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Topic: 1680s in architecture

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1680s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Category: 1680s Christian V Christian V (April 15, 1646 - August 25, 1699), was king of Denmark and Norway from 1670-1699.
		By the 1680s such an alliance, with the freedom of inquiry and practical application for science that it implied, seemed doomed by the pretensions of absolutist monarchy throughout Continental Europe but now especially in France and England.
		Beginning in the 1680s we see a rapid disintegration of confidence in the doctrine of the divine right of kings, an increasing emphasis among political theorists on the rights of subjects rather than on their duties.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1680s (2033 words)

	Vienna Austria Tourism: Architecture
		During the 1300s, ecclesiastical architecture was based on the Hallenkirche (hall church), a model that originated in Germany.
		The streamlined structure was bitterly criticized for its total lack of ornamentation and its similarities to the "gridwork of a sewer." According to gossip, the emperor found it so offensive that he ordered his drivers to avoid the Hofburg entrance on Michaelerplatz altogether.
		Architectural philosophies were also affected during the "Red Vienna" period by the socialist reformers' desire to alleviate public housing shortages, a grinding social problem of the years between world wars.
	www.sidestep.com /travel-info-g1051038-t21726-architecture_vienna_austria (1353 words)

	20th Architecture Century
		Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture - The Spanish Colonial Revival Style was an architectural movement that came about in the early 20th century after the opening of the Panama Canal and the overwhelming success of the novel Ramona.
		Futurist architecture - Futurist architecture began as an early-20th century form of architecture characterized by anti-historicism and long horizontal lines suggesting speed, motion and urgency.
		It was through the Romans that the art, literature, twentieth century architecture a visual history and ideas of ancient Greece survived twentieth century architecture a visual history and through the Romans that...
	2074.regaldata.com /20tharchitecturecentury.html (674 words)

	LVKF - Neoclassical Architecture 1(2)
		The classicism that flourished in the period 1750-1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order to distinguish it, perhaps unnecessarily, from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the Renaissance.
		Stylistically this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which--with its emphasis on illusion and applied ornament--was felt to be manifestly untruthful.
		An important architectural corollary of this idea, which was to spring into prominence in the 19th century, was the notion of a modern style of building.
	members.tripod.com /stefanklenze/neoclassical_architecture_1(2).htm (492 words)

	First Period Architecture - Essex National Heritage Area, Massachusetts
		Architectural features: While the John Balch House has been altered substantially over the years, it retains original material from its early story-and-a-half house construction and serves as a rare example of the kind of "short-order housing" that was quite common at the time according to the renowned architectural preservationist and author Abbott Lowell Cummings.
		Architectural features: Built with the central chimney and oblong shape of First Period architecture, the orignial portion of the house was asymmetrical, consisting of two one-room stories with gabled attic and an attached parlor with lean-to roof.
		Architectural features: The house is a fine example of a wealthier home, featuring a projecting two-story porch with flanking peaked gables on the front faÃ§ade, decorative drop pendants at the porch and end corners, leaded casement windows, a rear lean-to, and a restored clustered pilaster brick chimney.
	www.essexheritage.org /firstperiod (6332 words)

	Christopher Wren - Mirrorpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		It is not unusual for the well-educated to take up architecture as a gentlemanly activity, widely accepted in theory as a branch of applied mathematics; this is implicit in the writings of Vitruvius and explicit in such sixteenth-century authors as John Dee and Leonard Digges.
		At the age of fifty his personal development, as was that of English architecture, was ready for a monumental but humane architecture, in which the scales of individual parts relates both to the whole and to the people who used them.
		In France, where English architecture rarely made much impression, St Paul’s Cathedral’s influence can be seen in the church of Sainte-Geneviève (now the Panthéon); begun in 1757, it rises to a drum and dome similar to St Paul’s.
	www.mirrorpedia.com /wiki/Christopher_Wren (4024 words)

