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Topic: 1781

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1781 in science

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

1781 in literature

Second Battle of Ushant

American Revolutionary War

1780

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List of state leaders in 1781

1777

1776

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Battle of the Chesapeake

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	Battle of Yorktown (1781) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Battle of Yorktown (1781) was a victory by a combined American and French force led by General George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau over a British army commanded by General Lord Charles Cornwallis.
		When General Rochambeau met General Washington in Wethersfield, Connecticut on 22 May 1781 to determine their strategy against the British, they made plans to move against New York City, which was occupied by about 10,000 men under General Sir Henry Clinton, the overall British commander.
		On 14 August 1781, Washington received news that French Admiral de Grasse, stationed in the West Indies, was sailing with his fleet to the Chesapeake Bay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_(1781) (589 words)

	1781 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1778 1779 1780 - 1781 - 1782 1783 1784
		1781 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).
		January 5 - American Revolutionary War: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1781 (631 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: John J. Zubly (1724-1781)
		In 1780 and 1781 Zubly wrote a series of nine essays under the pseudonym of Helvetius.
		In May 1781 the Americans' prospects and conditions were not good, as Zubly was quick to point out.
		On July 23, 1781, he died, peacefully, surrounded by family and friends and confident that history had proved he was justified in the rightness of his opposition to the war for independence.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-662 (1173 words)

	Northern Pacific #1781 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This 24-foot caboose was built by the Northern Pacific as their #1781 in 1923.
		#1781 was renumbered to BN #10975 and painted in the BN's cascade green and white paint scheme.
		It was moved to North Freedom in October of that year and is presently used as bunk facilities.
	www.mcrwy.com /COLLECTN/caboos/np1781.html (147 words)

	Yorktown Campaign (1781)
		It was a tribute to their individual characters and professionalism that the complexities of such operations succeeded, given that neither of the army commanders spoke the language of the other.
		In late April 1781, the British commander in the South, Cornwallis, decided to initiate an offensive in Virginia in hope of resolving the stalemated British campaign to conquer the Carolinas.
		The remarkably swift execution by the joint and combined military Franco-American forces, leading to the 1781 Yorktown victory has been difficult for some to accept as the result of evolving circumstances which were exploited by the exemplary, rapid decisions of the various allied commanders.
	xenophongroup.com /mcjoynt/yrkcam-z.htm (3018 words)

	1776 vs 1781 USA Charts
		In the 1781 chart, Mars is strong, powerfully placed, lending support to two weak planets, Saturn and Mercury, and representing the military’s role in aiding our technology, communications, and research and development sectors.
		But, it should also be considered that the 1781 chart is far more powerful and influential when you primarily consider the planets of the royal cabinet: Sun, Moon, Mars, and Jupiter.
		The 1781 chart is clearly the winner in that case as well.
	www.jupitersweb.com /1776_vs_1781_usa_charts.htm (1200 words)

	New Year's Day, 1781 - The Day the Rebels Rebelled
		The story of the Pennsylvania mutiny of 1781 is well known to students of the American Revolution.
		Note in Figure 3, the generic army enlistment form of 1777, there is a statement in the enlistment agreement that the term of the enlistment is "for three years".
		While the author does not mean to imply that the enlistment forms are solely responsible for the Pennsylvania mutiny of 1781, he does believe that they contributed significantly to the general discontent of the troops.
	www.continentalline.org /articles/9504/950401.htm (1341 words)

	Louisiana Timeline: Year 1781
		By the spring of 1781 Galvez has conquered West Florida and the colony turns to attempts to expand trade.
		September 1781; Acting governor Piernas authorizes militia captain Baptista Hugon and eight fl militiamen to pursue runaway slaves hiding in the rear of Madam Le Conte’s plantation.
		Until 1781 the Cabildo employed and controlled both the public printer and the town crier.
	www.enlou.com /time/year1781.htm (677 words)

	Chronology of the Siege of Yorktown (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		September 30, 1781 - As allied engineers begin to decide on the layout of siege lines, troops begin construction of gabions, fascines and other items for siege warfare.
		October 16, 1781 - British sortie attempts to spike allied guns, but the raid is ineffective.
		October 19, 1781 - In the afternoon, the British garrison at Yorktown marches to Surrender Field to lay down their arms.
	www.nps.gov /colo/Ythanout/chronyt.html (540 words)

	The British Surrender at Yorktown, 1781
		In the summer of 1781, after six years of war, the American Army was struggling.
		A second British army lead by General Lord Cornwallis ravaged the South - capturing Charleston, Richmond, and apparently was heading for the Chesapeake Bay.
		The French, allied with the Americans since 1778, had landed six thousand troops in Rhode Island while the French fleet gathered in the Caribbean preparing to do battle with the British.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /yorktown.htm (973 words)

