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Topic: 167 BCE

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	Chronology Of Jubilees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If the current year (44-43 BCE) did correspond to the cited 2nd year of the land-use agreement then it might be possible to interpret this passage to mean that the respective year did correspond to a 7th year (as celebrated by the Jews).
		From the premise that prior to the time of the Jewish revolt in 167 BCE a jubilee-cycle of 50-years was certainly celebrated, it would be of considerable significance to identify the location of a specific Sabbatical year in that earlier time period.
		It is here of special interest that both the jubilee-year of 571-570 BCE (the time of Ezekiel's vision) and the jubilee-year of 30-31 CE (the time after the crucifixion) may have occurred in alignment with a revolution of this respective long-time-cycle (of 600-years).
	www.israelofgod.org /jubileelink.htm (7329 words)

	Anatolia: Shaw's Outline of Ancient History
		Idriaeus (351-344 BCE)- he died of disease and was succeeded by his sister and wife Ada (who later became Queen of Alinda), but she was expelled by her brother Pixodarus, who threw in his lot with the Persians inviting in a Persian Satrap Othontapates (Orontobates?) This satrap was ruling when Alexander arrived in 334.
		In 500 BCE the tyrant of Mylasa was Oliatus, son of Ibanollis.
		In 167 BCE they revolted from the Rhodians and were soon thereafter declared free by the Romans once more.Under the Pax Romana Mylasa flourished and brought under her control in the name of 'Sympolity' the cities of Euromos, Chalcetor, Hydae, Olympos and Labraynda, and their citizenry were alloted to her own tribes.
	www.juyayay.com /outline/anatolia (9235 words)

	Daniel’s "Time of the End"
		In 170 BCE, following a series on intrigues by various parties attempting to gain control of the High Priesthood, Onias was murdered, thus bringing to an end the line of Zadokite priests, considered by many Jews of the time to be the only legitimate priests.
		In 168 BCE, Antiochus launched a second campaign against Egypt, but was repulsed by a Roman army.
		Under the leadership of Judas Maccabee and his family, a band of guerillas harried the Greeks, and were eventually able to secure the Temple and rededicate it in 163/4 BCE (an event still celebrated by Jews today during the holiday of Hanukkah).
	www.2think.org /hundredsheep/bible/timeoftheend.shtml (2990 words)

	Dodona
		Early in the second millennium BCE the worship of the "holy beech tree" sprang up (in other versions an oak tree) today the oak tree is preferred as the oak is sacred to Zeus.
		During the 13th and 14th centuries BCE the worship of the Pelasgian god Zeus was beginning to be established in Dodona, and the original earth goddess was renamed "Diona" and subsequently became the wife of Zeus (Dias).
		During the Roman conquest the sanctuary of Dodona was once again destroyed (167 BCE) later to be rebuilt in 31 BCE by the Emperor Augustus.
	www.pantheon.org /articles/d/dodona.html (436 words)

	Homer News Online - Holiday Village
		Around 200 BCE Jews lived as an autonomous people in the land of Israel, which at this time was controlled by the Seleucid King of Syria.
		By 180 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascended to the Seleucid throne.
		* 168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the Temple is looted, Jews are massacred, and Judaism is outlawed.
	www.homernews.com /holidayvillage/hanukkah.shtml (1595 words)

	Rel 101: Understanding the Bible: Significant Dates
		445 BCE Nehemiah, cupbearer to Artaxerxes the Persian emperor, is appointed governor of Judah.
		428 BCE (possibly 458 or even 398) The Persians appoint Ezra "scribe of the law of the god of heaven" (Ezra 7:12) to assist in the Jewish restoration.
		336 BCE Philip is assassinated and Alexander inherits the empire.
	www.westminster.edu /staff/brennie/dates.htm (713 words)

