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	History of archaeology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The next major figure in the development of archaeology in the UK was Mortimer Wheeler, whose highly disciplined approach to excavation and systematic coverage of much of the country in the 1920s and 1930s brought the science on swiftly.
		Urban archaeology necessitated a new approach as centuries of human occupation had created deep layers of stratigraphy that could often only be seen through the keyholes of individual building plots.
		It was now possible to study archaeology as a subject in universities and even schools, and by the end of the 20th century nearly all professional archaeologists, at least in developed countries, were graduates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_archaeology (1359 words)

	Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Archaeology is the study of the remains of past human cultures.
		For over 5000 years (3500 BC to 1750 AD), groups of native people used the site to stampede large numbers of BISON to their death.
		The history of archaeology in Canada can be divided into three main periods: early collectors, professional archaeologists, and compulsory legislation.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=J1ARTJ0000270 (2005 words)

	Archaeology and the Old Testament
		Archaeology has therefore played a key role in biblical studies and Christian apologetics in several ways.
		{1} Archaeology can also help us to understand more accurately the nuances and uses of biblical words as they were used in their day.
		We must not elevate archaeology to the point that it becomes the judge for the validity of Scripture.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/probe/docs/arch-ot.html (3095 words)

	Death's Head, Cherub, Urn and Willow
		Since archaeology deals largely with the unrecorded past, the problem of rigorous control is a difficult one.
		Other cultural dimensions can also be controlled in the gravestone data with equal precision, and with the addition of these, the full power these artifacts as controls becomes apparent: probate research often tells the price of individual stones; status indication occurs frequently on the stones, as well as the age of each individual.
		Yet 1710 death's heads in Plympton and elsewhere had changed so radically by 1750 that it is doubtful that we could supply the derivation of one from the other in the absence of such an excellently dated set of intermediate forms.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /users/deetz/Plymouth/deathshead.html (4376 words)

	MIAMI INDIANS ETHNOHISTORY ARCHIVES
		The opinions expressed and the language used do not reflect the opinions or standards of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, but are, rather, indicative of thought in that historical moment during which the documents were published.
		MINUTES OF THE PROVINCIAL COUNCIL OF PENNSYLVANIA, (December 10, 1749 [1750]), In: Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania from the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietory Government.
		Examination of Morris Turner and Ralph Kilgore, (October 11, 1750), pp.
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /archives/miamis9/miamitoc11.html (1419 words)

	Timelines for Biblical Archaeology
		Biblical Archaeology really became a science when Sir Flinders Petrie excavated a tel on the basis of "stratigraphy" in 1890, coupling it with the dating of artifacts based on their association with the layers in which they were found.
		The passing of the classical era of Biblical archaeology sometime in the 1960s or 1970s, which was inevitable in retrospect, means that we have lost our traditional base of support (the seminaries).
		For example, Biblical Archaeology presently accuses the Egyptians of the destruction of Canaanite cities at the end of Middle Bronze IIC, though hard evidence is non-existent, but this revision would require Israel to be charged instead.
	www.olive-tree.net /eretzisrael/timelines.htm (2463 words)

	History of the Discipline
		Wilkes, "Arthur Evans in the Balkans, 1875-81," Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, London 13(1976) 25-56.
		Alberti, Archaeology and Maxculinity in Late Bronze Age Knossos (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton 1997).
		Ozdogan, “Ideology and Archaeology in Turkey,” in L. Meskell (ed.), Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East (London 1998) 111-123.
	projectsx.dartmouth.edu /history/bronze_age/history.html (3821 words)

	The Hindu : Historical divide: archaeology and literature
		Its legacy is archaeology without literature for the Harappans and a literature without archaeology for the Vedic Aryans.
		Scholars from a wide range of disciplines including literature, archaeology, architecture and even mathematics, began to study the archaeological remains for clues to the identity and nature of the civilisation.
		The natural conclusion seemed to be that Harappan archaeology represented the material remains of the culture described in the Vedic literature.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/op/2002/01/22/stories/2002012200020100.htm (2067 words)