	1781
		As she turns away to wipe a tear from her eye with a handkerchief, a young girl in elaborately pleated dress and cap points down to a letter dropped on the carpet beside her.The scene out the window, corner left, is a park-like landscape.
		A young man in lace collar and cape makes a sweeping gesture (r.) with his feathered hat and raises his eyes to the heavens as he swears his love for the young woman seated behind him on a sofa.
		As she passes him on the street, a fashionable young woman holding a lapdog raises her fan to screen her view of a short, plainly dressed man urinating against a wall.
	www.lclark.edu /~jhart/mezzo1780/mezzodated1781.html (2138 words)

	RFC 1781 (rfc1781) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For example: Steve Kille Kille [Page 6] RFC 1781 User Friendly Naming March 1995 Could be interpreted in the context of an organisational default.
		Kille [Page 16] RFC 1781 User Friendly Naming March 1995 Implementors of this specification are encouraged to investigate variants of the basic algorithm.
		Kille [Page 18] RFC 1781 User Friendly Naming March 1995 The author contends that whilst typed naming is interesting for some types of searching (e.g., yellow page searching), it is less desirable for naming objects.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /cgi-bin/rfc/rfc1781.html (4978 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: GUNS OF INDEPENDENCE : The Siege of Yorktown, 1781 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The siege of Yorktown in the fall of 1781 was the single most decisive engagement of the American Revolution.
		France sided with the colonies as early as 1778, but it was the dispatch of 5,500 infantry under Comte de Rochambeau in the summer of 1780 that shifted the tide of war against the British.
		This volume provides a solid education in the actions at Yorktown in September/October 1781, and for those interested in the siege, this is the volume to read.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1932714057?v=glance (2060 words)

	Cowpens staff ride & battlefield tour
		But if Lieutenant Mackenzie is correct and the reserves were not yet disentangled from the Thicketty Creek underbrush, the Green Dragoon also showed a blind eye to the limits of his troops' abilities, the same weakness that had resulted in his men's exhaustion on the field that morning.
		The small battle on that cold gray morning in January 1781 did not alter the outcome of the war or even the course of the campaign in the south.
		On the night of 15 January 1781, Tarleton surprised some of Morgan's pickets on the banks of the Pacolet River.
	www.cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Moncure/moncure.asp (19698 words)

	Charles Messier's Personal Catalog of 1781
		This is the translation of Charles Messier's personal copy of his catalog, as published 1781 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784 (the final published version), together with his personal remarks written on this copy.
		(February 9, 1781) `Nebula without star, near the preceding [M81]; both are appearing in the same field of the telescope, this one is less distinct than the preceding; its light faint and [it is] elongated: at its extremity is a telescopic star.
		(February 17, 1781) `Nebula without star, near the head of Centaurus: it appears as a faint and even glow, but it is difficult to see in the telescope, as the least light to illuminate the micrometer wires makes it disappear.
	www.seds.org /messier/Xtra/history/m-cat81.html (6876 words)

	References for Battles and Skirmishes in 1781
		Yorktown (1781) Trois mois d'opérations combinées sur terre et sur mar dans une guerre de coalition.
		Yorktown: a compendious account of the campaign of the allied French and American forces, resulting in the surrender of Cornwallis and the close of the American Revolution; the succeeding events, to the treat of peace; and the celebration of the centennial anniversary of the surrender at Yorktown.
		Wright, John W. "Notes on the Siege of Yorktown in 1781 with Special Reference to the Conduct of a Siege in the Eighteenth Century." William and Mary Quarterly, 2d Ser., 12 (October 1932), pp.
	www.revwar75.com /battles/ref1781.htm (1266 words)

	Lafayette's Virginia Campaign (1781)
		A related factor in examining the British 'Southern Strategy' of 1780 and early 1781, was that it was launched as an effort to expedite a British victory over the rebellion.
		At Cowpens, SC (17 Jan 1781), a well led force of American Continentals and militia routed a small force led by the famous British cavalry officer, Tarleton.
		Cornwallis was compelled to jettison much of his baggage to expedite his army's movement, while he also drew further from the his coastal logistical base that was vital to British regular army operations in the colonies.
	www.xenophongroup.com /mcjoynt/laf_va.htm (6182 words)

	Guilford Courthouse, 15 March 1781
		His position immensely strengthened by Daniel Morgan's victory at Cowpens (17 January 1781), Greene skillfully retreated before Cornwallis' force and finally, his ranks swollen by militia, gave battle on grounds of his own choosing at Guilford Court House, N.C. Greene deployed his forces in three lines.
		The first was composed of North Carolina militia whom he asked to fire several volleys and retire; the second was made up of Virginia militia; the third, posted on a rise of ground, comprised Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware Continentals.
		Greene, while losing two more such battles, by October 1781 had forced the British to withdraw to their last enclaves in the South — Charleston and Savannah.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/art/p-p/revwar/GCH.htm (296 words)