	Chronology of Jubilees Background about Jubilee years and when they happened. Believersweb.org
		Because a jubilee year would hypothetically have been celebrated in the year 422-421 BCE (autumn-to-autumn), it is clear that the year when Ezra arrived at Jerusalem (autumn-to-autumn of 458-457 BCE) would have corresponded with a Sabbatical year of the 50-year cycle (the 2nd Sabbatical of the cited jubilee cycle).
		It is here of special interest that both the jubilee year of 572-571 BCE (the time of Ezekiel's vision) and the jubilee year of 29-30 CE (the time after the crucifixion) may have both occurred in alignment with a revolution of this respective long-time-cycle of 600 years.
		Because the location of both of the jubilee years (or 50th years) in 177-176 BCE and 122-121 BCE are manifest from the cited historical cases, the instances of all the intervening Sabbaticals seem easy to verify.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=1000 (5957 words)

	Chronofile: BCE Section-09 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 332 BC-331 BCE, Alexander was welcomed as a liberator in Egypt and was pronounced the "son of Zeus" by Egyptian priests of the god Ammon at the Oracle of the god at the Siwa Oasis in the Libyan desert.
		King Perdiccas of Macedonia was killed in a battle with the Illyrians in 359 BCE and the twenty-two year old Phillip convinced the Macedonian leaders to recognize him as king during the crisis instead of the infant heir (his nephew).
		In the second half of 167 BCE, supposedly Antiochus sent his general Apollonius to Jerusalem at the head of an army of mercenaries to end feuding among the locals.
	hometown.aol.com /eilatlog/chronofile/timeBCE-09.html (5009 words)

	What is Chanukah Jewish Holidays 800-830-8660 - Menorahs Jewelry Dreidels Decorations
		Chanukah was instituted by Judah Maccabee and his brothers in the year 165 BCE, to be celebrated annually with joy as a memorial of the dedication of the altar in the Temple in Jerusalem.
		After having recovered Jerusalem and the Temple, Judah ordered the latter to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one, and new holy vessels to be made.
		168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the Temple is looted, Jews are massacred, and Judaism is outlawed.
	www.milechai.com /judaism/chanukah.html (1040 words)

	Antiochus IV Epiphanes
		Since the third son of Antiochus III was not in direct line for the Seleucid throne, he was sent to Rome as a royal hostage after his father's defeat by the Romans (189 BCE).
		Torah observance was outlawed and the imperial cult brought into the Jewish temple itself with the erection of a statue of Antiochus as Zeus with a Hellenistic altar of sacrifice.
		Meanwhile, the concentration of the bulk of his forces in the eastern provinces enabled the family of a Jewish priest named Mattathias to oust the Antiochene party from Jerusalem, purge the temple and begin the formation of an independent Jewish state.
	virtualreligion.net /iho/antiochus_4.html (614 words)

	Biblical Ancestors and Heroes
		After Alexander died in 323 BCE without leaving a viable heir, his vast empire was divided up among his generals.
		In 167 BCE Antiochus erected a statue of Zeus Olympius, his god of whom he is a manifestation, in the Temple in Jeruasalem and sacrificed a swine on the altar.
		BCE) The period from the "abomination that desolates" until God's judgment is poured out on the "desolator." In other words, at the end of the Antiochus' reign of "one week," he will be destroyed.
	moses.creighton.edu /simkins/203/lectures/lecture25.html (6629 words)

	Maccabees What Really Happened The Views of Some Leading Scholars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Jason, who, though a member of the reform party, was still a legitimate Zadokite and thus even for the conservatives a guarantor of the "laws of the fathers." However, in 172 BCE, Menelaus, the brother of an officer of the temple named Simon, took Jason's place.
		Jonathan, and later his brother Simon, were able to use the internal difficulties of the Syrian empire to their advantage and, in spite of some setbacks, finally achieved their goal of political independence.
		B.C.E., and in addition the assurance was given that the Jews would be permitted "to use their own food and to observe their own laws as of yore." The persecution was thus ended.
	www.houseofdavid.ca /maccabee.htm (8469 words)

	early_roman_history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		753 BCE is the traditional date for the foundation of Rome by Romulus and Remus, sons of Rhea Silvia and Mars.
		334-264 BCE (or, roughly, the fourth and start of the third centuries): Gradual expansion of Roman control of Italy, through conquest, colonization, and alliance.
		167 BCE: Polybius ended his assesment of Rome's conquest of the world here, because of the climatic Battle of Pydna against Macedon.
	classics.uc.edu /hooker/cc112_2000/early_roman_history.html (669 words)