	Bibliography on Archaeology and African Diasporas, C. Fennell
		Joseph, J. Highway 17 Revisited: The Archaeology of Task Labor in the Lowcountry of Georgia and South Carolina.
		In Historical Archaeology, Identity Construction, and the Interpretation of Ethnicity, Maria Franklin and Garrett Fesler, eds, pp.
		In Settlement of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek Reservoir, Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas 1980-1981.
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/cfennell/bookmark4.html (3568 words)

	The Society for Historical Archaeology - Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, as with other sectors of the discipline, CRM archaeology of the African diaspora is presently suffering from a period of stagnation and lack of focus.
		In particular, issues related to the spatial foci of African American archaeology; presentations of the African American past that continue to reflect constructs of racial inequality; and the role of community partnering are emphasized.
		Archaeology at industrial sites provides some of the greatest opportunities to tell the story of the impact of industrialization on workers and their communities.
	www.sha.org /Publications/ha38ca.htm (5588 words)

	Archaeology of Navies
		Orser and Fagan (1995), in their text Historical Archaeology, point out types of sites that are studied by function, of which a prominent example is military sites.
		The reason why UA has a greater percentage of articles on military shipwrecks versus IJNA is unclear, but the higher proportion may represent the strong archaeological record in the United States of naval sites and the interest in the historic period in which the nation's navies became well established.
		Archaeology is used to both support and contradict the documentary record.
	www.history.navy.mil /branches/org12-7i.htm (2832 words)

	into you tattooshop - archaeology of tattooing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Body art was 're-discovered' by adventurers on voyages of discovery with the first possible example shown in a drawing by John White (1578) of an Eskimo woman found by Frobisher after a voyage to find the North-West passage (1576-1758).
		Inmates of prisons and hospitals suffer, in our 'modern' urban culture a tremendous loss of self esteem, by virtue of their condition, and as a result will try to achieve an acceptable identity, or simply any identity at all, via tattooing.
		Thomas, J. 1993 The politics of vision and the archaeologies of landscape in Landscape Politics and Perspectives, Edited by B. Bender, 19-49.
	www.into-you.co.uk /contents/misc.htm (5239 words)

	Biblical Archaeology
		Biblical archaeology continues with the great military civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia and their ultimate impact on law and culture throughout the region.
		Dated between 1500 and 1400 BC, these cuneiform texts explain the culture and customs of the time, many of which are similar to those found in the early books of the Bible.
		Biblical archaeology covering ancient Israeli kings and culture received a huge lift in 1994 when archaeologists discovered a stone inscription at the ancient city of Dan, which refers to the "House of David." The House of David Inscription (Tel Dan Inscription) is important because it's the first ancient reference to King David outside the Bible.
	www.allaboutarchaeology.org /biblical-archaeology.htm (840 words)

	Gender and Archaeology Bibliography, May 2001
		In Archaeology and Fertility Cult in the Ancient Mediterranean: Papers Presented at the First International Conference on Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, edited by A. Bonanno, pp.
		In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by Dale Walde and Noreen D. Willows, pp.
		In The Archaeology of Gender: Proceedings of the Twenty- Second Annual Conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary, edited by Dale Walde and Noreen D. Willows, pp.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /gender2000/biblio/genderbib2001.htm (8024 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Benjamin Taliaferro (1750-1821)
		Certain features within the NGE site require the use of JavaScript, and your browser doesn't appear to be supporting it.
		Taliaferro served as a trustee for the University of Georgia, a state representative, a president of the Georgia senate, a member of the anti-Yazoo faction, a superior court judge, and a member of Congress.
		Benjamin Taliaferro (pronounced "Tolliver") was born in 1750 in Amherst County, Virginia, to Mary Boutwell and Zachariah Taliaferro, both members of prominent Piedmont families.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/RevolutionaryEra/People-5&id=h-809 (949 words)

