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Topic: 169 BCE

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	Antiochus IV Epiphanes
		Since the third son of Antiochus III was not in direct line for the Seleucid throne, he was sent to Rome as a royal hostage after his father's defeat by the Romans (189 BCE).
		Torah observance was outlawed and the imperial cult brought into the Jewish temple itself with the erection of a statue of Antiochus as Zeus with a Hellenistic altar of sacrifice.
		Meanwhile, the concentration of the bulk of his forces in the eastern provinces enabled the family of a Jewish priest named Mattathias to oust the Antiochene party from Jerusalem, purge the temple and begin the formation of an independent Jewish state.
	virtualreligion.net /iho/antiochus_4.html (614 words)

	Tell el-Far'ah - Archaeology Timeline
		The attempted revolt of Josiah's son Jehoiakim in 600 BCE against the Babylonians resulted in the destruction of Judah and began the forced exile of its elite to Babylon; thus beginning the period of the Babylonian Exile.
		In 539 BCE Cyrus II entered Babylon, thus ending the period of the Babylonian exile and ushering in a new period of prosperity and reconstruction within the region of the Eastern Mediterranean under the Persians.
		This alliance was renewed again in 139 BCE and because of intermittent Roman activity in the orient, the stage was set for the entrance of Roman general Pompée between 66-62 BCE.
	farahsouth.cgu.edu /timeline/main.htm (3466 words)

	Biblical history chronology
		30 BCE - 10 CE: Hillel and Shammai
		587 BCE: Destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Babylonians and Nebuchadnezzar.
		4 BCE - 6 CE: Archelaus ethnarch of Judea and Samaria.
	www.wysiwyg-webdesign.com /rev/chron.html (1490 words)

	Daniel’s "Time of the End"
		In 170 BCE, following a series on intrigues by various parties attempting to gain control of the High Priesthood, Onias was murdered, thus bringing to an end the line of Zadokite priests, considered by many Jews of the time to be the only legitimate priests.
		In 169 BCE, Antiochus plundered the Temple in Jerusalem on return from his Egyptian campaign.
		Under the leadership of Judas Maccabee and his family, a band of guerillas harried the Greeks, and were eventually able to secure the Temple and rededicate it in 163/4 BCE (an event still celebrated by Jews today during the holiday of Hanukkah).
	www.2think.org /hundredsheep/bible/timeoftheend.shtml (2990 words)

	Re: Dss related questions (copper scroll)
		It is widely believed that Hyrkanus committed suicide in 169 after the failed attempt by Jason to retake Jerusalem.
		After all, Jason himself, the leader of the 169 uprising, was the Seleucid-appointed high priest 175-173 BCE.
		In 168 BCE he was soundly > crushed by the Romans in Egypt and forced to flee to the North.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /orion/archives/1996b/msg00613.html (1099 words)

	BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE NEW TESTAMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Between 215-206 BCE, Rome, allied with the Aetolian League, Sparta, and Pergamum, defeated Philip V, king of the Macedonian kingdom, and his ally, the Achaian League, forcing Philip to agree to peace on terms favorable to the Romans and its allies (First Macedonian War).
		In 40 BCE Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus II, allied with the Parthians, gained control of Jerusalem; a Hasmonean was once again king.
		Augustus (27 BCE - 14); Tiberius (14-37); Gaius (Caligula) (37-41); Claudius (41-54); Nero (54-68); Galba (69); Vitellius (69); Vespasian (69-79); Titus (79-81); Domitian (81-96).
	www.abu.nb.ca /courses/NTIntro/History1.htm (4471 words)

	[No title]
		The law of this state was not a civil law (albeit one with divine legitimation), but the religious law given by God, and the high priest was the highest official." The Law (Torah) included sanctions designed to emphasize the religious distinctiveness of the Jewish people, such as purity regulations and prohibition against intermarriage with non-Jews.
		Simon is succeeded by his son Onias III of the Egyptian faction and supported the youngest son of the Tobiad Joseph in using the banking services of the Temple.
		175 BCE - Seleukos IV is assassinated, the older Tobiads expel Onias III and appointed his brother Jason (Joshua), also a legitimate Zadokite, to the high priesthood with the support of the new Syrian King Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
	people.uncw.edu /zervosg/PR337/KoesterMacc.doc (1539 words)

