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Topic: 1780s in South Africa

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	Africa - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Sahara expanded north and south at the expense of grassy steppe lands and woodland savanna, and the area of equatorial rain forest shrank.
		South of the savanna, in the forest zone from Sierra Leone to Nigeria, political organization tended to be clan- or village-based.
		South of the Congo River Basin the Kazembe Empire had grown to eclipse the former Luba and Lunda empires of the region and was a powerful trading state.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761572628___107/Africa.html (18657 words)

	African Maps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa in the fifteenth century was done in part as an attempt to find a new route to the lands of Prester John.
		By the early nineteenth century, European colonization of Africa was in full swing, and explorers were venturing for the first time into the uncharted interior of the continent.
		Africa is depicted here as a woman, dressed exotically and surrounded by wild animals: something to be tamed, yet protected at the same time.
	www.library.yale.edu /MapColl/afexhib.html (1834 words)

	The Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society
		It seems to me that one of the key factors responsible for this is the fact that African religious systems which lay at the core of the socio-cultural confidence of the people were “heathenized”, by label and consideration, in the effort of supplanting their primacy in the religious life of Africans with christianity.
		With Africa at the bottom of the social, cultural, economic and political order of the world; with Africans featuring most prominently among “the wretched of the earth”, it only stands to reason that, obviously, our advancement and technological takeoff, along democratic lines, will represent progress for humanity as a whole.
		The problem of regional unitary attempts in Africa is that they are all conceived with the neocolonial units of Africa as their points of departure.
	www.casas.co.za /papers_AfricanUnity.htm (7252 words)

	Slavery in America
		Okra or gumbo, as it is called in Africa, was especially favoured in French and Spanish Louisiana during the colonial era, when European and Native American cuisine came together with African cooking to produce the unique Creole cuisine of New Orleans.
		Slaves in South Carolina commonly prepared the seeds of the Okra plant as a coffee substitute.
		Appears indigenous to Central Africa with two known varieties: "Old coco yam" (Colocaccia antiquorum) probably originated in the Congo basin, with its earliest citation being made by the Portuguese in the 15th century; "Coco yam Tania" (Xanthosomaa sagitifolium) was a popular root plant in Sea Islands of Gerogia and South Carolina.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_cuisine.htm (2614 words)

	Contribution to Discussion in the Young Socialists (1986)
		Clearly the farm labourers and subsistence farmers of South Africa have the same class interests and aspirations of their pre-1979 Nicaraguan counterparts: land reform which would redistribute the bulk of the land monopolised by imperialism in association with the domestic ruling class.
		South Africa is currently in the grip of a capitalist crisis.
		In many ways, South Africa is far riper for socialism than any western capitalist country since the formal democratic political structures which disguise the capital/labour relation and make it appear nonexploitative and equal are missing in South Africa.
	www.bolshevik.org /Pamphlets/PRG/PRYT03.html (5778 words)

	1780s in South Africa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		See also: 1770s in South Africa, other events of 1780s, 1790s in South Africa and the Timeline of South African history.
		The Fish River is made the eastern boundary of the Cape Colony
		4 June 1787 - Leopold Marquard, educationist and missionary to Southern Africa, is born in Westphalia, Germany
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1780s_in_South_Africa (404 words)

	Slavery in America
		Although the South had gained a major political advantage with the three-fifths clause, enabling it to dominate the Electoral College and the U. Congress for much of the next 50 years, the rebirth of slavery in the next century was due principally to other factors.
		Many of the South's free fls were of mixed racial ancestry, usually having a white father or white grandfather, with approximately 75 percent in the lower South compared to 35 percent in the upper South.
		Harriet Tubman, for example, who knew the South well from her days in slavery and her efforts in helping slaves escape via the Underground Railroad, was formally commended by the Secretary of War for her work as a Union scout and as a nurse in the Sea Islands.
	www.slaveryinamerica.org /history/hs_es_overview.htm (11743 words)

	AFRICAN HISTORY TIMELINE: Europeans in 19th Century South Africa
		The Zulu Mfecane spread from Natal throughout southern Africa.
		Gold was discovered at the Witwatersrand Rand (white water ridge or reef) in the Boer Republic of Transvaal.
		The Union of South Africa received its constitution.
	courses.wcupa.edu /jones/his311/timeline/t-19saf.htm (740 words)

	Digital History
		Another 15 to 30 percent died during the march to or confinement along the coast.
		In addition, it now seems clear that during the era of the Atlantic slave trade, many and perhaps most of the enslaved were kept in Africa.
		The level of slave exports to the New World grew from about 36,000 a year in the early eighteenth century to almost 80,000 a year during the 1780s.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=10 (542 words)