	Archaeology & Prehistoric MS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Archaeology is that branch of anthropology that investigates people's past by studying their material remains.
		This population fell to an all-time low of approximately 16,500 by 1750.
		Archaeology of the Southeastern United States: Paleoindian to World War I. New York: Academic Press, 1994.
	mshistory.k12.ms.us /features/feature32/archaeology.html (1642 words)

	AIA Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Washington University has the most prestigous archaeology program in the St. Louis metropolitan area, but it is also the most demanding and expensive.
		Archaeology is offered at theUniversity of Missouri - St. Louis and theUniversity of Missouri - Columbia.
		The education committee, chaired by Judy Brillant, of the St. Louis Society recognizes the value of sharing the excitment of archaeology with Middle School students in public and private schools across the St. Louis metropolitan area.
	users.stlcc.edu /mfuller/aia/education.htm (614 words)

	Marchand, S.: Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970.
		Focusing on the history of classical archaeology, Marchand shows how the injunction to imitate Greek art was made the basis for new, state-funded cultural institutions.
		Tracing interactions between scholars and policymakers that made possible grand-scale cultural feats like the acquisition of the Pergamum Altar, she underscores both the gains in specialized knowledge and the failures in social responsibility that were the distinctive products of German neohumanism.
		She is the author of numerous essays on the history of anthropology, archaeology, and classical scholarship in Germany and Austria and is the coauthor of the world history textbook Worlds Together, Worlds Apart (W. Norton).
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /titles/5932.html (358 words)

	Maya Sites of Belize, Ambergris Caye, Belize
		Rescue archaeology is always a disappointing task as the damage done by looters is irrevocable.
		Joseph Palacio, the Archaeology Commissioner from 1971 to 1976, consolidated the stucco frieze and in 1978 and 1979 his successor, Elizabeth Graham carried out small-scale excavations and completed the restoration of the frieze.
		Please note that it is imperative for the Department of Archaeology and/or the Forestry Department, Western Division, to be informed prior to any visits in order to obtain entry permission and advice on accessibility.
	ambergriscaye.com /pages/mayan/mayasites.html (19277 words)

	Society for Historical Archaeology - Research Tools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		1994 Vestiges of Mortality and Remembrance: A Bibliography on the Historical Archaeology of Cemeteries.
		Proceedings of the Symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology 3:86-96.
		1997 The archaeology of African-European interaction: Investigating the social roles of trade, traders, and the use of space in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Hueda Kingdom, Republic of Benin.
	www.sha.org /Research/sub_a-m.htm (10873 words)

	Biblical Archaeology
		The archaeology of Ur has certainly shown the polytheistic nature of the city.
		But if that were true, the difficulty is that the stories do not reflect anything of the conditions or the customs of the people in the land at that period.
		All the evidence from archaeology at this time supports the historicity of the event--the names, the feudal system, the invasion, and the quest behind it, all fit the times.
	www.christianleadershipcenter.org /bibarch2.htm (6139 words)

	Friends of Archaeology Newsletter, Winter, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The UCLA Friends of Archaeology is a support organization of the University of California, Los Angeles, whose purpose is to promote and support the study of archaeology at the University.
		Friends of Archaeology is a member of the UCLA Council of Support Organizations, and is open to all interested individuals, both within the university and in the community at large.
		The Institute of Archaeology's Publications unit has just published a new volume in its Perspectives in California Archaeology series that examines the social and economic relationships between Native Americans and Hispanic settlers in the mission environment.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /ioa/friends/foanews99wi.html (4532 words)

	Brief history of American Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Archaeology as a discipline has its earliest origins in 15th- and 16th-century Europe, when the Renaissance Humanists looked back upon the glories of Greece and Rome.
		Archaeology, however, does not really take shape until the 18th century in Europe, due to global events and historical traditions:
		As well as how change occurred: The development of scientific archaeology in 19th-century Europe from the antiquarianism and treasure collecting of the previous three centuries was due to three things: -a geological revolution, -an antiquarian revolution, -and the propagation of the doctrine of evolution.
	archeos.org (245 words)

