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| | History of Istanbul, Turkey |
 | | In 512 BC, the city was conquered by the Persian Emperor Darius, until 479 BC, when it was captured by the Spartan king Pausinias. |
 | | It wasn't long before the city came under siege again, this time by Philip of Macedon in 340 BC, but the strong fight put up by the Byzantines allowed them to defeat the Macedonians. |
 | | In the year 179 BC, the city was captured by the Rhodian, Pergamonian and Bithinian forces, followed by a brief takeover by Mithritades, the king of Pontus, before returning again to Roman domination. |
| www.istanbultravelguide.net /history.htm (410 words) |
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