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	ninemsn Encarta - American Art and Architecture
		American Art and Architecture, the European tradition of architecture, painting, sculpture, and related arts as developed in North America (subsequently in the United States) by early colonists and their successors, from the 17th century to the present day.
		Although this article is concerned essentially with architecture, painting, and sculpture, which are traditionally considered the major visual arts, it must be remembered that—especially during colonial times—the decorative arts have played a major role in American culture.
		Dutch influence on architecture was mainly in the region of New York (which was known as New Amsterdam before it was captured by the British in 1664).
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563773/American_Art_and_Architecture.html (765 words)

	Architecture timeline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Palace of Assembly at Chandigarh, India, is finished, completing largely the design for the civic structures for the new city deisgned by Le Corbusier.
		The 1937 World's Fair in Paris showcases Nazi and Soviet architecture and Art Deco.
		1660s - Louis XIV, with the architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart, begins to enlarge the Palace of Versailles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Architecture_timeline (2397 words)

	MSN Encarta - Bernini, Gianlorenzo
		This project, a masterful feat of engineering, architecture, and sculpture, was the first of a number of monumental undertakings for St Peter's.
		Bernini's secular architecture included designs for several palaces: Palazzo Ludovisi (now Palazzo Montecitorio, 1650) and Palazzo Chigi (now Palazzo Odescalchi; 1664), in Rome, and an unexecuted design for the Louvre presented to Louis XIV in 1665, when Bernini spent five months in Paris.
		Also dating from the 1660s are the Scala Regia (Royal Staircase, 1663-1666), connecting the papal apartments in the Vatican Palace to St Peter's, and the magnificent Piazza San Pietro (designed 1667), framing the approach to the basilica in a dynamic oval space formed by two vast semicircular colonnades.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564373/Bernini.html (817 words)

	MSN Encarta - Baroque Art and Architecture
		Italian taste is equally present in architecture, as in the former Jesuit church of Saint Charles Borromeo (1615-1621, now a museum), in Antwerp, Belgium.
		The creation of a convincing psychological ambience and masterly evocation of shimmering light effects distinguish the midcentury work of Jan Vermeer; his meticulous draftsmanship and delicate handling of pigment, often imitated, are unique.
		At the start of the 17th century in France, the Mannerist school of Fontainebleau was still active in commissions for the Palace of Fontainebleau, where projects such as the decoration of the Chapel of Trinity with paintings (1619) by Martin Fréminet continued earlier traditions.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572212_4/Baroque_Art_and_Architecture.html (1042 words)

	Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the 1660s John Bowne had a barn built that was to be clapboarded and it is possible that the house was covered with this material also.
		The barn built for John Bowne in the 1660s had a thatched roof and it is tempting to think that the steep roof of the house was similarly covered.
		An inspection of the accessible outside surface of a length of the shingle lath was made with a flashlight and a mirror by the writer with the assistance of William McMillen of Richmondtown Restoration.
	www.threerivershms.com /hvvabownept1.htm (1128 words)

	[No title]
		Art and Architecture, the art and architecture of Europe and certain European colonies in the Americas in the 17th century.
		A number of its characteristics continue in the art and architecture of the first half of the 18th century, although this period is generally termed rococo (see: Rococo Style).
		Spanish architecture of the early baroque often continues the pattern of the muted severe style of the monastery-palace of El Escorial (1563-82) near Madrid, as in the Buen Retiro Palace (begun 1631, now destroyed) in Madrid.
	www.uib.no /ped/baroque.html (4048 words)

	Art Gallery : Artwork
		In the 1650s and 1660s, the monastery was one of the strongholds of the Raskol.
		The architectural ensemble of the Solovetsky Monastery is located on the shores of the Prosperity Bay (áóõòà Áëàãîïîëó÷èÿ) on the Solovetsky Island.
		The territory of the Solovetsky Monastery is surrounded by massive walls (height - 8 to 11 m, thickness - 4 to 6 m) with 7 gates and 8 towers (built in 1584-1594 by an architect named Trifon), made mainly of huge boulders up to 5 m in length.
	www.gallery-worldwide.com /cmItem.jsp?id=3543&view=CATY (545 words)

