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	Literature
		In all dialects of Kurmânji, Gurâni now simply means "lyric poetry" or "balladry." This vernacular, along with its dialect Awrâmani/Hewrâmi, was in fact until early modern times the language of polite society and belles lettres in most of Kurdistan, irrespective of the dominant spoken local dialect.
		But also, it is only in the past two centuries that South Kurmânji has spread to occupy the crucial areas of central and eastern Kurdistan at the expense of Gurâni, thus gaining a large number of speakers and hence the potential and the status required for a literary language.
		A number of better-known pieces of Kurdish literature also appeared in that country, but these were often targeted as propaganda pieces to attract Kurds from beyond the Soviet borders, rather than having been written just to benefit the small, widely dispersed population of Soviet Kurds.
	www.kurdishacademy.org /english/literature/literature.html (2320 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1651
		Categories: 1651 April 7 is the 97th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (98th in leap years).
		#1651, roselyn sanchez and salma hayek : genjuro
		#1651, elisha cuthbert (kim from 24) and mila kunis (jackie from that...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1651 (2546 words)

	SPANISH LITERATURE,
		Medieval Spanish literature deals primarily with Christian themes but is also marked by the rich Islamic and Jewish cultures that flourished in the Spain of that period.
		This poetic activity, known in Spanish literature as mester de clerecía, took place primarily in the monasteries and was characterized by a strict observance of metrical rules, which had been ignored in the art of the juglares.
		Nobel Prize in literature in 1922 and was the most distinguished Spanish dramatist of his time.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..sp158100.a#FWNE.fw..sp158100.a (5571 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hungarian Literature
		Hungarian literature, a markedly national product, was always in closest contact with the historical development of the people, and accordingly may be divided into five periods.
		Culture and literature were suddenly brought to a standstill by the invasion of the Turks and the consequent devastation of bishoprics, monasteries, and schools, and later through the divisions and confusion of the Reformation.
		The profane literature of this period is represented by the epics of the wandering minstrel Tinódi (died 1557), the lyric poet Balassi (died 1594), and especially by
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07560a.htm (2580 words)

	Korean Literature
		In contrast to the literature of the earliest ages, which is characterized by collective artistic activity, that of later ages shows the effects of political, economic, and cultural changes as the peninsula increased in wealth and widened its contacts with other areas.
		In contrast to that of Koguryo, the literature of Paekche and Silla tended to be lyrical, perhaps because of the milder climate and easier life in the south.
		As a literature of the privileged class, the popularity of the akchang was always limited, and it was soon eclipsed by the most important forms of the Yi dynasty--sijo and kasa.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/inlight/art/klit_e.htm (6830 words)

	Introduction to Early American Literature
		The early literature of exploration, made up of diaries, letters, travel journals, ships' logs, and reports to the explorers' financial backers -- European rulers or, in mercantile England and Holland, joint stock companies -- gradually was supplanted by records of the settled colonies.
		As American minority literature continues to flower in the 20th century and American life becomes increasingly multicultural, scholars are rediscovering the importance of the continent's mixed ethnic heritage.
		Like most colonial literature, the poems of early New England imitate the form and technique of the mother country, though the religious passion and frequent biblical references, as well as the new setting, give New England writing a special identity.
	www.auroraweb.com /america/early_american_lit/introduction_to_early_american_literature.htm (4643 words)

	Spanish literature - Literature of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Spanish medieval literature is characterized to be a hearth in which profane topics and religious were developed in diverse literary goods with white influences of the Jewish and Islamic rich cultures that flourished in the Iberian peninsula in that period.
		The literary sources of this work that it exercised a considerable influence in the later literature, are Latin and medieval, but they express a concept of the life that differs with radicalidad of the religious spirit of the half age.
		The most durable contributions to the literature during this period are in Nicolás' works Fernández of Moratín and of their son Leandro, of Gaspar Melchor of Jovellanos and of Juan Meléndez Valdés.
	www.historia-es.com /usa/a_08_in.htm (5397 words)

	English literature - The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition - HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ENGLISH LITERATURE [English literature] literature written in English since c.1450 by the inhabitants of the British Isles; it was during the 15th cent.
		The activities and literature of the Elizabethans reflected a new nationalism, which expressed itself also in the works of chroniclers (John Stow, Raphael Holinshed, and others), historians, and translators and even in political and religious tracts.
		Matthew Arnold 's theories of literature and culture laid the foundations for modern literary criticism, and his poetry is also notable.
	highbeam.com /doc/1E1:Englsh-lit/English+literature.html?refid=ip_hf (4677 words)

	Lennart Torstenson Summary
		Yet, though one end of the Danube bridge actually fell into his hands, his exhausted army was unable to penetrate any further and, in December the same year, Torstenson, crippled by gout, was forced to resign his command and return to Sweden.
		From 1648 to 1651 he ruled all the western provinces of Sweden, as governor-general.
		On his death at Stockholm on April 7, 1651 he was buried solemnly in the Riddarholm Church, the Pantheon of Sweden.
	www.bookrags.com /Lennart_Torstenson (2324 words)

