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Topic: 15th Amendment

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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

19th Amendment

David Hanson

United States Constitution

26th Amendment

Constitutional amendment

24th Amendment

24th Amendment to the United States Constitution

26th Amendment to the United States Constitution

Congressional power of enforcement

27th Amendment to the United States Constitution

Lycus

Thomas Mundy Peterson

Strayer University

United States

	Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution grants voting rights regardless of race.
		This amendment prohibits the states or the federal government from using a citizen's race, color, or previous status as a slave as a voting qualification.
		After the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment barring slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing former slaves citizenship, there were still fears by the Radical Republicans that sympathizers to the Confederate cause would attempt to achieve through suppression of the fl vote what they could not obtain by war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_Constitution/Amendment_Fifteen (1037 words)

	Amendments to the Constitution of the United States
		Amendment XI (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 5, 1794, by the Third Congress.
		Amendment XV (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 27, 1869, by the Fortieth Congress.
		Amendment XX (The proposed amendment, sometimes called the “Lame Duck Amendment,” was sent to the states Mar. 3, 1932, by the Seventy-second Congress.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0749825.html#A0749836 (1986 words)

	United States House of Representatives - Amendments to the Constitution
		The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865.
		The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866.
		The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States.
	www.house.gov /Constitution/Amend.html (2589 words)

	Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a major victory for the North, and it was hoped that with the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, the effects of slavery in the United States would quickly diminish.
		The last of the Reconstruction Amendments, the 15th Amendment was designed to close the last loophole in the establishment of civil rights for newly-freed fl slaves.
		Anthony later used the 15th Amendment as rationale for voting in a New York election, and though she was tried and fined for voting, the ordeal proved an impetus for the eventual guarantee of voting rights for women.
	www.usconstitution.net /constamnotes.html (4176 words)

	African American Journey: 15th Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that an American citizen shall not be discriminated against in exercising the right to vote.
		Amendment 15 was ratified on Feb. 3, 1870.
		The 15th Amendment does not specifically say that all fls must be allowed to vote.
	www.worldbook.com /features/aajourney_new/html/aa_0_15th_amend.shtml (242 words)

	SSC - TEKS and TAKS - TEKS Glossary - Amendment
		Most significantly, the amendment incorporated the "due process clause" as outlined in the 5th Amendment and ensured the protection of citizen's rights, previously only guaranteed at the national level, at the state level.
		In 1868, the required number of states ratified the 14th Amendment which declared that all persons born in the United States (except Indians) were citizens, that all citizens were entitled to equal rights regardless of their race, and their rights were protected by due process of the law.
		The amendment derived from a requirement in the Military Reconstruction Act, passed by Congress on March 2, 1867, that Confederate states, as a condition for readmission into the Union, extend the right to vote to former adult male slaves.
	www.tea.state.tx.us /ssc/teks_and_taas/teks/glossamendment.htm (990 words)

	Additional Amendments to the Constitution
		ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
		This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
	www.constitution.org /afterte_.htm (1557 words)

	Mar. 15th, 05: Amendment offered by Mr. Upton
		Chairman, I ask unanimous consent that debate on this amendment and any amendments thereto be limited to 20 minutes, to be equally divided and controlled by the proponent and myself, the opponent.
		I would urge every Member to vote against this amendment and to send a message to the Americans that are over there, the people that are doing the hard work to bring democracy, we care about their safety, we care about the work they are doing.
		Vote against the Upton amendment and say to our friends over there, we care about your safety, we care about what you are doing, and we thank you for the tough, tough job you are doing in an area that is probably as dangerous as anywhere in the world.
	www.afsa.org /congress/UptonAmendment.cfm (2651 words)

	Fifteenth Amendment or 15th Amendment
		The 15th Amendment states that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by a State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The text also gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment.
		Although African Americans had been freed from slavery and made citizens after the Civil War by the 13th and 14th Amendments, Southern states used a variety of tactics, including violence, to keep fls from voting, and even some Northern states had not given fls the franchise.
		Not until the 20th century would the Supreme Court invoke the 15th Amendment in striking down state grandfather clauses and white primaries.
	archive.blackvoices.com /research/encarta/tt_521.asp (466 words)