	Home Games Tables from BCE - From Leisurezone.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
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		These BCE 5ft BLUE air hockey tables have a 240v electric fan to supply a constant even flow of air across the table.
	www.leisurezone.co.uk /home-games-tables-c-44.html (720 words)

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	www.lovelylingfield.com /bce_tables_multi_offer.htm (492 words)

	Hist2
		Under Antiochus IV in 174 BCE Onias III, the High Priest, was deposed by Antiochus IV in favor of his brother Joshua, who also went by the name of Jason.
		In 168 BCE, after being forced to withdraw from Egypt by the Romans, Antiochus IV sent Apollonius to Jerusalem with troops and instructions to compel Jews to abandon their ancestral religion, obedience to the Law; those Jews who would not cooperate would be killed and their wives and children sold into slavery.
		On the assumption of a second-century BCE date for Pseudo-Ezekiel, the man known as "a son of Belial" is probably Antiochus IV.
	www.abu.nb.ca /Courses/NTIntro/InTest/Hist2.htm (8643 words)

	Schwartz: Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Jerusalem
		If Antiochus stole the long list of central Temple items in 169, including the golden altar, the table of presentation, the candelabrum and all their ancillary vessels, not to mention all the other vessels and gold he could find, there wouldn’t have been much left to take in 168.
		For after reporting that all the central Temple vessels were stolen in 169, it goes on to resume the story with “two years later” Antiochus sending a new governor to Jerusalem and trouble beginning in the wake of that.
		So we conclude, with Tcherikover, that non-Hasmonean Jews rebelled against Seleucid rule in 168 BCE, and that it was their rebellion which elicited Antiochus’ massive attack on Jerusalem, the massacre and enslavement of multitudes of Jerusalemites, and the pillage of the Temple.
	orion.mscc.huji.ac.il /symposiums/4th/papers/Schwartz99.html (3861 words)

	history
		802 BCE: The approximate epoch of grammarian Panini’s Ashtadhyayi.
		315 BCE: The accession of Chandragupta I (known to the Greeks as Sandrocottus), founding the dynasty of the Imperial Guptas at Pataliputra (Gk Palibothra) and initiating the Gupta era in the year of his accession which seems to have tallied with his marriage to the Lichchabi princess Kumardebi.
		285 BCE: The accession of Samudragupta (known to the Greeks as Amitrachates, Sanskrit Amitrachchhetta, meaning ‘Mower of enemies’, akin to the title given to Samudragupta in later Gupta inscriptions, Sarbarajochchhetta, ‘Mower of all Kings’).
	muktadhara.net /page13.html (4526 words)

	Lucius Postumius Albinus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 171 BC, he was one of the ambassadors sent to Masinissa and the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedon.
		In 169 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the censorship.
		He served under Lucius Aemilius Paullus in Macedonia in 168 BC, and commanded the second legion in the battle with Perseus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lucius_Postumius_Albinus (365 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: M (Ma'at to mystes)
		- Roman consul in 503 BCE; famously told the parable of the Belly and Limbs to the plebs in 494 BCE to try to convince them that secession would not help their situation.
		Pompey eventual takes command in the Mithridatic wars from Sulla and defeated Mithridates in Armenia in 63 BCE; Mithridates attempts to escape to Crimea but there, faced by a rebellion led by his son, commits suicide.
		Homer, the Moirae regulated the length of each person's life; one of the sisters spun the thread of life, one wound it, and one cut it when life came to an end; each person has a moira and it cannot be altered not even by the gods; the Moirae resembled the Keres.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossarym.html (1508 words)

