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1627 in science

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	SCIENCE RELIGION AND SOCIAL THEORY
		Thus, critique of science or positivism may be somewhat inappropriate given direct recognition of the actual impossibility of objectivity within the practice and philosophy of the natural, medical, and physical sciences and in logical positivist oriented social science.
		Science of the time, even though formally stated as an antidote to religion, was cast in a mode of inquiry and explanation that resembled religious practice in several ways.
		Philosophy and study of science is replete with consideration of observation as mediated by social construction, representation, or instrumentation (Bhaskar, 1978; Latour, 1987; Collins, 1998; Myers, 1990; Woolgar and Pawluch, 1985; Law, 1990; Woolgar, 1988).
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol7.1/hanson.html (6855 words)

	Science
		Science covers the broad field of knowledge that deals with observed facts and the relationships among those facts.
		The term applied science is sometimes used to refer to scientific research that concentrates on the development of technology.
		Numerous areas of science overlap, and it is often hard to tell where one science ends and another begins.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/bypass/314/english/science.htm (8490 words)

	WCS Abstracts Forum I and II: I.11 Science, Ethics and Responsibility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At the time when it was written, this list probably looked as desirable science fiction and there was no need to raise the question of the principle of precaution for a scientist from the perspective of an scientist, scientific community, society or citizens, even as a hypothetical one.
		Increasing consciousness of the possible damaging impacts of science, technology and scientific investigations on global plane, demands the rethinking of the declarative principle of the freedom of research and requires the raising of the question of responsibility of the individual scientists and researchers involved into the scientific research.
		Second, the education on genome science, or rather on sciences in general is indispensable from the early stage of the youth.
	www.unesco.org /science/wcs/abstracts/I_11_ethics.htm (2192 words)

	Science and Human Values - Bruno, Brahe, Kepler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Even though much of what they said was wrong, it was their boldness in saying it or their persistence in observation that verified the importance of skepticism, independence of thought, independence of inquiry and in gathering data with the senses by direct observation.
		For when a generation later the pendulum swung to the other extreme, another era in physics was ushered in, and men of science swore just as enthusiastically by the perfect and exclusive intelligibility of the mechanical explanation of nature, all too often without any regard for the experimental verifiability of the statements made.
		It was to this all-inclusive mechanics of the universe that Kepler referred in a letter of 1605, in which he admitted that for the past five years his spare time had been spent on pondering questions of astronomy along the lines of physics.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/bruno.html (5434 words)

	Scientific Facts and Christian Faith: How are they Compatible?
		Of course, we know that understanding science and technology greatly improves our quality of life, but this is insight after the fact and really borrows from the presuppositions of a Christian culture.
		Having discussed the historical rise of modern science and some of the conflicts, the present day battles can be solved by understanding the limits of both science and theology.
		Science and theology are meant to be complements, not combatants.
	www.leaderu.com /science/helweg.html (2112 words)

	Science Fiction: The Early History
		Therefore science fiction is the only literature capable of exploring the macrohistory of our species, and of placing our history, and even our daily lives, in a cosmic context.
		For science fiction, like other forms of literature typical of industrial society, is propagated in mass-produced magazines and books, which require advanced manufacturing and distribution as well as a large literate audience.
		The period of modern science, technology, and science fiction, which began with the Industrial Revolution just over 200 years ago, would then be equivalent on our spatial scale to.024 inches, about the thickness of a line made by a medium ball point pen.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~hbf/sfhist.html (2084 words)

	Sir Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
		Boyle was a founder and an influential fellow of the Royal Society, was continuously active in scientific affairs, and wrote prolifically on science, philosophy, and theology.
		Boyle's earliest publication was on the physical properties of air, from which he derived his law that the volume of a given amount of a gas varies inversely with pressure.
		His work in chemistry was aimed at establishing it as a rational theoretical science on the basis of a mechanistic theory of matter.
	www.thedorsetpage.com /people/Robert_Boyle.htm (304 words)

	Biographies, The Scientists: A List.
		Ampère, a teacher at Paris, has his permanent place in the history of science because it was his name that was given to the unit by which we measure electrical current.
		Humanist, atheist and science popularizer, Julian Huxley, a Professor of Zoology, was the brother of Aldous Huxley and grandson of Thomas H. Huxley.
		Kelvin's research in the transmission of electric current was to lead to the laying down of submarine cables, the ultimate one being that laid down on the floor of the Atlantic.
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm (4560 words)

	Science and Human Values - Creationism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Fisher who initiated the Board action and asked professors in the science departments of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock and the University of Central Arkansas [Note 34] for reference material and assistance, and attended a workshop conducted at Central Baptist College by Dr. Richard Bliss of the ICR staff.
		Since creation science is not science, the conclusion is inescapable that the only real effect of Act 590 is the advancement of religion.
		If creation science is, in fact, science and not religion, as the defendants claim, it is difficult to see how the teaching of such a science could "neutralize" the religious nature of evolution.
	www.rit.edu /~flwstv/creationism.html (9969 words)