	15th Amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in July 1868, guaranteed basic civil rights to all citizens; it was intended to persuade Southern states to grant suffrage to fls by threatening a reduction of their congressional representation.
		To remedy the inequity and to help shore up the Southern Radical Republican Reconstruction regimes, a 15th Amendment to the Constitution was proposed in February 1869.
		Feminists, especially, fought against the amendment because women were not included in the guarantee of suffrage.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /SlaveryAndEmancipation/15thamendment.html (356 words)

	blank1.html
		Such is the case on the 132nd anniversary of the ratification of the 15th Amendment on February 3, 2003.
		The 15th Amendment was the first of several amendments and subsequently many federal laws by which the Constitution and the federal government appropriated some state powers related to voter qualifications and elections.
		On this 132nd anniversary of the ratification of the 15th amendment, it should be the hopes and dreams of all Americans that when the Voter Rights Act expires in 2007 every American will finally be free at last to cast a ballot for candidates of his or her choice without any discrimination.
	www.harding.edu /USER/howard/WWW/STRUGGLE.HTML (787 words)

	The U.S. Constitution Changes with the Times
		15th Amendment: This amendment, ratified in 1870, said that no citizen's vote could be taken away because of his race or color or because he was once a slave.
		The 13th Amendment, in 1865, forever banned the practice of slavery.
		The 15th Amendment, in 1870, gave all citizens the right to vote, regardless of their race.
	teacher.scholastic.com /researchtools/articlearchives/civics/usgovt/constit/chacons.htm (651 words)

	Before The Voting Rights Act
		The 14th Amendment, which conferred citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, was ratified in 1868.
		In 1870 the 15th Amendment was ratified, which provided specifically that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
		Other laws and practices, such as the "white primary,", attempted to evade the 15th Amendment by allowing "private" political parties to conduct elections and establish qualifications for their members.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/intro/intro_a.htm (996 words)

	Introduction
		A Constitutional Equality Amendment is essential because, without clear acknowledgment of women's right to equal protection of the law, courts are free to rule that sex discrimination is not unconstitutional.
		The amendment must contain all the issues we wish to address specifically as well as dictate the standards by which it would be interpreted by the courts.
		Ultimately the amendment will be written by elected representatives, not by us, and therefore the electoral politics portion of the action kit must be paramount in our strategy.
	www.now.org /issues/economic/cea/intro.html (773 words)

	usnews.com: The People's Vote: 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Voting Rights (1870)
		To former abolitionists and to the Radical Republicans in Congress who fashioned Reconstruction after the Civil War, the 15th amendment, enacted in 1870, appeared to signify the fulfillment of all promises to African Americans.
		Set free by the 13th amendment, with citizenship guaranteed by the 14th amendment, fl males were given the vote by the 15th amendment.
		In retrospect, it can be seen that the 15th amendment was in reality only the beginning of a struggle for equality that would continue for more than a century before African Americans could begin to participate fully in American public and civic life.
	www.usnews.com /usnews/documents/docpages/document_page44.htm (323 words)

	15th Amendment to the Constitution: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of ...
		Search this collection, using the phrase "15th amendment" or "fifteenth amendment" to find additional newspaper articles and pamphlets on this topic.
		The House of Representatives passed the 15th Amendment on February 25, 1869, by a vote of 144 to 44, and the Senate passed the 15th Amendment on February 26, 1869, by a vote of 39 to 13.
		On March 30, 1870, Secretary of State Hamilton Fish issued a proclamation certifying the ratification of the 15th Amendment by the states.
	www.loc.gov /rr/program/bib/ourdocs/15thamendment.html (641 words)

	The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
		After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
		The article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
	www.usconstitution.net /const.html#Am22 (5179 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		And upon the assumption that this claim was justified and that the election officers had violated the 15th Amendment in denying the right to vote, this prosecution, as we have said, was commenced.
		The first question is concerned with that provision of the amendment which fixes a standard by which the right to vote is given upon conditions existing on January 1, 1866, and relieves those coming within that standard from the standard based on a literacy test which is established by the other provision of the amendment.
		But while this is true, it is true also that the Amendment does not change, modify, or deprive the states of their full power as to suffrage except, of course, as to the subject with which the Amendment deals and to the extent that obedience to its command is necessary.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=CASE&court=US&vol=238&page=347 (2309 words)

	civilrights.org -- Civil Rights 101
		Bolden, the Court narrowly interpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution, as well as the Voting Rights Act, holding that the government must prove that any change in voting practices that harm minorities was actually motivated by discriminatory intent in order to establish a violation.
		The 1982 amendments make clear that it is unnecessary to prove that certain registration and voting practices have been established with discriminatory intent.
		A SEC0ND 1982 AMENDMENT allows people who are blind, disabled or illiterate to be assisted in voting by anyone of their choice (other than their employer or an officer or agent of the voter's union).
	www.civilrights.org /research_center/civilrights101/voting.html (1975 words)