	CTCWeb Glossary: L (labrys to Lysistrata)
		a Roman law created in 215 BCE and cancelled in 195 BCE despite the influence of Cato the Elder; this law limited how much gold women could have, forbade women from wearing dresses of too many colors and driving in a horse-drawn vehicle too close to the City unless for a religious rite.
		a law ratified in 494 BCE after the first plebeian secession; it stated that the tribunes were sacred and made the plebeians a group united against the patricians.
		a Roman law instituted in 169 BCE that said that a woman could not be the primary heir of an estate even if there were no male heirs.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/glossary/glossaryl.html (1501 words)

	Antiochus IV
		Now in the year 143 [= 169 BCE] after Antiochus (IV) had defeated Egypt he returned by way of Israel and went up to Jerusalem with a strong army.
		Two years later [167 BCE] the (Syrian) king sent a captain to levy tribute in the cities of Judah.
		And whoever refused to act in accordance with the king's word was to be executed...
	virtualreligion.net /iho/antioch.html (1298 words)

	Ancient Jewish History
		The Torah is a contract, and from ~550 BCE, it was the civil law of the Jews.
		For Judah itself, this (300-200 BCE) was a century of peace.
		Began the History of the Jews with the Creation, completed at the outbreak of the Great Revolt (all of antquity is defined by the writing of Josephus - he created the period in terms of measuring its time).
	www.zoned.net /~amy/ancient.html (3633 words)

	1 in Faith: A Christian Bible Study - Letters from Jerusalem: Greater Jerusalem
		In 587 BCE ruling Judeans were exiled from Jerusalem by conquering Babylonians, but fifty years later were allowed to return after Persians defeated the Babylonians and took control of the city.
		In 169 BCE, however, Antiochus IV sacked the temple and put Greek statues in it.
		In 63 BCE the Romans took control of Jerusalem, ending the short reign of Jewish kings and priests.
	www.christian-bible.com /Ethics/lj.greater.jerusalem.htm (2671 words)

	ArtLex on Hellenistic Art
		The sculpture's fig leaf was added later as censorship in the interest of modesty.
		Statuette of a veiled and masked dancer, 3rd-2nd century BCE, Hellenistic, bronze, height 8 1/16 inches (20.5 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.
		190 BCE, Nike on the Prow of a Ship, called the "Winged Victory of Samothrace", gray Lartos marble for the ship's prow, white Paros marble for the statue, height 3.28 m (floor to top of wings) (10 feet 9 inches), Louvre.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/h/hellenistic.html (418 words)

	Jesus.com.au - Crucifixion practices
		But no sooner had Polycrates come to Magnesia than he was horribly murdered in a way unworthy of him and of his aims; for, except for the sovereigns of Syracuse, no sovereign of Greek race is fit to be compared with Polycrates for magnificence.
		Other ancient civilizations connected with the practice include the Assyrians, Germanic and Britonic tribes, the Celts, the Greeks after Alexander the Great, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, from whom the Romans are believed to have taken the practice.
		Seneca (~5 BCE - 65 CE) provides a description of crucifixion in the course of arguing (Stoic that he was) that suicide is better than some forms of death.
	jesus.com.au /html/page/practices (857 words)

	phillyBurbs.com \| Hanukkah in the phillyBurbs
		Antiochus was a power freak; according to contemporary historian Livy, he would sit on an ivory throne and pass judgment on even the most minute and trivial matters, making himself the object of ridicule and scorn behind his back.
		In 175 BCE, Antiochus gave the high-priesthood of the Jews to his brother Jeshu (Jason).
		So, in 169 BCE, Antiochus and a rather huge army of Syrian Greeks came down to Jerusalem and clobbered the Jewish populace.
	www.phillyburbs.com /hanukka/story.shtml (999 words)

	Ruin of Esagila chronicle (BCHP 6)
		Moreover, Antigonus, when his phalanx was already forming and he was leaving his tent, stumbled and fell prone upon his face, injuring himself severely; but he rose to his feet, and stretching out his hands towards heaven prayed that the gods would grant him victory, or a painless death before his defeat.
		Astronomical Diary concerning SE 66 (196 BCE), referring to the wife (Laodice I) and sons (Seleucus and Antiochus) of Antiochus II (AD I, p.
		These texts are usually combined with the statements in the classical sources that Alexander wished to rebuild the temple of Bêl and that he began to clear the site of the temple tower with the help of 10,000 soldiers (Strabo of Amasia 16.1.5).
	www.livius.org /cg-cm/chronicles/bchp-ruin_esagila/ruin_esagila_02.html (1779 words)