	Priscilla's Homecoming and Africana Heritage: The Gullah: Rice, Slavery and the Sierra Leone-America
		The South Carolina planters were, at first, completely ignorant of rice cultivation, and their early experiments with this specialized type of agriculture were mostly failures.
		In South Carolina and Georgia the slaves simply continued with many of the methods of rice farming to which they were accustomed in Africa.
		The South Carolina and Georgia planters realized that the specialized nature of their crop required a constant influx of slaves born in Africa, not in the West Indies or in the neighboring colonies.
	www.africanaheritage.com /Gullah_and_Sierra_Leone.asp (8809 words)

	Accommodation at Acorn House, Western Cape, South Africa
		Welcome to Cape Town and the Western Cape, an area considered one of the most beautiful in Africa, and whose character results from the cultural melting pot of Indonesian, French, Dutch, British and German settlers, the local Khoisan (Bushman and Hottentot) tribes and the Bantu tribes from the north.
		It is the oldest remaining structure in South Africa.
		The original waterline prior to the land being reclaimed from the sea is indicated on the floor of the Golden Acre.
	www.africanadrenalin.co.za /cca/acorn_house.htm (3637 words)

	NPR : A Political Warning Shot: 'American Theocracy'
		Baptists were overtaking and passing Methodists in the South and overtook them in the nation as a whole around 1906.39 As the twentieth century got under way, not only were the holiness churches thriving, but fundamentalism and Pentecostalism were beginning their own ascents.
		The Boers of colonial South Africa, in turn, drew on the seventeenth-century Dutch Reformed psychologies explained by Schama, which were reconfigured by nineteenth- and twentieth-century geography and events.
		Thus, when the last Yankee troops withdrew from the South in 1877, in the wake of considerable northern popular disenchantment, God was proclaimed to have kept faith with a South that had kept the covenant.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5290373 (9107 words)

	Accommodation at Cape Grace, Western Cape, South Africa
		Cape Grace is owned by Meikles Africa Limited, a company that has two other independently managed, award-wining hotels in Africa each with its own distinctive brand identities, namely Meikles Harare and the Victoria Falls Hotel.
		The South African Library was designed by William Kohler and his designs were based on the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.
		Robben Island came to symbolise, not only for South Africa and the African continent, but also for the entire world, the triumph of the human spirit over enormous hardship and adversity.
	africanadrenalin.co.za /CCA/cape_grace.htm (4049 words)

	No. 1418: ASA Presidential Address, 2005
		The relative weakness of colonial states and their reluctance to press the development of capitalist labor and commodity markets beyond a point where metropolitan trading interests and local tax needs were satisfied resulted in confused, disorderly and incomplete capitalist transformations of subject African societies.
		Second, the already tenuous and contested moral economies of Africa's ethnic patronage systems have been increasingly strained by the evaporation of resources and escalating conflicts within and between communities for the appropriation and redistribution of what remains.
		Throughout Africa today there are few if any effective trade unions or parties of the working or middle classes, partly because there are few such workers left and the scope of action within democratized polities remains so constrained.
	www.utexas.edu /conferences/africa/ads/1418.html (5113 words)

	OUP \| New and Noteworthy
		Between 1905 and 1939 a conspicuously tall white man with a shock of red hair, dressed in a silk shirt and white linen trousers, could be seen on the streets of Onitsha, in Eastern Nigeria.
		Rebellions broke out in many areas of South Africa shortly after the institution of white rule in the late nineteenth century and continued into the next century.
		In the late nineteenth century, South Africa’s Cape Colony completed its incorporation of the area beyond the Kei River, known as the Transkei, and began transforming the region into a labor reserve.
	www.ohioswallow.com /new.php (1115 words)

	The American Revolution: War of 1812
		Philanthropists in Britain convinced the government to resettle some of London’s fl Loyalist population in Sierra Leone on the west coast of Africa.
		At times during the Revolutionary War, pro-British planters had left the American South with their slaves to start new plantations in the British Caribbean possessions.
		One thing is certain: the modern history of Canada, the Bahamas, and Sierra Leone would be greatly different had the Loyalists not arrived in the 1780s and 1790s.
	www.nps.gov /revwar/unfinished_revolution/black_loyalists.html (755 words)

	PBS- Tutu and Franklin: A Journey Towards Peace
		She thinks people are afraid to mix because they don't want to say something embarrassing like "Do Black people get sunburned?" At 15, she has traveled to Europe and the United States and is of English heritage.
		Marvina, 18 years old, Colored (Primrose Park, South Africa)---Marvina was in the 12th grade during the taping of the documentary.
		Marvina is particularly frustrated by the fact that "in the 'New' South Africa people are still afraid to go to certain areas." She now attends Stellenbosch University.
	www.pbs.org /journeytopeace/students/safrican2.html (294 words)

	[No title]
		The region […] encompasses an entire floral kingdom, with six of South Africa's 10 endemic plant families and 193 endemic genera found within its borders.
		Each presenter began her or his slide series with a breathtaking establishing shot of the coast near Capetown, providing a repeated and emphatic picture of beauty for the audience.
		There’s no shortage in South Africa, in the form primarily of Pelargonium species, of which many she showed survive their arid conditions with summer dormancy.
	www.calhortsociety.org /recaps/recaps-03/9-03-safrica.htm (708 words)