	BrainLog
		The rumor is that the 15th Amendment would expire in 2007 or 2008.
		The 27 amendments and their ratification data are also interesting.
		You may or may not know that the 27th amendment, "No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened," was ratified in 1992.
	www.dansanderson.com /blog/archives/2003/01/i_mentioned_ame.php (422 words)

	Chapter 3
		The Supreme Court held that action by the party’s state convention was not state action under the 14th or 15th Amendments, and denial of the right to vote in a primary, versus a general election, was merely refusal of party membership and did not violate the Constitution.
		The court held that the statute violated the 14th and the 15th Amendments as a purposeful device conceived and operated to further racial discrimination in voting.
		The Fifth Circuit held that the plan violated the 14th and 15th Amendments because it canceled or minimized the voting strength of the fl minority by fragmenting a geographically concentrated minority and perpetuating a history of denial of access.
	www.usccr.gov /pubs/msdelta/ch3.htm (9236 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		Bowman\32\ the Court held that legislation based on the Fifteenth Amendment which attempted to prohibit private as well as official interference with the right to vote on racial grounds was unconstitutional, and that interpretation was not questioned until 1941.\33\ But the Court's interpretation of the ``state action'' requirement in cases brought under Sec.
		The application of the prohibition of the Fifteenth Amendment to `any State' is translated by legal jargon to read `State Action.' This phrase gives rise to a false direction in that it implies some impressive machinery or deliberative conduct normally associated with what orators call a sovereign state.
		The 1982 amendments provide that the change may not be approved if it would ``perpetuate voting discrimination,'' in effect applying the new Sec.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt15.html (2958 words)

	[No title]
		The 11th Amendment may be an extreme case because the text is so disconnected, but even when the text is in more on target, it seldom on its own strength is capable of resolving any constitutional controversy.
		If your view is that an amendment has been enacted, you as a sitting judge you are bound by that in a different way than you would be bound by mere stare decisis.
		In essence it is the same as §2 of the 13th Amendment and §2 of the 15th Amendment.
	www.law.nyu.edu /studentorgs/sba/outlines/upperlevel/conlaw/sager_f00.doc (21558 words)

	Research Starters: Suffrage
		Used in some states to disfranchise poor fl voters, it was outlawed in federal elections by the Twenty-Fourth Amendment (1964) and at the state level by a 1966 Supreme Court decision.
		By the time of the Civil War the principle of unrestricted white male suffrage was established, and it was mentioned in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
		American women did not win their struggle for suffrage until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, but unlike African Americans, they did not then have to continue the fight against state attempts to circumvent the law.
	teacher.scholastic.com /researchtools/researchstarters/women (838 words)

	American Experience \| Ulysses S. Grant \| People & Events \| Passage of the Fifteenth Amendment
		Republicans' answer to the problem of the fl vote was to add a Constitutional amendment that guaranteed fl suffrage in all states, and no matter which party controlled the government.
		Determined to pass the amendment, Congress ultimately accepted the first and most moderate of the versions as the one presented for a vote.
		Acting quickly, Congress ruled that in order to be let into the Union, these states had to accept both the Fifteenth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to all people born in the United States, including former slaves.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/grant/peopleevents/e_fifteenth.html (490 words)

	African American Registry: 15th Amendment ratified
		Republicans wanted the 15th Amendment passed to obtain the vote of the freed slaves.
		The 15th Amendment ensures the right to vote to all male citizens of the United States, regardless of color or previous condition of servitude.
		The 15th Amendment opened the door for the elections of African-Americans to the US Congress and to Southern local and state offices.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/1384/15th_Amendment_ratified (168 words)

	The Real Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment
		The original records of the real Thirteenth Amendment were thought to be destroyed at the time of the burning of the capitol during the War of 1812, but have since been found in the archives of the British Museum library in London and in the archives of several of the States and territories.
		The Amendment was proposed in the midst of an ever-deepening diplomatic crisis in the early years of the 19th century, with the continued impressments of sailing men from American ships on the high seas, with Spain falling into the arms of the British lion after being conquered by France.
		The Thirteenth Amendment was a measure against British imperialism in the wake of their alliance with Spain, and it was supported by Federalists who were eminently suspicious of the "democratic clubs" fomented by the Bonapartes, who would always follow a republican revolution with their own seizures of power and creation of new titles.
	www.barefootsworld.net /real13th.html (7026 words)

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