	Ethnopark at Bardejov' Spa
		The park-like method of presentation is influenced by the small area, and the limited possibilities of activity in a zone for preservation of mineral waters.
		The exhibition of the folk architecture of upper Saris and northern Zemplin includes a rare technical relic from Bardjov, a borer for wooden water pipes.
		Buildings in the open-air museum are a permanent source for learning about the crafts, skills, and aesthetic feelings of the inhabitants of this part of Slovakia; as well as for providing a sense for simple beauty; and an inspiration for creating an aesthetic environment in the dwellings of people today.
	www.carpatho-rusyn.org /bard (1493 words)

	Text Only Version--James River Plantations: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
		The conservative nature of the architecture of the James River region during the 19th century can be seen in newly constructed Four Square, and in the enlargement of President John Tyler's House.
		Architecturally, the house at Powhatan relates to the much larger house at nearby Westover.
		Architecturally, the River House illustrates the continuation of a Virginia Tidewater vernacular tradition, whose beginning can be seen in earlier frame homes, such as Belle Air and Kittiewan.
	www.cr.nps.gov /NR/travel/jamesriver/text.htm (16503 words)

	Architecture--James River Plantations: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
		The majority of colonial era building in the region, and throughout the Southern colonies, was impermanent in nature, its longevity varying by degree and corresponding directly with cycles of building and rebuilding by a variety of earthfast (wood directly in the earth) construction methods.
		In marked contrast, the 17th and 18th centuries gave rise to the construction of a significant concentration of substantial plantations along the James River, reflecting the sophisticated social, cultural and economic context in which they were built.
		Virginia's wealthy planters began emulating current architecture trends in England, adapting late-baroque elements that came to be called Georgian after the Hanoverian monarchs of England.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/jamesriver/architecture.htm (2589 words)

	Timeline of architecture - Wikipedia Mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This is a timeline of architecture, indexing the individual year in architecture pages.
		Notable events in architecture and related disciplines including structural engineering, landscape architecture and city planning.
		1680s - Church of Les Invalides, Paris is built by Jules Hardouin-Mansart.
	www.wiki-mirror.us /index.php/Architecture_timeline (2247 words)

	Hidden Ireland \| Architectural Heritage
		On the domestic front, tower houses were still being built until well into the 1680s but there was already evidence of a new style, with a wide variety of ‘strong houses’ built before the country was disrupted by the rebellion of 1641 (and in some cases a great deal earlier.)
		Only in the last twenty years have country houses received their due recognition as the manifestation (and the repository) of Ireland’s architectural and artistic excellence, especially that of the 18th century.
		Visitors who are interested in Ireland’s architecture, particularly those who want to experience life in a historic Irish house, should spend a few days in one of Hidden Ireland splendid country houses.
	www.hidden-ireland.com /architectural-heritage-mediaeval-abbeys-and-churches.htm (3250 words)

	[No title]
		Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it evolved different applications of the building technique called half-timbering.
		In Göinge, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard.
		According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using Dutch Renaissance style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.
	stron.frm.pl /wiki.php?title=Scania (4040 words)

	Novodevichy Convent and Cemetery in Moscow, Russia
		In the early 17th century, during the reign of Boris Godunov, the walls of the cathedral were ornamented with frescoes representing historic episodes in the struggle for the formation of a centralized Russian state.
		In the 1680s a team of Russian artists and craftsmen, including K. Mikhailov and O. Andreyev, created one of the finest ornamental works of the period - a multi-tiered iconostasis, carved from solid gold.
		The convent's bell tower, similar to the famous Bell Tower of Ivan the Great in the Kremlin, was erected between 1689 and 1690, and consists of six octagonal stepped tiers crowned with a gilt cupola.
	www.moscow-taxi.com /sightseeing/novodevichy-convent.html (1185 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		After the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 1670s and 1680s, England gained control of the slave trade and quickly increased its volume.
		Much of the architecture of the Middle Colonies reflects the diversity of its peoples.
		In Albany and New York City, a majority of the buildings were Dutch style with brick exteriors and high gables at each end while many Dutch churches were shaped liked an octagon.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Colonial_America (8377 words)