	About Emerson Baker
		Having its origins in prehistoric times, the earthfast architectural practices employed in the Americas in the seventeenth century were directly descended from English peasant homes of the High Middle Ages.
		If semi-subterranean houses can be found in the architectural record of both the Chesapeake and Maine, perhaps it is not surprising to find other forms of earthfast buildings in both regions.
		Many of the settlers of the 1650s, 1660s, and 1670s were members of the second generation of Massachusetts colonists, who moved north to take advantage of the thousands of acres of inexpensive land (Baker 1986; Churchill 1979).
	www.salemstate.edu /~ebaker/earthfast/earthfastpaper.html (6773 words)

	Translated by WordPort from Nota Bene ver. 4 document 1407SYL.TCH
		architecture parlante: "speaking architecture," which sets out a specific formulation of how his buildings were to be perceived and how they were to influence the viewer in a particular way.
		architecture parlante ("speaking architecture") to the reformist architectural rhetoric of the late 18th century.
		Grading in the course is based 20, 20, and 20% on the section tests on September 27, November 8, and December 14; 20% on a short class presentation on Eighteenth-century architecture or urbanism; and 20% on attendance and participation.
	www.pitt.edu /~tokerism/1407/1407SYL.html (4030 words)

	MSN Encarta - Africa
		The kings of Kongo were prepared to wage war against rebellious provinces in order to acquire captives for sale, but they objected to the Portuguese dealing directly with the provinces, independent of royal control.
		The Portuguese fueled rebellions in the provinces, culminating in a civil war that virtually destroyed the kingdom in the 1660s and 1670s.
		By this time the Portuguese had shifted the focus of their slave trading south to the port of Luanda, where they established the colony of Angola.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572628_28/Africa.html (1862 words)

	The Marriage of Lat-Bhairo and Ghazi Miyan
		The older mosques of Banaras, Dhai Kangura, Ganj Shahida, and Abdul Razzak Shah, and the tombs of Lal Khan, Fakr-ud-din, and Ghazi Mian are all seen as testimony to the legitimacy of the Muslim presence and the Muslim share in the city’s culture.
		Its shaft, which was 32 to 35 feet high and all of one piece, terminated in a pyramid with a large sphere.
		Having now lost their political supremacy in India, the Muslims, on the other hand, were not willing to submit to Hindu acculturation, at least not to the extent of surrendering the divergent world-view encoded into their own ritual practices.
	sanskritvani.tripod.com /sanskritavani/tex/marriageLatBhairava.html (17528 words)

	AllRefer.com - rococo, in architecture (Architecture) - Encyclopedia
		rococo[rukO´kO, rO–] Pronunciation Key, style in architecture, especially in interiors and the decorative arts, which originated in France and was widely used in Europe in the 18th cent.
		The term may be derived from the French words rocaille and coquille (rock and shell), natural forms prominent in the Italian baroque decorations of interiors and gardens.
		During the 1660s and 1670s, the rococo competed with a more severely classical form of architecture, which triumphed with the accession of Louis XVI.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/rococo1.html (393 words)

	Bloomsbury.com - Research centre
		His first known involvement with architecture came with his appointment in 1663 to the commission for the restoration of St.
		His earliest buildings are Pembroke College Chapel, Cambridge (1663, commissioned by his uncle, Bishop Matthew Wren), the first completely Classical Chapel in either Cambridge or Oxford, and the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford (1663-9) which incorporates, in the interior, an ingenious solution to the problem of spanning large interior space without visible supports.
		His complete conversion to architecture as a profession followed his trip to Paris in 1664-5, where he studied the local architecture and met Bernini and, more importantly, the French architects Mansart and Le Vau.
	www.bloomsburymagazine.com /ARC/detail.asp?EntryID=101498&bid=1 (444 words)

