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	1809 Definition / 1809 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, according to the Finns in personal union with Imperial Russia.
		The territory to become the Grand Duchy of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of FredrikshamnThe Treaty of Fredrikshamn (Freden i Fredrikshamn in Swedish and Haminan rauha in Finnish) was a peace treaty concluded between Sweden and Russia on September 17, 1809.
		1809 is a thorough, professional account of the famous British retreat in the winter of 1808/1809.
	www.elresearch.com /1809 (2330 words)

	1809 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Archaeology - Architecture - Art - Literature - Music
		1809 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).
		April 19 - Battle of Raszyn between armies of Austria (attackers) and Duchy of Warsaw (defenders) as a part of struggles of the Fifth Coalition (1809).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1809 (1197 words)

	Whose Pharaohs?: INTRODUCTION
		Learning about archaeology primarily from the Europeans, Egyptians gradually came to realize that it could be turned to their own ends.
		These developments in Egyptian archaeology and museology were part of a global process in which states and peoples, over the course of the nineteenth century, struggled to define themselves as modern nations.
		For thirty years thereafter, Egyptianization of archaeology and the government progressed fitfully and rearguard actions enabled Europeans to keep a tenuous grip on the levers of power until the 1952 revolution.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/8825/8825.intro.html (5868 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Fanny Kemble (1809-1893)
		The British actress and writer Fanny Kemble's infamous entanglement with Georgia began in the 1830s when she married Pierce Mease Butler, who in 1836 inherited his grandfather's legacy, including hundreds of slaves and several plantations on the Sea Islands.
		Frances Anne Kemble was born in 1809 into the first family of the British stage.
		After her London debut in 1829 at Covent Garden, where she triumphed in the role of Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, she became an icon of the British stage; she achieved international stardom on her tour up and down the East Coast of the United States in the fall of 1832.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-792 (779 words)

	Archaeology and Our Religion - FARMS Papers
		The idea of archaeology as the key to a man's origin and destiny was introduced as a weapon of anti-clerical polemic in the revolutionary movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
		The eager visitor to a hundred recent diggings is fated to discover that people once lived in stone or brick or wooden houses, cooked their food (for they ate food) in pots of clay or metal over fires, hunted, farmed, fished, had children, died, and were buried.
		But now archaeology has found too much; the worlds are there, but they are not isolated—not even China; they are all members of a single community, and by far the best handbook guide to the nature and identity of that community remains the Bible.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=transcripts&id=51 (4412 words)

	George Robins Gliddon - LoveToKnow Watches
		GEORGE ROBINS GLIDDON (1809-1857), British Egyptologist, was born in Devonshire in 1809.
		His father, a merchant, was United States consul at Alexandria, and there Gliddon was taken at an early age.
		He wrote also Memoir on the Cotton of Egypt (1841); Appeal to the Antiquaries of Europe on the Destruction of the Monuments of Egypt (1841); Discourses on Egyptian Archaeology (1841); Types of Mankind (1854), in conjunction with J. Nott and others; Indigenous Races of the Earth (1857), also in conjunction with Nott and others.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /George_Robins_Gliddon (134 words)

	The Nevis Synagogue Archaeology Project
		It is not certain when the synagogue closed, but written records indicate that the building was in ruins by 1809 and completely gone by 1846.
		At the request of the Nevis Historical and Conservation Society, Michelle Terrell (Ph.D., Boston University) and Eva Hill (M.A., University of Minnesota) began an archaeological investigation in 1993 at the location held to be the site of the synagogue of Nevis' 17th- and 18th-century Jewish community upon which stands a small stone ruin.
		The archaeological investigation of the Nevis synagogue is one aspect of Michelle Terrell's dissertation on the historical archaeology of a single colonial-period Jewish community.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~terre011/Synagogue.html (924 words)