	Bance Island in Sierra Leone
		Between about 1750 and 1800, Bance Island was one of the major slave trading operations on the Rice Coast of West Africa.
		They also concentrated heavily on supplying slaves to one particular market—Charlestown, South Carolina where local rice planters were eager to purchase slaves from Sierra Leone and the neighboring areas.
		Laurens was one of the wealthiest rice planters and slave dealers in colonial South Carolina.
	www.yale.edu /glc/gullah/03.htm (816 words)

	Slavery: Africa's Case
		In Africa's case where oral (as against written) tradition has always been the norm, there is no written record of Africa's side of the slavery story.
		In his 1997 book on the slave trade, Hugh Thomas records correctly that, "West Africa had known slavery on a small scale before the coming of Islam", and before the coming of the Europeans.
		In the 1780s, Jacques Necker, a Swiss economist who had recently been dismissed as minister did a study of Switzerland's finances, and wrote a pamphlet denouncing Swiss hypocrisy: "How we preach humanity yet go every year to bind in chains 20,000 natives of Africa," Necker wrote.
	www.africawithin.com /maafa/slavery1.htm (1768 words)

	Christianity in 19th Century Sierra Leone
		Sierra Leone was founded in the 1780s as a place for freed British ex-slaves to resettle in Africa.
		They had become Christians while in North America and carried their "boisterous Christianity" with them back to Africa, defining their new culture in Christian terms, and spreading its message to all in Sierra Leone who would listen.
		The CMS encouraged these Yoruba missionaries and ordained a number of African pastors, the most important of whom was Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first fl bishop in Africa, who served his diocese with great distinction for 50 years.
	www.bethel.edu /~letnie/SSASierraLeone.html (410 words)

	Testing the Brenner Thesis against Colonial Spain and Modern South Africa
		I speak here of 19th and 20th century colonial Africa, where mainstream scholarship would consider the likelihood of feudalism remote at best, despite the fact that extra-economic coercion was virtually the rule.
		In Africa, the Europeans insisted on borrowing from the feudal lexicon, despite a clear capitalist agenda.
		In South Africa, this took the form of forced migrant labor, particularly in the gold mining sector.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/origins/testing_the_brenner_thesis.htm (3846 words)

	History Course Descriptions
		Introduction to South African history from the 16th century to the present.
		Introduction to the environmental history of Africa from 1800 to the present.
		Topics examined include Africa's physical environment, role of natural resources in the development of African societies, demography, agriculture, desertification, deforestation, conservation, famine, and economic development.
	www.usfca.edu /acadserv/catalog/history_courses.html (2552 words)

	Selected African Studies Internet Sites
		The Brussels Centre for African Studies is co-sponsored by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Univérsité Libre de Bruxelles.
		MSU's program focuses on the diverse and extensive activities of the Center's 130 Africanist faculty and directs several valuable programs, including the Program on the Lakes of East Africa and the definitive national listing of all US undergraduate programs for study in Africa, the National Consortium for Study in Africa.
		The regions of Africa are those south of the Sahara.
	www.ecu.edu /african/archivesandprograms.htm (988 words)

	18 White Settlers in South Africa
		- this interpretation is supported by the fact that late in the 19th C when the problem of landlessness again reemerged in the South African Republic (Transvaal), a couple of attempts were made to organise new treks farther into the interior (into Zimbabwe or Angola).
		One of these new churches (known as the ‘Dopper Church’) was very austere; even singing of hymns was regarded as too worldly and the only music allowed was the singing of psalms (this was the church of Paul Kruger).
		- later, in the 1890s as gold began to bring wealth and power to the South African Republic (not to mention a railway line to Lourenço Marques and an independent link to the sea), the British position in South Africa was being threatened—a major factor in why the South African War was fought 1899-1902.
	husky1.stmarys.ca /~wmills/course316/18White_Settlers.html (5347 words)

	Summary of Memoirs of the Reign of Bossa Ahadee, King of Dahomy, an Inland Country of Guiney. To Which Are Added, the ...
		Robert Norris, an Englishman, was a trader in West Africa from the 1750s to the 1780s.
		In the late 1780s, Norris represented Liverpool slave traders by appearing before governmental investigative committees.
		Return to Documenting the American South Home Page
	docsouth.unc.edu /neh/norris/summary.html (319 words)

	gsu_irish
		The book should be a ball of light in one's hand" (Ezra Pound)
		PIC social portraiture in the mode of Sir Joshua Reynolds: portion of Portrait of a Negro Man, Olaudah Equiano (1780s)
		part of the loading plan for a slave ship; a triangular trade flourished—slaves to the Americas, cotton and other plantation products to Europe, trinkets to Africa to barter for fresh bodies
	class.georgiasouthern.edu /irish/wl_two_h (3157 words)

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