	The First Battle of the Virginia Capes (1781)
		The year 1781 began with some significant naval activities in the North American theater.
		In Virginia, the French force, under Rochambeau's second in command, Baron Vioménil, would conduct a campaign along with an American force that was concurrently marching by land under Major General Lafayette.
		In this 'first' naval engagement off the capes, Arbuthnot kept open a line of communications to Arnold's British land army, which was conducting a campaign of devastation in Virginia.
	www.xenophongroup.com /mcjoynt/capes_1.htm (1721 words)

	The Battle of the Saintes
		In Fort Royal, Martinique,the French Admiral, The Compte, Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse, had gathered his battle fleet and was preparing to join with the Spanish for an invasion of British-held Jamaica.
		Seven months previously, in September 1781, de Grasse had landed French reinforcements for General Washington's troops in Virginia and then trounced the British fleet under Admiral Graves in the Battle of the Capes.
		The French, riding a wave of victory, were determined to oust the British from all of the new world and win the Caribbean for the glory of France.
	www.fortogden.com /saintes.html (806 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Guilford Courthouse 1781: Lord Cornwallis's Ruinous Victory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the Spring of 1781, the American Revolutionary War had dragged on for almost six years and the outcome still hung in the balance.
		When the British commander Lord Cornwallis launched his invasion of North Carolina in early 1781, his objective was to destroy General Nathaniel Greene's American army.
		At Guilford Courthouse on March 15, 1781 the two armies met.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0275984613 (237 words)

	[No title]
		Network Working Group S. Kille Request for Comments: 1781 ISODE Consortium Obsoletes: 1484 March 1995 Category: Standards Track Using the OSI Directory to Achieve User Friendly Naming Status of this Memo This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
		All attributes of type OrganisationalUnit may have the type omitted, unless they are after an Organisation attribute or the first attribute is of type OrganisationalUnit.
		For example, James Hacker, Basingstoke, Widget Inc, GB Would match the distinguished name: CN=James Hacker, L=Basingstoke, O=Widget Inc, C=GB Abbreviation Some of the more significant components of the DN will be omitted, and then defaulted in some way (e.g., relative to a local context).
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc1781.txt (4978 words)

	US People--Lawrence, James (1781-1813)
		James Lawrence was born in Burlington, New Jersey, on 1 October 1781.
		Photograph taken during the 1940s of the double house in Burlington, New Jersey, where James Lawrence was born on 1 October 1781.
		The author James Fenimore Cooper was born in the house on the left.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/pers-us/uspers-l/j-lawrnc.htm (904 words)

	1781
		When they did arrive, Greene's single artillery regiment amounted to crews for just a handful of fieldpieces; his two legionary corps operated as a small cavalry regiment; and of the two partisan corps, only Lee's remained fit for combat.
		During 1781 those troops would engage in the war's decisive campaigns.
		Although the new regiment did not regain the power of the 1776 regimental arrangement, it was substantially better organized and more efficient than the typical British regiment.
	www.myrevolutionarywar.com /units-american/1781.htm (1898 words)

	THE MAP OF GIUSEPPE VASI
		The Map was published in 1781 and it is one of Vasi's last works.
		It is not a map in a technical sense, it is rather a bird's eye view with more than 300 points of interest clearly identified.
		The 1781 map by Giuseppe Vasi shows most of the monuments of Rome, but not all of them.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Map.html (151 words)

	The Articles of Confederation - 1777
		The Articles were in force from March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789, when the present Constitution of the United States went into effect.
		During those years the 13 states were struggling to achieve their independent status, and the Articles of Confederation stood them in good stead in the process and exercise of learning self-government.
		An industrious youth who mastered his studies of the law without the advantage of a school, a tutor, or a master - borrowing books and snatching opportunities to read and research between odd jobs - he was one of the greatest self-made men among the Founders.
	www.barefootsworld.net /aoc1777.html (8022 words)

	American Biographies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lafayette had developed into a loyal and excellent officer under Washington and, having demonstrated leadership in several battles, he was chosen to command the Continental forces in Virginia in 1781.
		Lafayette became one of three division commanders in the American army during the Yorktown campaign.
		Lafayette returned to France in December 1781 and went on to serve in the French army.
	www.nps.gov /colo/Ythanout/Lafayettebio.htm (239 words)

	SavasBeatie LLC Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The campaign has all the drama any historian or student could want: the war’s top generals and admirals pitted against one another, decisive naval engagements, cavalry fighting, siege warfare, nighttime bayonet attacks, and much more.
		His surrender on October 19, 1781, effectively ended the war in North America.
		The Guns of Independence: The Siege of Yorktown, 1781 is a thoroughly updated and revised edition of that rare earlier work.
	www.savasbeatie.com /Yorktown.html (853 words)

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