	Archaeology for Elementary Students
		Scientists of the past who helped to develop archaeology methods can be the focus of the research.
		To understand the true meaning of archaeology and its background history leads to understanding the relevance and science of archaeology itself.
		Archaeology: The scientific study of human behavior based on the material remains of past activity.
	bellnetweb.brc.tamus.edu /archaeol.htm (3015 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Archaeology - Balkans 1731, 2343, 2870, 2871, 2978, 3305, 3407, 3546, 3838, 4526, 4647
		Archaeology - Hala Sultan Tekke 234, 235, 238, 250
		Archaeology - Troy 107, 371, 1277, 1331, 1447, 1722, 1963, 2313, 2422, 2638, 2639, 2645, 2648, 2649, 2651, 2652, 2653, 2654, 2655, 2656, 2657, 2976, 2977, 3239, 3271, 3273, 3642, 4149, 4350, 4351, 4427, 4428, 4780
	www.asor.org /HITTITE/Dbasesubj.html (3232 words)

	1809 in archaeology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The year 1809 CE in archaeology included many events, some of which are listed below.
		See also: 1808 in archaeology, other events of 1809, 1810 in archaeology and the list of years in archaeology.
		This page was last modified 20:25, 26 July 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1809_in_archaeology (74 words)

	Biblica 83 (2002) Ziony ZEVIT
		By Biblical archaeology or knowledge of antiquity we mean the scientific representation of the way of life of the Israelite people as the only nation of antiquity that God had selected as bearer of revelations recorded in the Bible.
		Considering ‘Biblical archaeology’ a perfectly good term with a long tradition in Biblical studies, ministerial training, and Christian education, they were not particularly bothered by issues raised by Dever and may have considered his call for change much ado about little.
		Notwithstanding this crossover of rhetoric, the ‘minimalist-maximalist’ debate is unlike the ‘tenth century’ one with regard to the training of the disputants, the nature of the evidence, the quality of the evidence, and the type of the rhetoric.
	www.bsw.org /project/biblica/bibl83/Comm01m.html (9014 words)

	Online Articles and Books
		A special issue of Antiquity to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the publication of Clarke's classic paper, which, in Britain at least, has come to be consideredone of the seminal statements of the New Archaeology, by one of its leading proponents.
		A detailed survey of the history and development of medieval archaeology, from antiquarians to the application of modern theories and everything in between.
		A discussion of the claim that archaeology is divided between two mutually exclusive sectors: an academic wing concerned with research, and a commercial wing whose activities are related to the planning process.
	www.gla.ac.uk /archaeology/resources/theory/online.html (586 words)

	The Hunter Archaeological Society
		The Hunter Archaeological Society was founded in 1912 to study and report on the archaeology, history and architecture of South Yorkshire and North Derbyshire.
		He was born on 6 February 1783 in Sheffield, the son of a cutler.
		Educated at Attercliffe, he later studied theology at New College in York, becoming a Unitarian Minister in Bath in 1809.
	www.shef.ac.uk /archaeology/hunter/society.html (195 words)

	Miami University:Department of Comparative Religion
		One of the goals of biblical scholarship is to question the text, in that questioning, arrive at new insights, and develop further questions.
		Archaeology and Biblical Studies (REL 311) addresses these and other questions as we survey the archaeology of the eastern Mediterranean region from the Neolithic period (ca.
		Settlement patterns, the material culture, fortifications, monumental architecture, domestic contexts, cultic and other objects will be discussed along with the question of the ethnic and religious identities of the various groups who settled this land
	www.units.muohio.edu /religion/academics/AncientNearEast.shtml (610 words)

	George Rogers Clark - Archaeology of a Frontier Hero
		Archaeology by, and related to, George Rogers Clark in Indiana can be separated into several locations to highlight.
		With his explorations of an Indian burial mound on his Virginia estate in the 1780s, Jefferson conducted the first attempt at a scientific excavation, with understandings of stratigraphy, and its importance, and the development of excavation techniques (Ceram 1971:3, 6-8).
		Battlefield archaeology is happening in many locations across the country (see http://www2.cr.nps.gov/abpp/Hidden/Hidden.htm), and archaeology in Indiana, as mentioned earlier, has the potential to not only produce additional information to enhance our understanding of the military campaign in Vincennes, but to expand the body of knowledge regarding Clark in general.
	www.statelib.lib.in.us /www/ihb/resources/archgrc.html (1961 words)

	Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Osbert G.S. Crawford was born in 1886 in Bombay, India.
		He studied at Oxford University and later served in the Royal Flying Corps in World War I. After having flown with them, he discovered that there was great possibility for using aerial photography in the field of archaeology.
		Osbert Guy Stanhope Crawford did a great deal to help advance the study of archaeology and will be remembered for it.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/abcde/crawford_osbert.html (158 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		Its relevance for archaeology was to further the acceptance of the antiquity of man. In his book, "The Descent of Man" (1871), he speculated that our closest relatives in the animal world were chimpanzee and gorilla and that Africa was our likely homeland.
		DEFINITION: Scottish geologist largely responsible for the general acceptance of the view that all features of the earth's surface are produced by physical, chemical, and biological processes over long periods of geological time (Uniformitarianism).
		His work had a bearing on the development of archaeology at two points.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=Arles (824 words)

	Journal of World Prehistory
		Advances in the archaeology of Pampa and Patagonia, by Luis Abel Orquera
		The archaeology of the Spanish contact period in the Caribbean, by Kathleen Deagan
		Orinoquia: the archaeology of the Orinoco River Basin
	faculty.washington.edu /aeclose/publishe.htm (2067 words)

	WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka - History & Archaeology
		During the last one million years, when humans are known to have existed in various parts of India, Sri Lanka was connected to the sub-continent on numerous occasions.
		Early Man and the Rise of Civilisation in Sri Lanka: the Archaeological Evidence (By S. Deraniyagala, Director-General of Archaeology, Sri Lanka: It is therefore possible that humans were present in Sri Lanka from at least as early as one million years ago.
		It is the definitive text on the prehistoric archaeology of the island.
	www.lankalibrary.com /geo.html (5200 words)

	Indiana--Cession of September 30, 1809 (Royce #71 and #72) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The first land cession in Indiana in which we find the Potawatomi concerned was that of September 30, 1809, held at Fort Wayne, Indiana.
		The land cessions indicated above and whose boundaries are given in the maps prepared by Royce are well to the south of the area of village occupation by the Potawatomi.
		Copyright 1996, Glenn Black Laboratory of Archaeology and The Trustees of Indiana University
	www.gbl.indiana.edu /Pot/PI71&72.html (167 words)

	DailyProgress.com \| Front Page
		Part of the national commemora-tion of the 200th anniversary of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, this exhibit celebrates both the accom-plishments of Lewis and Clark and Mr.
		Madison's work, often behind the scenes, as Secretary of State and America's chief diplomat in the Jefferson Cabinet (1801 - 1809).
		Archaeology Sites dot the Montpelier landscape and help us understand more about Montpelier's rich history.
	media.gatewayva.com /cdp/passport/story8.htm (678 words)

	Emerging Ethnonyms, Ethnicity and Archaeology
		In historical archaeology, these "natural analytical units" must be used with outmost care.
		The use and misuse of early written sources and archaeology by combining archaeological evidence and written records urge us to develop a better understanding of the changeable significance of ethnonyms and - hence – of cultural identities or ethnicity in history
		Finland was part of Sweden until 1809, then lost to the Russians, and newly independent in 1917.
	www.cr.nps.gov /seac/wallerstrom/wallerstrom1.htm (4797 words)

	HISTORY
		The first systematic European exploration of Egypt was in the late 18th century, and was undertaken by a small team of French scholars (known as savants) who accompanied Napoleon's military expedition through the Nile Valley.
		Their task was to record all aspects of Egypt's flora, fauna and history, the results of which were published between 1809 and 1822 as the 24 volume "Description de l'Egypt".
		Napoleon's expedition was bought to an end by the arrival of the British, but the French scholars were allowed to continue their work until 1802.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /history1.htm (791 words)

