amendments, then it will be sent to Governor Pete Wilson's desk for his signature or veto.
		AMENDMENTS: As you may recall from my last email, there have been many discussions in recent weeks over provisions of SB 49 dealing with software and privacy concerns.
	www.digitalsunlight.org /UPDATES/070897.html (647 words)

	Jury Size and Unanimity under the 6th and 14th Amendments
		The Court, voting 5 to 4, upheld both state laws even though five justices clearly stated their beliefs that unanimity was required by the Sixth Amendment.
		The odd result occurred because Justice Powell, concurring in both cases, concludes that the Sixth Amendment imposes greater requirements on the federal government than the Fourteenth Amendment, incorporating the basic Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial, imposes on the states.
		While concurring in the result, Justice Powell, joined by two other justices, reiterated that he did not think the Fourteenth Amendment imposed exactly the same requirements for juries on states that the Sixth Amendment did on the federal government.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/FTrials/conlaw/jurysize.html (798 words)

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