	Marathi Language,official Language of Maharasta,Regional Languages of Maharasta
		However, the latter group is regarded as the pioneers and founders of Marathi literature.
		The period from 1794 to 1818 is regarded as the closing period of the Old Marathi literature and the beginning of the Modern Marathi literature.
		In this period, almost all forms of literature in prose and poetry were developed and even scientific literature was produced.
	www.indiasite.com /language/marathi.html (1003 words)

	1651 in literature - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		See also: 1650 in literature, other events of 1651, 1652 in literature, list of years in literature.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about 1651 in literature contains research on
		1651 in literature, Events, New books, Births, Deaths and 1651 books.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/1651_in_literature (141 words)

	MEIS \| Courses [NYU]
		Women are central figures in the political upheavals of the modern Middle East; their images have had a remarkable hold on national and international imaginations.
		The course investigates the representations of women and war in Arabic literature and film through such topics as the gendering of war; the gender politics of national symbolism and liberation; the politics and aesthetics of documentary film; revolutionary erotic and anti-erotic; and combat and
		Courses on Middle East-related topics offered by the Departments of Anthropology, Classics, Comparative Literature, Economics, History, Politics, and Sociology and by the Institute of Fine Arts are open to students with permission of the instructor and may be credited toward a degree in Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies in accordance with departmental rules and requirements.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/mideast/courses.html (4434 words)

	Romania Mission - About Romania
		The literary works configuring a first stage in the evolution of the Romanian modern literature belong to a generation of writers in the fifth decade of the last century, during a historical epoch marked by social and political changes determined by the 1848 revolution.
		In the 20th century, until the setting up of communism, after the coup d'etat in August 1944, the Romanian literature had known an ascending evolution, the top of evolution was the brilliant generation of inter-war writers: M.Sadoveanu (1880-1961), L.Rebreanu (1885-1944), Lucian Blaga (1859-1961), Camil Petrescu (1894-1957).
		After December 1989, the main line of the Romanian literature has been represented by the effort to bring before the young generation the names and the works of writers of the Romanian emigration, who had been forbidden during the communist regime.
	missions.itu.int /~romania/about/culture_3.htm (535 words)

	INDIA JOURNEY - ONLINE INDIA - LANGUAGES OF INDIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Literature in Kannada today is a big enterprise, with bustling centres like the University of Mysore, the Karnataka University at Dharwar and the Kannada Sahitya Parishad of Mysore.
		Siddha literature was written in the popular language and this echoed devotional themes combined with a strong erotic feeling.
		Literature produced under Gandhi’s influence is known as Gandhian literature and the era as Gandhian era.
	www.indiajourney.com /indiaonline/indiaonline-language.htm (11177 words)

	The Orthodox Content in Slavic Literature
		Russian literature had travelled far from its original intentions and this situation was almost single-handedly rectified by Nikolai Gogol (1809-52).
		While cosmopolitanism may not be an ingredient of this literature the themes of man's and nature's dignity are ever-present.
		Many of the emphases in Andric and in all Slavic literature are again needed in today's world literature, not to bring us further despair but to awaken us to how we can put our present dilemma behind us.
	www.goarch.org /en/ourfaith/articles/article7111.asp (3460 words)

	Outline of American Literature - Chapter I
		There was no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived.
		The closest to the Indian sense of holiness in later American literature is Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendental "Over-Soul," which pervades all of life.
		Indian oral tradition and its relation to American literature as a whole is one of the richest and least explored topics in American studies.
	usinfo.state.gov /products/pubs/oal/lit1.htm (5351 words)

	Yale University Library: French Language & Literature - Selected Reference Materials
		An introductory section on "Généralités" is followed by chapters on the various eras of French literature from the Middle Ages to the present, and on French literature outside France.
		The French literature section in Volume 2 is subdivided by period and then by specific genres and authors.
		Dissertations on literature are arranged by period, with subheadings for papers on individual authors.
	www.library.yale.edu /Internet/frenchbib.html (10120 words)

	Music
		A survey of solo vocal literature of various periods and styles.
		A survey of keyboard literature of various periods and styles.
		Problems correlating vocal and choral idioms; analysis and interpretation of choral literature appropriate for use in school and community.
	www.temple.edu /bulletin/ugradbulletin/ucd/ucd_music.html (2877 words)

	Reel History
		Angling historians have long been frustrated in trying to trace the history of the fishing reel.
		In 1651, English literature first reported a "wind" installed within two feet of the lower end of the rod.
		This is usually accepted as the earliest known written reference to a reel.
	www.orcaonline.org /reel_history.htm (740 words)

