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| | FRANCIA |
 | | As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Nieuwpoort (1600) to Ramillies (1706), Waterloo (1815), Verdun (1916), and the Bulge (1944). |
 | | She came to be regarded as Notre Dame de Thermidor, "Our Lady of Thermidor," because of her influence and involvement in the coup of the 9th of Thermidor (27 July 27 1794), which ousted Robespierre and ended the Reign of Terror. |
 | | This was the essence of modern totalitarianism, already implied by Rousseau, later theoretically formulated by Hegel and Marx, and practiced by Lenin, Hitler, and Stalin. |
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