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Topic: 1600 BCE

	History of Iran: Elamite Empire
		1750 BCE) was not to be denied, and Elam was crushed in 1764 BCE.
		1266 BCE), the fourth king of this line, proceeded apace, and his successes were commemorated by his assumption of the title "Expander of the Empire." He was succeeded by his son, Untash-Gal (Untash (d) Gal, or Untash-Huban), a contemporary of Shalmaneser I of Assyria (c.
		In a series of campaigns between 692 and 639 BCE, in an effort to clean up a political and diplomatic mess that had become a chronic headache for the Assyrians, Ashurbanipal's armies utterly destroyed Susa, pulling down buildings, looting, and sowing the land of Elam with salt.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/elamite/elamite.php (1381 words)

	History of India
		1000-600 BCE: India - During this period of Indian civilization, the Late Vedic period, the Aryans are integrated into Indian culture.
		800-500 BCE: India - The Upanishads are written around this time; the doctrines of rebirth and the transmigration of souls start to appear, leading to important theological transformations within Hinduism.
		250 BCE: India - A general council of Buddhist monks is held in Patna, where the canon of Buddhist scriptures is selected.
	www.crystalinks.com /indiahistory.html (468 words)

	Oracle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In China, the use of oracle bones dates as far back as the Shang Dynasty, (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE).
		Although divination with the I Ching is thought to have originated prior to the Shang Dynasty, it was not until King Wu of Zhou (1046 BCE-1043 BCE) that it took its present form.
		In addition to its oracular power, the I Ching has had a major influence on the philosophy, literature and statecraft of China from the time of the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE - 256 BCE).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oracular (662 words)

	EAWC: The Complete Chronology
		Most begin their political histories as monarchies, evolve to oligarchies, are overthrown during the age of the tyrants (650-500 BCE) and eventually establish democracies in the sixth and fifth centuries.
		He is condemned to death in 399 BCE on the charges of corrupting the youth and introducing new gods into Greek thought.
		Both Epicurus (342-270 BCE) and Zeno, the Stoic (not to be confused with Zeno of Elea), believe in an individualistic and materialistic philosophy.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/index2.htm (6231 words)

	Oracle -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although (additional info and facts about divination with the I Ching) divination with the I Ching is thought to have originated prior to the Shang Dynasty, it was not until King Wu of Zhou (1046 BCE-1043 BCE) that it took its present form.
		On (The largest Greek island in the Mediterranean; site of the Minoan civilization that reached its peak in 1600 BC) Crete lay another important oracle, sacred to (Greek god of light; god of prophesy and poetry and music and healing; son of Zeus and Leto; twin brother of Artemis) Apollo.
		It ranked as one of the most accurate oracles in (A republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil) Greece.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/or/oracle.htm (706 words)

	[No title]
		Queen Hatshepsut is one of the rulers of the XVIII Dynasty.
		Change is merely an illusion.510 BCE: Greece - Hippias, the son of Peisistratus, succeeds his father and is overthrown by a group of nobles with the help of Sparta.509 BCE: Rome - The Roman monarchy is overthrown and replaced with a republic.
		He is condemned to death in 399 BCE on the charges of corrupting the youth and introducing new gods into Greek thought.461-429 BCE: Greece - During this "Age of Pericles," Athenian democracy reaches perfection, and the court systems are completed.
	church-of-the-east.org /library/chronology.doc (17812 words)

	ArtLex on Mesopotamian art
		2700 BCE are fine examples of the way Sumerian sculpture is typically based on cones and cylinders -- arms and legs like pipes, skirts smooth and round, flaring out at their bottoms.
		The massive and highly stylized bird is shown with a plump body and flaring tail, and easily transcends its original and somewhat prosaic function.
		Medes, the land she came from was green, rugged and mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of Mesopotamia depressing, so the king decided to recreate her homeland by building an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html (1990 words)

	[No title]
		540 BCE: India - Mahavira, the founder of Jainism, is born.
		537 BCE: India - Cyrus the Persian campaigns west of the Indus River.
		251-246 BCE: India - The Aryan Hindus occupy Celyon.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/inpage.htm (435 words)

	ipedia.com: Nebra skydisk Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Nebra sky disk is associatively dated to ca 1600 BCE and attributed to a site at Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.
		It is a bronze disk of around 30cm diameter, patinated blue-green and inlaid with gold symbols interpreted by some as a sun or full moon, stars (including a cluster interpreted as the Pleiades) and a crescent with multiple strokes, interpreted as a sun boat with many oars.
		Those who have examined the disk point out that its patina indicates the disk's antiquity although such effects could be produced chemically by a suitably talented counterfeiter to give the impression of age.
	www.ipedia.com /nebra_skydisk.html (860 words)