	Pharisees - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Priests during the First Temple Era (from around 950 BCE to 586 BCE) were limited to the Temple service and interpreting and teaching Torah; political power officially rested in the hands of a king who ruled, ideally, by divine right.
		In 539 BCE the Persians conquered Babylon and in 537 BCE, inaugurating the Persian period of Jewish history, Cyrus the Great allowed Jews to return to Judea and rebuild the Temple (completed in 515 BCE).
		In 57 BCE the Proconsul Cabineus established five regional synhedria (Sanhedrins, or councils) to regulate the internal affairs of the Jews.
	enc.qba73.com /link-Pharisee (7694 words)

	Judas Maccabeus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He led the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167-160 BCE) and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside Joshua, Gideon and David.
		In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had attempted to eradicate Judaism.
		In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Syrian army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Judas_Maccabeus (2142 words)

	167-143 BCE - War against Greece - Hanukah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Mattathias dies in the spring of 165 BCE and is replaced by Judah.
		After the death of Judah in battle (160 BCE), his brothers Jonathan and Simon lead the Hasmoneans until 152 BCE when Jonathan is made high priest and governor of the Jews and becomes the independent ruler.
		Part of the Acra fortress is destroyed and the rest is turned into a residence for the Hasmonean rulers.
	www.jerusalem-archives.org /period1/1-13.html (613 words)

	Old Testament Background Lecture Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term later came to be applied to the Greek translation of the whole Hebrew Bible which was carried out over a long period of time, from the third to the first century BCE.
		The Latter Prophets, from Isaiah to Malachi, covering a period from about 750 BCE to 250 BCE (but not in chronological order).
		2000 1800 BCE: The Hebrews were a nomadic tribal group existing in the Mesopotamian Fertile Crescent.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics/ih/IH51/Religious/HebrewBible/hbfac4.htm (1020 words)

	HolyLandNetwork - Jerusalem - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was to be ruled by a succession of twenty kings from 979 BCE to 586 BCE.
		Seventy-one years later (445 BCE) In 539 BCE, Cyrus, king of Persia issued a proclamation to rebuild the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, a total of 42,360 people returned to Jerusalem and Judah to help rebuild the Temple, not including male and female servants and the musicians.
		In 40 BCE the Romans being the super power of that time dispatched an army of 30,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry to take Jerusalem.
	www.holylandnetwork.com /jerusalem/history.htm (1020 words)

	Chanukah on Virtual Jerusalem
		Step into the Time Machine and zoom backwards to 175 BCE when Antiochus began to enforce Hellenistic culture on all peoples who came under his rule.
		Mattathias, the Hasmonean, son of Yochanan the High Priest, left Jerusalem and settled in Modi'in, a Judean village nearby.
		Tryphon was subsequently forced to return to Syria in 142 B.C.E. The Akra was finally cut off from its base of support which resulted in its inhabitants being expelled from their stronghold in 141 B.C.E. The Jews entered the Akra on 23rd Iyar with great joy and declaring the day to be a festival.
	www.virtualjerusalem.com /jeisholidays/chanukah/time2.htm (761 words)

	Chanukah - Crystalinks
		The Jewish people paid taxes to Syria and accepted its legal authority, and by and large were free to follow their own faith, maintain their own jobs, and engage in trade.By 175 BCE Antiochus IV Epiphanes ascended to the Seleucid throne.
		The Temple was liberated and rededicated.The festival of Hanukkah was instituted by Judah Maccabee and his brothers to celebrate this event.
		63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end due to rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II, both of whom appeal to the Roman Republic to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf.
	www.crystalinks.com /chanukah.html (2504 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In 167 BCE, as political society reached its zenith in Judea, the Jews revolted and after three years of skirmishes they successfully drove out the Syrians in 165 BCE.
		In 167 BCE, the ruler of the Seleucid dynasty was the tyrannical King, Antiochus IV.
		To drive this point home, the King gave himself the title of Epiphanes, Greek for "god-manifest." In the process of further entrenching political society, the King unilaterally replaced all local leaders in Judea with his own henchman, some of whom were Hellenized Jews.
	www.sbe.csuhayward.edu /~sbesc/99deccol.html (968 words)