	[No title]
		He argues that the mass influence is due largely to the artisans and businessmen who brought with them during their emigration the seeds of influence to the modern architectural trends in Europe.
		The architecture of the area was consistent of what one would expect from that sort of environment, simple structures making abundant use of the readily available building materials (wood).
		Professor Cummings also acknowledges that the architectural progression was aided by the revocation of the original Massachusetts charger in 1686 and with it the appointment of new provincial governors.
	people.brandeis.edu /~zornow/school_work/boston_architecture/summary_of_the_beginning_of_provincial_renaissance_architecture_in_boston.doc (450 words)

	The Uighurs / History
		In Qashqar architecture of that period the archaeologist marks prevalence of the Western Asian traits and partly Indian ones.
		In the beginning of 1680s the White mountaineer Appaq-khoja who was a talented politician, discharged Ismail-khan from authority and actually became the ruler of the state.
		The rise of the khojas and aggravation of intestine wars in the western part of the Mogol state did not assist in rallying with the Turpan appanage in the east.
	the_uighurs.tripod.com /hist.htm (3727 words)

	Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		This documentation is important in interpreting the Galloway house but it also reflects the limited knowledge of Hudson Valley vernacular architecture at that time.
		Wytema's restorations - a building dating to the 1680s that was for many years a slaughterhouse - several interesting features were observed.
		Sally is correct, we are shooting in the near dark about dates for the beginning of square rule yet it remains an important feature in the study of timber frames.
	threerivershms.com /hvvanews5-11.htm (3423 words)

	PHAULKON
		The impact of the French, who played key roles in the events of the 1680s, was both physical and symbolic, and Lopburi became for Narai what Versailles was for Louis XIV.
		The interior glory has, however, vanished for the most part, but the Throne Hall, was reputedly ablaze with mirrors from France, the nation which "was mainly responsible for such imported amenities of life as existed in Siam at the end of the 17th century," in the words of one historian.
		Only the exterior walls have survived, but the architectural borrowings are clear.
	marabu1.tripod.com /SIAM.HTM (3024 words)

	Rio Highlights - Brazil Visa Service
		Rio 's a great place for architecture buffs, and an even better place to watch what happens when overconfident urban designers set their hands to the task of urban rnewal.
		Chiefly of interest to architectural buffs, it should be toured only during office hours.
		Architectural fans can stand and admire this building for hours.
	www.visa4you.net /rio-highlights.htm (1702 words)

	Hudson Valley Vernacular Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Harry is at present preparing a publication on the historic houses of the adjoining Town of Rochester.
		This "Architectural Museum" is a remarkably well preserved and unique German/American house with perhaps the only in situ cast-iron 5-plate stove.
		The 5-plate stove was evidently not used in Albany or in the Netherlands.
	threerivershms.com /hvvanews3-2.htm (2935 words)

	Chapter 3: Ruskin's Theories of the Sublime and Picturesque
		No beauty of design in architecture, or of form in mountains, will entirely take the place of what may be called "brute largeness." That is to say, of the actual superiority in feet and inches, over the size of Humanity, our constant standard, the general truth being that.
		For example, when continuing his essentially Burkean distinction between the two modes of architecture, he explains that their difference "is not merely that which there is in nature between things beautiful and sublime.
		Ruskin finishes his discussion of architectural sublimity, as he began it, with reference to the nature of mental impressions, emphasizing in both instances the slow yet inevitable workings of memory and emotional reactions.
	victorian.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp /victorianweb/authors/ruskin/atheories/3.1.html (7740 words)