	Mesopotamian Bronze Age (Old Akkadian, Neo Sumerian, Old Babylonian, Old Assyrian, Late Bronze Age)
		In contrasts to the texts in 'the curse of Akkad' and the Sumerian King Lists, it is improbable that the Gutians were the only ones responsible for the final fall of the dynasty of Akkad.
		The existence of Amorites is attested in earlier texts, but their names are in particular mentioned in the OB-period from 2000 to 1600 BCE.
		BCE is presented on the Web by the Oriental Institute Museum.) The negative of the texts is still seen on the envelope, which sometimes carry the impress of cylinder seals (reference to pictures).
	www.sron.nl /~jheise/akkadian/bronze_age.html (5487 words)

	Tracing Sibyl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the 6th Century BCE, the Scythian Anacharsis, after traveling in Greece to collect knowledge, was put to death when he tried to introduce the foreign cult of Magna Mater.
		In the 6th Century BCE, the Scythian Anacharsis, after traveling in Greece to collect knowledge, was put to death when he tried to intorduce the foreign cult of Magna Mater.
		The remainder of the Hittites settled in southern Anatolia and northern Syria.
	inquiry.uiuc.edu /cil/edit_list.php?cilid=415&listid=313 (1992 words)

	Greek Gods
		Indo-Europeans, originally from central Asia, beginning in 4th millennium bce, migrated in all directions, and destruction of original settlements in Greece appears around 2100 bce.
		Around 800 bce, someone familiar with Phoenician writing invented the Greek alphabet by making a rough indication of a vowel accompany consonant sounds.
		31 bce Alexandria fell into Roman hands at death of Cleopatra VII, last of the ruling descendants of the generals of Alexander.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~delahoyd/ancient.greek.html (450 words)

	Ancient Weapons Bronze Age Daggers and Swords (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Within the context of this 13th century BCE ship wreck was a horde of ancient weapons.
		The Mesopotamian fable of the "The Epic of Gilgamesh" suggests that this universal travel via seafaring happened as early as the 25th century BCE at least the epic story is the first literature dedicated to the accounts of the earliest seafaring explorers.
		This silver and gold Inlay from a Mycenean Dagger Blade depicts a Lion hunt and displays spears, shields and slings used in the historic period of 1600 BCE.
	www.artsales.com /ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/Ancient_Weapons_Bronze_Age_Daggers_and_Swords.html (1350 words)

	Tracing Sibyl (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Different forms of Cybele can be traced back to at least 6000 BCE in Anatolia accompanied by lions, chariots, and many other symbols associated with her.
		The first, 6500 BCE until 0 CE follows the evolution of the Mother Goddess and the rise of the importance of the Sibyls.
		The second timeline is from 0 CE until 1600 CE and shows the decline of the female iconography in the Christian faith.
	inquiry.uiuc.edu /cil2/out.php?cilid=415 (355 words)

	Styles of Chinese Painting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		1600-1100 BCE during the Shang dynasty and is also called shell and bone script since it was carved on turtle shells or ox bones.
		1600 BCE during the Shang dynasty and continued in use into the Zhou dynasty (1066-256 BCE).
		The characters were standardized and written in thin lines with little variation in line quality and regular spacing in horizontal and vertical grids.
	home.flash.net /~cameron/calligraphy/scripts/script_styles.htm (689 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Mesopotamia
		Each of its four sides is divided into five compartments of sculpture representing the tribute brought to the Assyrian King by vassal princes, Jehu of Israel being among the number.
		Shalmaneser, whose annals and conquests are recorded upon it, was the son of Assur-natsir-pal, and died in 823 BCE.
		Aristotle (384-323 BCE): The Constitution of Carthage, c.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook03.html (1172 words)

	Questing Spirit: Timelines
		650 BCE - Rise of the tyrants and reforms of Lycurgus in Sparta
		510 BCE - Hippias, the son of Peisistratus, succeeds his father and is overthrown by a group of nobles with the help of Sparta.
		485 BCE - Accompanying the high point of democracy in Athens is a Greek intellectual revolution, with its beginnings in Sophism.
	www.angelfire.com /stars3/ashtah/timeline.html (809 words)

	notes2
		Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)- The Persian emperor Darius retaliated and attacked Attica (the peninsula dominated by Athens) in 490 BCE.
		Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)- The Greek military strategy early in the war was to slow the Persian invasion long enough to allow the Greek navy the chance to attack the Persian fleet.
		Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus (around 133 BCE)- Tiberius was elected a Tribune of the plebeians in 133 BCE and proposed redistributing public lands to provide landless peasants with small farms.
	users.gloryroad.net /~cmonte/WHnotes2.html (11022 words)

	NASA - Historical Values of Delta T (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These expressions are actually based on work of Stephenson and Morrison (1984) and were derived from an analysis and fit of hundreds of historical eclipse and occultation records from 700 BCE to 1600 CE.
		Since historical records for deriving values of delta-T only cover the period from about 700 BCE to 1600 CE, any values of delta-T before this period must based on a smooth extrapolation from known values to a theoretical model of based entirely of pure tidal breaking of Earth's rotation.
		For the period 700 BCE to 1600 CE, delta-T from Stephenson (1997) is used, while direct observations of delta-T are implemented from 1600 CE to present.
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEhelp/deltaT2.html (663 words)