	The great urban historian-sociologist Lewis Mumford once remarked – in a judgment echoed by Giulio Carlo Argan – ...
		The ideal city, whose harmonious architecture was conceived as the matrix for a fully-realized human and civic life, came to life on paper, from More’s Utopia to Campanella’s City of the Sun and Bacon’s New Atlantis, rather than in any actual built environment.
		Charles Emanuel I, like his father and his successors, was personally involved in the planning of his capital, aided by his court architects, many of whom were members of the aristocracy, and usually trained as military engineers.
		The fantastic ephemeral architecture designed for these festivities was thus directly related to the permanent built environment.
	www.history.ucla.edu /events/coll-conf/eurocoll/Symcox_torino2.html (5980 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Architectural history: In terms of formal analysis, the Renaissance in architecture marks a return to the vocabulary and (in part) the compositional principles of classical architecture, and hence a return to the foundations of western art.
		All architecture throughout history had been constrained by local conditions: local building materials, local workmen and their traditions, local taste, specifics of the local climate (hot or cold, dusty or damp, daytime and nighttime), local architectural iconography.
		Architecture in the early twentieth century was marked by problems (and opportunities) created by new technology, new kinds of urban planning, and social and environmental issues.
	vrcoll.fa.pitt.edu /ftoker/0040/sourcebook.html (17516 words)

	The Seventh Day Baptist Meeting House (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the 1660s, seven members of the First Baptist Church of Newport became convinced that the Ten Commandments should be obeyed literally, and began to observe the Sabbath on Saturday, the seventh day of the week.
		The new building, erected in 1730, was laid out in the "meeting house plan," typical of many colonial churches in the 17th century.
		The members of these churches were intent on purifying the excesses of the Church of England and the Catholic Church, and their reforming zeal was also directed at church architecture.
	newporthistorical.org /the.htm (677 words)

	rococo architecture - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		...vulgaire de rococo." Victor Hugo...applies it to the architecture of Nancy...mots dargot, rococo and decousu...furniture or architecture, as "Having...creation of the rococo in France was the architecture and ornament...
		...sociology have been given their due, architecture remains an art, and architects must...classical landscape, mechanical precision, rococo intimacy; one is able to cease hold...dismayed by the crudity of much postwar architecture.
		Wander round the old town with its impressive baroque and Rococo architecture and its famous house with the Golden Roof - although it is not always gleaming.
	www.questia.com /search/rococo-architecture (1414 words)

	cityofsound: Boston/Cambridge Diary: Architecture
		In terms of architectural detailing, there is a fair amount of embellishment around - as befits a city which harks back to a certain version of the Old World - but it's clear that anything soft will be eroded quick smart.
		They're originally dated around the 1660s, and much of it is amongst the oldest urban architecture in the United States.
		There is little architecture in Boston itself that seemed truly contemporary - at least in the style mag's idea of the dominant architectural language of the day - as we see in many modern European cities.
	www.cityofsound.com /blog/2004/08/bostoncambridge_5.html (2731 words)

	Drawings Collection
		An important collection of designs for and record drawings of English country houses by Robert and John Smythson dating from the late 16th century was acquired in 1926 and the Palladio/ Inigo Jones drawings, accompanied by designs by John Webb and Lord Burlington, arrived in 1894.
		All the great British architects from the 1660s to 1800 are represented in the collection by individual drawings or collections, from Robert Adam to Christopher Wren, including Colen Campbell, Sir William Chambers, James Gibbs, William Kent, Sir John Soane, William Talman, John Vardy and various members of the Wyatt family, to name but a few.
		In addition, portraits and busts of architects, models, drawing instruments, drawing office furniture, medals, architectural fragments and casts as well as miscellaneous objects connected with the architectural profession are collected and housed in the Drawings Collection.
	www.architecture.com /go/Architecture/Reference/Library_888.html (510 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Arts features \| Marvels in miniature
		Firm foundation: the architecture gallery at the V&A. Photo: Morley von Sternberg/PA By the time my article of two weeks ago about the Easton Neston sale had been published, the Hawksmoor model of the house had already been purchased, as I had hoped, by the RIBA drawings collection.
		Early architectural models are very rare, and this was described as the most important 17th-century model still in private hands.
		The Melton Constable model, which dates from the 1660s, works in a different way, like a layer cake: the whole of the roof lifts off, then the whole of the second floor, followed by the whole of the main floor.
	www.guardian.co.uk /arts/features/story/0,11710,1498751,00.html?gusrc=rss (837 words)