	STC \| Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Understanding science and technology in context consists of regarding and translating the language, theories, explanations and interests of one group into the language, theories, explanations and interests of another groups.
		Interdisciplinary work in science and engineering has become less the exception and more the norm, and the trend is likely not only to continue, but to accelerate.
		The text is inspired by Science and Technology Studies (STS), a field emerging from the history, sociology and philosophy of science and technology, and having roots in economics, political theory and rhetoric.
	athena.english.vt.edu /~jcollier/stc/intro.htm (1670 words)

	Christianity: A Cause of Modern Science?
		We must avoid assuming technological advance proves a given civilization has science, or modern science, for most inventions that affected daily life in the pre-modern world economically were "empirical" discoveries by craftsmen and other pragmatic types, not true scientists meditating on the laws of nature.
		The pattern is the stillbirth of science in each of them in spite of the availability of talents, social organization, and peace--the standard explanatory devices furnished by all-knowing sociologies of science on which that historiography relies ever more heavily.
		On the other hand, Hindu science concerning the material world was crushed by almost all these faulty intellectual ideas: the external real world and its orderliness were denied, eternal cycles and the organismic view of nature were espoused, and the heavens were seen as divine.
	www.rae.org /jaki.html (8411 words)

	Mathematics in Latvia Through the Centuries, by Daina Taimina and Ingrida Henina
		He got his candidate of sciences degree in 1964 and doctor of sciences degree in mathematical logic and algorithm theory in 1979.
		Many institutes of the Academy of Sciences were included in the University of Latvia to stimulate scientific researches among professors of the university and also to involve researches into the teaching process.
		It was organized on a basis of the two mathematics research laboratories of the Institute of Physics of the LAS and professors from the Departments of Differential Equations and General Mathematics of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
	www.math.cornell.edu /~dtaimina/mathinlv.html (16065 words)

	Science Fiction
		For example, if we require that "science fiction" be in some sense fiction about modern science and technology (which seems a reasonable demand), then the genre could not have begun until the late18th century.
		And the first bonafide science fiction classic is probably Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818)--a gothic tale of technoscientific aspiration, hubris, and retribution that continues to gain fans not only in Hollywood (five different productions in the 1990s!) but among contemporary SF readers as well.
		Although the label "science fiction" was never actually applied to literary products until the 1920s (when it was used, as Vonnegut implies, to identify exotic tales of imagination and adventure published in juvenile-oriented pulp magazines), the genre can easily be expanded to include some of the oldest and most distinguished works of world literature.
	condor.depaul.edu /~dsimpson/awtech/scifi.htm (1096 words)

	Famous Scientists Who Believed in God
		His work remained comparatively unknown until the turn of the century, when a new generation of botanists began finding similar results and "rediscovered" him (though their ideas were not identical to his).
		An interesting point is that the 1860's was notable for formation of the X-Club, which was dedicated to lessening religious influences and propagating an image of "conflict" between science and religion.
		He was writing how the "priestly mind" was not conducive to science while, at around the same time, an Austrian monk was making the breakthrough in genetics.
	www.godandscience.org /apologetics/sciencefaith.html (1655 words)

	Omega Point Institute \| Jonathan McGregor Bethel \| Future Studies - Technological Singularity - Transhumanism - ...
		During the second half of the twentieth century, science and spirituality began moving toward each other in perspective and sharing many of the same ideas.
		It was as if the logical side of humans, which had divorced itself from the intuitive and creative side during the birth of science, started recently allowing a deeper intuitive pattern to invade the space of logic and rationality.
		The cause of the change he envisions is "the imminent creation by technology of entities with greater than human intelligence" an event he expects to occur between the years 2005- 2030.
	omegapoint.org (4531 words)

	The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science
		The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science (MSMS) is a public, residential, co-educational high school for academically talented juniors and seniors.
		While MSMS students may differ in their academic, cultural, and economic backgrounds, they all share an intense motivation to excel academically in order to prepare for successful college experiences, professional careers, and positions of leadership.
		Our mission is to enhance the future of Mississippi by providing innovative learning experiences in a residential environment to meet the individual needs of gifted and talented students and by providing quality educational leadership and aggressive outreach programs.
	www.msms.k12.ms.us (224 words)

	Robert Boyle Reconsidered - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It comprises a series of essays by scholars from Europe and North America which scrutinise Boyle's writings on science, philosophy and theology in detail, bringing out the subtlety of his ideas and the complexity of his relationship with his context.
		Particular attention is given to Boyle's interest in alchemy and to other facets of his ideas which might initially seen surprising in a leading advocate of the mechanical philosophy.
		Science writing and writing science: Boyle and rhetorical theory John T. Harwood; 4.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521442052 (318 words)