	Hanukkah In Israel: Candles, Latkes and Doughnuts
		The Jewish festival commemorates both the 164 BCE rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, Israel after its desecration by the ruling Seleucid (Syrian Greek) Kingdom, under Antiochus IV — and the re-establishment of religious freedom for the Jewish people after a period of harsh repression.
		In 167 BCE, the Temple was defiled and dedicated to the Greek god Zeus, and became the center of an idol-worshipping cult.
		In 165 BCE, a popular revolt — led by Mattathias, an elderly priest from the town of Modi'in (east of Lod), and his five sons — broke out against Seleucid rule.
	www.israelnewsagency.com /hanukkahisrael481225.html (802 words)

	Eikon: Object Detail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although remains have been found in the vicinity of the site dating as far back as the Stone Age, the main settlement was founded during the Early Hellenistic period (332-167 BCE) and was fortified for defensive purposes.
		The city briefly came under the rule of the Hasmoneans before it was conquered by the Romans during the Late Hellenistic period.
		(167-37 BCE) Under the Romans, the city became a part of the Decapolis (a league of ten cities in the area) and flourished.
	research.yale.edu:8084 /divdl/eikon/objectdetail.jsp?objectid=3844 (251 words)

	Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dating is in the secular BCE and BC dating.
		BCE stands for Before Common Era, which correlates to BC in the Latin dating.
		Second Triumvirate rules from 44 BCE to 33 BCE.
	www.lebtahor.com /historytimeline/timelinechart.htm (963 words)

	History of the Hellenistic and Roman World
		Polybius was an Achaian nobleman, who was detained and taken to Rome as a hostage in 167 BCE after the third Macedonian war.
		He was invited by the Romans to participate in the aborted peace negotiations with Carthage in 149 BCE, was eyewitness (beside Scipio) at the destruction of Carthage, and was given authority by the Romans to handle the settlement of Greece after Greek revolt of 146 BCE.
		Particularly studies the 210 BCE episode, and the trials of the Scipios.
	www.fenrir.dk /history/index.php?title=Scipio_Africanus_:_References (1456 words)

	Maccabean-Jerusalem through Coins
		In 169 BCE, Antiochus plundered the Temple, carried of the holy vessels, erected a statue of Zeus in the Temple and destroyed scrolls.
		In 167 BCE, the Jewish priest Mattathias refused to comply and killed another Jew who intended to comply along with some Seleucid soldiers.
		Antiochus IV, 175-164 BCE, Tetradrachm, AR, 16.9g, 1 1/16" dia., AR, Ake mint, Judas Maccabee defeated Antiochus IV and cleansed temple.
	members.verizon.net /vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confHasmonAnt4.htm (1374 words)

	History at OSU
		It will emphasize the political history of the Jews in Judea, where "political" is to be perceived not as the mere succession of governments and wars, but rather as an interaction between politics and social, economic and religious affairs working together under certain circumstances.
		One important goal is to explore how Judaism of that era served as a backdrop and background for the understanding of the rise of Christianity.
		The rise of the Tobaids and the beginning of Hellenization in the Jewish society.
	history.osu.edu /courses/syllabi/syllabus.cfm?SYL=hist53002.htm (1435 words)

	Untitled
		He took an active part in the Achaean League before he was sent by the League as a hostage to Rome in 167 BCE.
		At Rome he was associated with the leading statesmen on terms of such intimacy that every opportunity was afforded him for studying the government and the people.
		Beginning with a sketch of early Roman history, it covered in detail a period from the war with Hannibal, 219 BCE to the destruction of Carthage and of Corinth in 146 BCE.
	www.usd.edu /~clehmann/courses/polyb.htm (1862 words)

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