	Evelyn's World History Project
		There is a map at the bottom of the page which shows where the Akkadian, the Assyrian, and the Babylonian Empire were located, and the years in which they each started.
		It states that "his parents were probably herders on the north edge of Sumer near the Euphrates River" (text, 169).
		This date is much later than the "2250 bce" (169) date given in the lesson, and can make much of a difference.
	www.csun.edu /~elm57025/history.html (2089 words)

	Text and Commentary on Dani-El
		With the addition of chapter seven, the Aramaic portion appears to have a structure wherein chapters 4 and 5 are somewhat parallel, chapters 3 and 6 are somewhat parallel, and chapters 2 and 7 are somewhat parallel.
		Sometime beginning in the III century BCE, translations into Greek were made and three sections of Dani-El were written down in Greek: "Susanna"; "Azariah's Song and the Prayer of the Three Young Men"; and "Bel and the Serpent".
		Cyrus' exploits were tremendous, and his fame among the Jewish people grew to popularity, for in 538 BCE he declared that any Jews who had been displaced during the Babylonian Exile could return to their homeland.
	www.friktech.com /rel/dacom.htm (23202 words)

	Apocalyptic writings in the Bible - Daniel, the Gospels & Revelation
		Chapters 1 to 6 describe Daniel's interpretation of King Nebuchadnezzar's dream; the attempted execution of Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace; the handwriting on the wall of King Belshazzar's banquet hall, Daniel survival in the den of lions, and Belshazzar's feast.
		Conservative Christians generally believe that Daniel was captured by the Babylonians circa 605 BCE, spent the rest of his life in Babylon, and wrote the book circa 540 BCE.
		It was based on stories probably transmitted orally from the time of the Babylonian exile until the 2nd century BCE.
	www.religioustolerance.org /chr_ntb5a.htm (1034 words)

	Strat's Place - Daniel Rogov - Israel - Unlikely Culinary Heroes
		While most of these villains may have demonstrated not a single redeeming moral virtue, at least some of them held a valid claim to having good taste, at least in culinary affairs.
		It would be difficult, for example, to forgive Nebuchadrezzar, that somewhat schizophrenic king of Babylon who, in 586 BCE, destroyed the Holy Temple, took many of the people into captivity and forced the rest into exile.
		Antiochus did his best to follow in the footsteps of his Babylonian predecessor when, in 169 BCE he stormed and plundered the city and outlawed Judaism.
	www.stratsplace.com /rogov/israel/culinary_curmudgens.htm (977 words)

	Maccabean-Jerusalem through Coins
		In 169 BCE, Antiochus plundered the Temple, carried of the holy vessels, erected a statue of Zeus in the Temple and destroyed scrolls.
		Antiochus IV, 175-164 BCE, Tetradrachm, AR, 16.9g, 1 1/16" dia., AR, Ake mint, Judas Maccabee defeated Antiochus IV and cleansed temple.
		In 152 BCE, Alexander I Balas, a rival of Demetrius I for the Seleucid throne, installed Jonathon as High Priest.
	members.verizon.net /vze3xycv/Jerusalem/confHasmonAnt4.htm (1374 words)

	Figuration and Secularization: The Movement of History
		The return to Jerusalem by decree of Cyrus in 583 BCE brought with it new problems as Israel struggled to rebuild the temple and restore the Davidic monarchy.
		After the writings of Nehemiah (445 BCE), which document the rebuilding of the walls surrounding Jerusalem, we know little of Israelite history until the mid-fourth century BCE, with the establishment of Greek military rule in Palestine under Alexander the Great.
		Antiochus Epiphanes began a religious persecution in Palestine, ransacking the Jerusalem Temple in 169 BCE.
	pages.slc.edu /~eraymond/ccorner/figuration.html (7856 words)

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