	City Art Gallery & Museum - Archaeology in Worcester 2000/01- Historic Suburbs
		Historic Suburbs - While the late 1990s saw a notable concentration of archaeological work in relation to development on the northern edge of the city centre, 2000-01 saw a new focus on areas to the east and north-east, with several developments started or planned.
		This included fragments of inkwells and a possible ceramic battery, made in Grainger's 'Chemical porcelain' and dating probably from the 1850s, bone china wasters from the mid and later 19th century, kiln furniture, several sherds dated to the period 1800-15, and a single sherd which can be dated to the period before 1805.
		The early material is very important in that it confirms the probable location of the first Grainger factory, destroyed by fire in 1809, while the presence of unglazed wasters establishes that ceramics were actually made on site at that time, rather than just decorated there.
	www.worcestercitymuseums.org.uk /archaeo/hot/rep0001/rep00d.htm (972 words)

	The "Looting Question" Bibliography
		Extracts, taken directly from the writings of known archaeologists, were chosen on the basis of what was interesting, however, when combined, the extracts give a view of the whole scope of archaeological discovery.
		In Underwater Archaeology: Proceedings of the 16th Conference on Underwater Archaeology, edited by J.P. Delgado, pp.
		Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C. - This special report was stimulated by debate over use of data from looted or commercial contexts.
	wings.buffalo.edu /anthropology/Documents/lootbib.shtml (13172 words)

	JAIC 1987, Volume 26, Number 2, Article 3 (pp. 85 to 104)
		This paper will discuss briefly some of the historical origins of conservation in archaeology and anthropology; it will, however, focus mainly on archaeology.
		Although conservation treatments applied by conservators and restorers in general to archaeological and anthropological artifacts have not developed separately from conservation efforts in anthropology and archaeology, they generally represent two different trends of thought and practice which have influenced each other.
		The earliest restorations were done in the classical workshops of craftsmen and artists of every great civilization.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic26-02-003_1.html (576 words)

	Publications - Archeology Research Lab - Santa Clara University
		The Archaeology Research Lab publishes a wide range of articles, reports and histories about our community.
		For every archaeological project that has occurred on campus, a report detailing our findings has to be written and submitted to the state under CEQA (in our case, all of our reports go to the Northwest Info Center at Sonoma State University).
		The Archaeology Lab is also a proud sponsor of the Research Manuscript Series, a University publication on the cultural and natural history of Santa Clara.
	www.scu.edu /arl/publications.html (582 words)

	Beyond Touring - In The Footsteps Of The Maya
		A current summary introduction of the field of archaeology written by two Maya archaeologists.
		An outstanding, comprehensive introduction to the field of archaeology witten by three Mesoamerican archaeologists (two Mayanists) using numerous examples taken from archaeological research at the large Maya site of Copan.
		Archaeology and Ethnohistory on a Spanish Colonial Frontier: The Macal-Tipu Project in Western Belize.
	www.beyondtouring.com /Reading/reading.htm (888 words)

	Course Listings in Classics and World Religions
		Topics include the initial development of civilization in Greece and its rebirth after the fall of the Mycenaean palaces, the development of architectural styles, civic monuments and private houses; public vs. private art, and the role of public art in propaganda.
		We will emphasize the use of archaeology to interpret the social development of the Greeks.
		Topics covered: the beginning of agriculture in Greece, the origin of the Minoan palaces, the eruption of Thera, the rise of Mycenaean power, causes for decline at the end of the Bronze Age.
	www.classics.ohiou.edu /courses/clar-all.php (989 words)

	The Story of the Wreck of the Admiral Gardner (English East India Company Ship) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Admiral Gardner and the Britannia East Indiamen on the Goodwin Sands, 24 Jan 1809.
		They were fitted and equipped with great care, and often escorted by Royal Navy ships through unfriendly waters, usually because of a seemingly never-ending war with the French.
		In the case of the Admiral Gardner, and her sister ship the Britannia, it was to prove fatal in the year 1809.
	www.eicships.info /ships/s815/wreck.htm (147 words)

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