	The English Department @ Elizabethtown College
		Your reactions to the literature are important, for no matter how spon-taneous, sudden, or unusual they might seem, they (the reactions) are based upon the text's words, the word order, and most importantly your experiences up to the moment that you read the work, especially your present physical and mental environment.
		All discussions of literature are ultimately reducible to diction (choice of words), syntax (word order), and all the critic has experienced up to the moment of reading the text (the only variable in the tripart constellation).
		Literature is not only as important as life; it can be life itself with very little effort.
	users.etown.edu /d/dwyerjt/handout.htm (7024 words)

	1651 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New: Biocrawler.com now with the option to add inline videos.
		1648 1649 1650 - 1651 - 1652 1653 1654
		You can find it there under the keyword 1651 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1651)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1651andaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/1651 (264 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spanish-American Literature
		The literature of the indigenous Indian population, mixed or pure, is
		As might be expected, Gongorism, the plague of the literature of the motherland, infected the compositions of the seventeenth and the early eighteenth centuries in
		Ercilla in the sixteenth century, but that work, since it was completed by its author in Spain, is usually treated under the head of the literature of Spain.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14202a.htm (6240 words)

	Table of contents for Feminism in literature
		Women's Literature in the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Introduction.
		Women's Literature in the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries.
		Representations of Women in Literature and Art in the Nineteenth Century.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0421/2004017989.html (2078 words)

	Meridian Institute - Home Page
		There is even a medical literature on "abdominal migraine." In the European literature they call it "digestive migraine," focusing even more on diet and digestion.
		When you look at the medical literature on food allergies and migraine, dozens and dozens of articles, those are the same sorts of things they're saying stay away from if you have migraine.
		If you look at the osteopathic literature, you'll find they said that a lot of illness is caused in the periphery.
	www.meridianinstitute.com /migrai1.htm (8369 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> Philips, Katherine
		During her marriage, Katherine frequently managed her husband's business affairs, but more commonly she devoted herself to literature and the pursuit of female friendships.
		Through her "Society of Friendship," a formally organized unit whose members took classical pseudonyms, Philips maintained a social network of women-identified women, whose relationships with each other she documented in her poetry.
		When Owen remarried in 1651 and went to live in Ireland, Philips went also.
	www.glbtq.com /literature/philips_k.html (792 words)

	Literature of the 17th century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Readers of taste bought her books, as they offered the finest observation of human motives, characters taken from life, excellent morals regarding how one should and should not behave if one wanted to succeed in public life and in the intimate circles she portrayed.
		Like his contemporaries, Cervantes believed that literature had to contain moral messages, but, he disliked preaching in works of comic entertainment.
		His solution was to include almost all the moral advice of the age, but to place it in Quixote's voice, an idiosyncratic and immobile character, whose solutions most often go wrong.
	www.jahsonic.com /1600sLiterature.html (2125 words)

	English Literature to the Restoration
		Nor will it be an introduction to British literature, since most students have studied some pre-1660 British literature in other classes.
		This course is designed to engage students in the analysis and interpretation of texts in their diverse historical, aesthetic, cultural, and theoretical contexts; and to lead to an understanding and appreciation of the development of literary traditions, cultural values, modes of thought, and uses of language.
		More specifically, students will learn to analyze pre-1660 British literature for meaning and style; to use appropriate strategies and research tools to explore unfamiliar words and allusions, and relevant cultural contexts; and to recognize basic characteristics of specific periods and genres.
	www.tcnj.edu /~graham/britlitfall03.htm (2352 words)

	Pre-History of Cognitive Science--Thomas Hobbes
		It should also be noted that Hobbes both inherits and proliferates many of the standard divisions of mental function from his period -Namely, Fancy, Imagination -including a subsequent two part sub-division, Reason, Understanding and Will- although his use of these terms is quite different than many other mainstream authors.
		Also of interest to scholars of Cultural Studies and literature in particular is Hobbes' treatment of language.
		Hobbes devotes an entire chapter to language and its right usage, during which he espouses an interesting model of the function of language in political society (Chapter 4) -one in which metaphorical language is specifically derided.
	www.rc.umd.edu /cstahmer/cogsci/hobbes.html (976 words)

	Chapter 3: The Analysis of the Pentateuch
		In Tractatus theologico-politicus (1677), Baruch Spinoza, the Jewish philosopher, recognized as one of the founders of modern biblical criticism, reached a conclusion much like that of Du Maes, that Ezra compiled Genesis to II Kings from documents of varying dates.
		The so-called "documents" should not be considered as mutually exclusive writings, completely independent of one another, but rather as a continual stream of literature representing a pattern of progressive interpretation of traditions and history.
		Astruc, son of a Protestant minister who was converted to Catholicism, served as physician to King Augustus III of Poland and then to Louis XV of France, ultimately becoming regius professor of medicine at Paris.
	www.infidels.org /library/modern/gerald_larue/otll/chap3.html (3280 words)

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