	[No title]
		Yet, notwithstanding this vast impact of Dutch commerce and shipping, and of Holland's art, architecture and engineering (particularly drainage, harbours and fortifications), those aspects of Dutch culture which were to have the greatest impact on urban development, refurbishment and planning after 1648, were only just beginning to be noticed.
		A typical feature of the new town hall of Maastricht built in the years 1659–64 to designs by Pieter Post (1608–69), one of the leading exponents of Dutch classicist architecture, were spaces assigned both inside and outside the structure for public clocks.
		Dutch-style public clocks were affixed to several of the principal church-towers of Hamburg as early as the 1660s and 1670s.
	www.dushkin.com /text-data/articles/17561/17561.mhtml (2904 words)

	The world's top light websites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Pierre Gassendi, an atomist, proposed a particle theory of light which was published posthumously in the 1660s.
		Descartes' theory is often regarded as the forerunner of the wave theory of light.
		In the 1660s Robert Hooke published a wave theory of light.
	dirs.org /dir-wiki.cfm/light (2179 words)

	info: Nicholas_Hawksmoor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He got his ideas from engravings books that went back to the purer Greek and Roman styles, but he was versatile in his work, and all the buildings he designed are distinctly different from each other.
		These churches were built in accordance with a Parliamentary Act of 1711 providing tax money for the building of fifty new London churches.
		The architecture of Nicholas Hawksmoor has been the subject of considerable interest in the last half-century, where his work had previously been almost completely ignored.
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Nicholas_Hawksmoor.html (961 words)

	ArtLex on the Baroque
		The Marsh, 1660s, oil on canvas, 28 1/2 x 39 inches (72.5 x 99 cm), Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.
		In architecture, Francesco Borromini (Italian, 1599-1667) used curved surfaces to create a pattern of light and dark as well as a sense of movement on his church façades.
		Also, this term is used (with a small "b") to describe art of any period which is reminiscent of this style, exaggerated in some dramatic way, or having rich and sometimes bizarre ornamentation.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/b/baroque.html (1947 words)

	Hindu-Muslim Relations in Colonial Banaras (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Hindu-Muslim cult of Ghazi Miyan merely confirms that Islamic proselytizing has succeeded through a judicious blend of violent imposition of symbolic (architectural) structures and syncretizing accommodation that operates on the common ground occupied by both religions.
		Moreover, the joint participation of Hindus and Muslims in each other’s cults and festivals should not obscure the intense ideological struggle—even where peaceful and mutually accommodating—between the rival religions on the symbolic level for the heart, mind and soul of India.
		Having now lost their political supremacy in India, the Muslims, on the other hand, were not willing to submit to Hindu acculturation, not to the extent of surrendering the divergent world-view encoded into their own ritual practices.
	www.svabhinava.org /1809riot/1809riot-main.html (17541 words)

	BBC - History - Christopher Wren and St Paul's Cathedral (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The architect was Sir Christopher Wren who lived to see the cathedral completed in his lifetime.
		In the early 1660s Wren had designed a handful of buildings in Oxford and Cambridge.
		In the aftermath of the Great Fire of London, when still only in his thirties, he was entrusted with the task of rebuilding St Paul's, the greatest building project of the age.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/society_culture/architecture/gallery_st_pauls.shtml (94 words)

	Palace of Versailles
		Although we looked at 17th century Baroque architecture in the preceding section, it is perhaps less confusing to look at the Palace of Versailles here, even though its redesign began in 1660s.
		This was the greatest architectural project of its time -- involving a large number of architects, landscape architects, and interior designers.
		The scale is enormous with a huge park, gardens, sculptural fountains, and a large number of buildings for government officials, military guards, and servants.
	www.bluffton.edu /~humanities/art/18c/vrsailes (795 words)

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