	Chestnut Hill Historical Society - Homepage
		The collection contains architectural drawings and other building records; more than 3,000 photographic images; maps including real estate atlases from the 1870s through the 1930s; prints, drawings, deeds, diaries, genealogical materials, books, taped and transcribed oral histories, and selected objects.
		CHHS is interested in a broad range of Chestnut Hill related items, covering the period from the 1680s until the present.
		Subjects generally illustrate social, economic and cultural aspects of life and can include architecture, landscape, individuals, genealogy, businesses, organizations, places, events, etc. These items are acquired by means of donation, purchase, or exchange.
	www.chhist.org /collections (378 words)

	Herbstferian
		Our first stop the next day was the town of Cochem, site of yet another impressive castle, the Reichsburg, dating originally from the 11th century, but destroyed in 1680s, only to be rebuilt in the 1800s.
		On one of the Reichsburg's towers is a very impressive mosaic and many of its walls were covered in ivy, beginning to turn a brilliant red.
		It is an impressive building, and the architectural details on the interior make one wonder why the old German buildings built at the turn of the century, or even earlier during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, had once seemed so old.
	lythrum.eeob.iastate.edu /FIL/Chapters/herbstferian.htm (1583 words)

	Mortgage For People With Bad Credit
		However, it is not inconceivable that the events of the 1970s and early 1980s had a positive effect for the "boutique" practice of residential architecture.
		In land debates the primary considerations are length of occupation, actual land use, and the inheritance wishes of the parcel's previous holders.
		Before the pacification of the Three Feudatories and Taiwan in the early 1680s, however, bitter fighting continued in one part of the country after another because of Chinese resistance to foreign rule.
	groups.csail.mit.edu /tds/tioa/public/docs/hlp/Mortgage-For-People-With-Bad-Credit.html (2123 words)

	Santa Cruz Valley National Heritage Area
		Beginning in the 1680s, the Santa Cruz Valley was part of the northern frontier of New Spain, where Spanish colonists, soldiers, and missionaries interacted with local Native Americans.
		A number of the presidio fortresses, missions, and ranches occupied between the 1680s and 1854 are still preserved in the Santa Cruz Valley, and many are open to the public.
		This actively used church, widely considered to be the finest example of Spanish colonial architecture in the United States, is open to the public.
	www.santacruzheritage.org /experiences_7.html (595 words)

	NMWA \| Private Collection \| Roses, Convolvulus, Poppies and Other Flowers in an Urn on a Stone Ledge
		This dynamic, pyramid-shaped composition derives much of its energy from its asymmetrical arrangement of the blossoms, further accentuated by their wildly curving stems and dramatically spot-lit central section.
		The dark background reveals a hint of architecture, demonstrating Ruysch's interest in exploring this new trend among flower painters in Amsterdam.
		This example is typical of Ruysch's early work made in the late 1680s.
	www.nmwa.org /collection/detail.asp?WorkID=1273 (326 words)

	Troja Château
		The point of the new concept was not to insert other semantically closed components into the "magnificent cupboard of a château"; we returned rather to the villa itself, wanting to emphasise and "make visible" its charm, spirit and grace.
		Troja Chateau is one of the most important examples of Baroque architecture in the Czech Republic.
		He sought inspiration for the vedutas of Chinese landscapes and architecture covering the entire walls from illustrations in both travel books and textbooks about China.
	www.ghmp.cz /a_troja.php (728 words)

	Christopher Wren - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wren was born at East Knoyle in Wiltshire, the only surviving son of Christopher Wren DD (1589-1658), at that time the rector of East Knoyle and later Dean of Windsor.
		The second of Wren's architectural endeavors, the first being the chapel of Pembrooke Hall in Cambridge, was the design of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford, which was completed in 1662.
		With the purposeful elimination of historic influences from international architecture in the early 20th century, Wren's work gradually stopped being perceived as a mine of examples applicable to contemporary design.
	www.naviguer.ca /naviguer/nph-naviguer.pl/000010A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wren (4071 words)

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