	Evolutionary Psychology
		Darwinism is poised to deliver a serious blow to the social sciences of the past century.
		Donald Symons claims that a science of human behavior cannot be directly based on analysis of the reproductive consequences of human action.
		The Standard Social Science Model consciously rejects integration with the natural sciences and is vulnerable to criticism on that basis.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/topics/Evolution/PSCF9-98Zimmer.html (5439 words)

	Challengelist
		If science is the search for the fundamental principles that govern the world around us and explain the phenomena we see, then a case can be made that Theoretical Computer Science (TCS) is the ``science'' underlying the field of computing.
		It is fair to say, however, that the recent results from theoretical computer science that attempt to exploit quantum mechanical principles for both computation and cryptography have been a great stimulus to our understanding the implications and meaning of several fundamental quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition of states, decoherence, and EPR pairs.
		In computer science, we often strive to design protocols that work in the presence of actively malicious agents, both to protect ourselves against arbitrary system failures and because we do not assume that we know our adversaries' motivations or that they will respond to incentives in predictable ways.
	www.research.att.com /~dsj/nsflist.html (19014 words)

	Uviversity of Kuopio, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science
		The staff at the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science compiles of one Professor, three other teachers plus the supporting staff in the office, laboratories, and research units.
		The Degree programme in Environmental Science is arranged together by the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science and the Department of Environmental Sciences.
		University of Kuopio, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, P.O.Box 1627, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland
	www.uku.fi /ekolog/english (308 words)

	Happy birthday, magnetars: 20th anniversary of March 1979 gamma-ray burst event
		Gamma ray bursts had been mystifying astrophysicists since the late 1960s when they were discovered by satellites designed to monitor compliance with a treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in space.
		The discovery of this phenomenon led scientists to piggyback small detectors on a number of science satellites including interplanetary probes.
		During an international space science meeting in Toulouse, France, in 1986, a group of 50 astrophysicists discussed what had been learned to date.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast05mar99_1.htm (2491 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Johannes Kepler
		Johannes Kepler was born in Weil der Stadt in Swabia, in southwest Germany.
		The Tabulae Rudolphinae were published in Ulm in 1627.
		A translation of Kepler's defense of Tycho Brahe against the astronomer Ursus can be found in Nicholas Jardine, The Birth of History and Philosophy of Science: Kepler's A Defence of Tycho against Ursus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/kepler.html (1275 words)

	SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS AND HISTORICAL SCIENCE ONLINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This page fills a gap that I noticed, in the lack of online science textbooks and historical works: the viewer is directed to the different sites using the approximate date that the book was written.
		Even at the most general level the number of science books online is disproportionately small in comparison to the number of books online in almost any other sphere of interest.
		I have deliberately been very inclusive, so that all the traditional areas of science are represented.
	www.ntu.edu.au /education/online.htm (1866 words)

	Science Education Resources
		Kansas Citizens for Science Pro-science group in Kansas that helped restore evolution to the science curriculum.
		National Center for Science Education — an organization working to defend the teaching of evolution against sectarian attack and a nationally-recognized clearinghouse for information and advice to keep evolution in the science classroom and "scientific creationism" out
		Science and Creationism / National Academy of Sciences — the NAS case against teaching creationism in science classes and an analysis of creationist arguments; includes resources/links about evolution and the nature of science
	www.scienceormyth.org /resources.html (2057 words)

	Novelist William Manchee's Website
		The woman assures him she's innocent, but when one of the woman's children is discovered in an East Texas ravine, Stan wonders who's been lying to him.
		Manchee has finished the first of a science fiction trilogy.
		A teenager is abducted by aliens and taken millions of miles to a planet recently devastated by a series of super volcanic eruptions
	billmanchee.com (192 words)

	Animal Research
		Any new manuscript should be submitted electronically to the website of the Journal at the following address: www.animal-journal.eu and should comply with the instructions to authors provided at the very same address.
		In 2007, Animal Research will merge with Animal Science and Reproduction, Nutrition, Development.
		EDP Sciences is announcing a new Open Access initiative for Animal Research
	www.edpsciences.org /animres (109 words)

	Explore Chemical Information Science - Chemical Heritage Foundation
		If you find chemical terms, symbols, formulae, and diagrams baffling, imagine trying to talk about or do chemistry without shared meanings for these terms and symbols.
		Information science and information technology have developed over the years to help handle the problem of "too much information." And at least since the days of Robert Boyle (1627–1691), chemical scientists have been at the forefront of these efforts in the realm of science information.
		The management of all the chemical information out there is a monumental task, and we think you will find the story fascinating.
	www.chemheritage.org /explore/explore-nav6.html (196 words)

	Neutron stars
		For those with serious interest in neutron stars and other compact objects, an excellent reference is "Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars", by Stuart Shapiro and Saul Teukolsky (1983, John Wiley and Sons).
		For some recent results on accreting neutron stars, check out a poster from a science fair for grownups fair for grownups held at the University of Chicago.
		Gamma-ray bursts have been known for more than 25 years, but there are still a lot of uncertainties about their origins.
	www.astro.umd.edu /~miller/nstar.html (6472 words)

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