	Fifth Gender and Archaeology Conference: Abstracts
		In the Potomac River valley of Virginia and Maryland, archaeologists have analyzed the remains of shellfish and fauna to study seasonality and subsistence, and have examined the artifacts from stratified midden deposits to define temporally-diagnostic artifacts.
		Early gender studies in archaeology often used a modified systems approach, presuming that gender could be analyzed as an individual component working within the larger contexts of past cultures.
		While this was logical early step in an engendered archaeology, research to date has shown that removing gender from its cultural milieu is at best difficult; at worst, a systems approach simply projects a simulacrum of Euro-American culture into the past.
	www.uwm.edu /~barnold/abstracts.html (7157 words)

	Biblical Archaeology Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Few places better illustrate the layered history that archaeology uncovers than the little ridge known as the City of David, the oldest inhabited part of Jerusalem.
		For example, to tell the story of the Pool of Siloam, where Jesus cured the blind man, we must go back 700 years before that—to the time of the Assyrian monarch Sennacherib and his siege of Jerusalem.
		It is still known as Hezekiah’s Tunnel, and it is still a thrill for tourists to walk through its 1750-foot length.
	www.bib-arch.org /bswb_BAR/bswbba3105f1.html (270 words)

	Dendrochronology
		As archaeology has grown from its rather primitive beginnings, so, too, dendrochronology has evolved from a relatively limited focus on the dating of monuments or archaeological strata.
		In addition to the simple ring-width measurements pioneered by Douglass (1919, 1928, 1936), whether skeleton- plotted or measured, new analytical techniques include X-radiography, X-ray densitometry, and neutron activation analysis, among others, to study morphological and chemical changes within particular rings or cells or to detect the presence of specific trace-elements and isotopes.
		The effects that tree-ring dating ought to have on archaeology in the next generation and the refinements in archaeological thinking that will thereby be required are indeed going to be revolutionary.
	www.arts.cornell.edu /dendro/brothwel/broth.html (5459 words)

	UWF Archaeology Institute - Prehistoric - Hawkshaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		2000 BP - 1750 BP); Territorial Period (1820 - 1861); Victorian Period (1870 - 1910); and the recent (1910 - 1984).
		As the lumber industry waned and hurricanes destroyed the mill, Hawkshaw became a service oriented, working class neighborhood.
		Hawkshaw: Prehistory and History in an Urban Neighborhood in Pensacola, Florida is available from the UWF Archaeology Institute (Technical report #07) for anyone interested in an in-depth look at Hawkshaw.
	uwf.edu /archaeology/projects/prehist/hawksaw/hawkshw1.htm (246 words)

	Books on Florida Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Florida archaeology has been influencing the development of archaeological content and theory on a national level for more than a century and Goggin has been a major participant in this evolution.
		This classic portrait of the Seminole people, written at a time when their way of life was virtually unknown to the rest of the world, was originally published by the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology in 1889.
		It explains when and how their culture was formed and how it has withstood historical challenges and survives in the face of pressures from the modern world.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /anthro/flarch/flbooks.htm (4305 words)

	CBA book listing service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The text of a lecture delivered to the Archaeology in Britain Conference 1995, in which the author's aim is `to explore what defines the common ground of archaeology and to consider the conditions under which a unified body of archaeological practice might operate'.
		Regionality in archaeology is the theme of the concluding chapter `Archaeologies of a region' by Julie Gardiner & Tom Williamson (pp 171-81), which was not part of the conference proceedings but written specifically for this volume.
		There are individual chapters on the identity and purpose of archaeology, the framework of archaeological reasoning, classification and the measurement of time, social archaeology, economic archaeology, cognitive archaeology, and the explanation of cultural change.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /books/books.html (19092 words)

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