	List of Illustrations - Section 2
		Apollo of Olympia, marble figure; from the west pediment of the Temple of Zeus, Archaeological Museum of Olympia; Olympia, Greece, 470-56 BCE.
		Dying Gaul, excellent marble Roman copy of an original Greek bronze component from a temenos group, (a number of sculptures in a sacred grove of a temple, based on the same theme).
		The rostrum, or elevated platform used for public orations, is shown in the center of the picture.
	www.angelo.edu /faculty/rprestia/1301/list_of_illustrations2.htm (3306 words)

	Timeline of Celtic Establishment in Europe
		First farmers 3500 BCE Construction of Newgrange which is the largest megolithic monument in Europe.
		1600 BCE 1000 BCE Evidence of a Proto-Celtic Unetice or Urnfield culture in Slovakia circa.
		200 BCE The Celts occupied the British Isles, Brittany, modern France, Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland.
	www.tylwythteg.com /tylwythteg/timeline.html (380 words)

	Aegean Art Continued
		Wall painting from Akrotiri, "Young Fisherman Fresco," is dated at c.1500 bce.
		Embossed gold pendant of a deity holding two water birds, from Crete, c.1600 bce.
		Gold from the wreck of the Ulu Burun, 14th Century bce.
	www.accd.edu /sac/vat/arthistory/arts1303/Aegean2.htm (184 words)

	Early Native American Cultures (1000 BCE-1600 CE) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Hopewell - The Hopewell culture apparently developed in the Illinois Valley around 500 BCE.
		As the Hopewell people moved east, their culture had the most significant impact of any of the early Americans.
		Late Prehistoric period - During the late prehistoric period (1000 CE - 1600 CE), West Virginia was occupied by Native Americans of various tribes.
	www.wvculture.org /history/indian2.html (243 words)

	Solar Eclipses: -1599 to -1500 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The terms BCE and CE are abbreviations for "Before Common Era" and "Common Era," respectively.
		Historians should note the numerical difference of one year between astronomical dates and BCE dates.
		Thus, the year 0 corresponds to 1 BCE, and year -100 corresponds to 101 BCE, etc..
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEcat/SE-1599--1500.html (758 words)

	Index: ANCIENT FOOD NEWS
		4000 BCE: lemons, limes, and oranges are cultivated in the Indus Valley (Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro excavations)
		1600 BCE: chestnuts are prized by Shang dynasty in China
		Old thinking was 10K BCE, but archaeologists at hunter-gatherer site Ohalo II in Israel turned up cereal grindings--mostly grass seeds including wild barley and emmer wheat--and burned stones that indicate these early peoples were making and baking bread long before they learned how to cultivate cereal grasses on their own.
	www.soupsong.com /ioldnew.html (1933 words)

	Art 190 Art of the Ancient Near East Lecture Handout
		Little evidence of building; major works of art are known from war bootie carried off by the Elamites during the 12th century BCE.
		The art, sculptural portraits of the king and stelae, were used primarily for propaganda.
		The rise of Assyria as a militaristic nation beginning in the second half of the fourteenth century BCE.
	www.contracosta.cc.ca.us /Art/AncientNearEastLectureHandout.htm (833 words)

	Landscape and Lineage in Imperial China
		1850-1030 BCE): founders of Chinese urban civilization, one based on lineage, the will of heaven, agriculture, control of labor.
		Principles of planning are as early as those of structure.
		1850-1030 BCE]; Qin [221-207 BCE]; Han [206 BCE -220 CE]; Tang [618-907]; Sung [960-1276]; Yuan [1271-1368]; Ming [1368-1644].
	arch.ced.berkeley.edu /courses/arch170/past/96spring/961022.html (323 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But to know their purpose we would have to know what purpose they were produced for, and the human activities that made use of them are not recorded in Homer or evidence in other materials found with them.
		The relation between the popular Greek tale of Theseus and the Minotaur and the palaces of Crete is based upon the double-axe signature on the walls (labyrinth), not the rabbit warren of small chambers in the foundations.
		Between 1450 and 1375 BCE Mycenaean Greeks of the mainland invaded and took control of Crete.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tart/fall2003arth280website/aegean.html (6969 words)

	ARTH 101-910 lecture 3
		2500 bce, marble, 30 in., Amorgos, Cyclades (early bronze age).
		This collection is open to the entire web for searching and viewing the thumbnail images.
		Copyrights: The use of the full-size digital images is restricted to University of Pennsylvania faculty, students, and staff (for more information).
	www.arth.upenn.edu /smr04/101910/101910lecture3.html (120 words)

	http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tart/arth280/fertilecrescent.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		7 Fragment of stele of Ennatum, Girsu, 26-2500 BCE, 6’ Telloh
		The vaulting in Neo-Bablyonian structures such as the Ishtar Gate, are closer in date to their first appearance in Europe in the Etruscan walls of Perugia’s Ponte Augustus.
		This is the next gigantic empire of conquest, that by 440 BCE extended from Iran to Afghanistan in the south and west to Egypt and into Europe as far as the Balkans.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tart/fall2003arth280website/fertilecrescent.html (6427 words)

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