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	Ampere
		Ampère was present at the Académie des Sciences on Sept. 11, 1820, when François Arago performed - for the first time in France - Hans Christian Oersted’s experiment demonstrating the magnetic effects of current-carrying wires on magnetized needles.
		During September and October 1820, Ampère per-formed a series of experiments designed to elucidate the exact nature of the relationship between electric current-flow and magnetism, as well as the relationships governing the behavior of electric currents in various types of conductors.
		Ampère’s most detailed report on the events of September and October 1820 was published as a lengthy two-part memoir in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /BOOK_AMPERE.HTM (327 words)

	Science Quotes
		Science is nothing but trained and organized common sense differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only as far as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a savage wields his club.
		Science is facts; just as houses are made of stone, so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house, and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.
		Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation.
	www.lhup.edu /~dsimanek/sciquote.htm (5100 words)

	Science Magazine Goes Political! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This society bases regulation on suspicion instead of science, says that DDT isn't harmful, and claims that global warming is the empirical equivalent of the Easter Bunny.
		If our society based regulation on legitimate science, maybe the 104th Congress would be less inclined to take money away from a system it perceives to produce too much junk science.
		Also, the Vice president has conveniently overlooked the fact that the use of DDT was, and continues to be, one of the most important public health measures of the 20th century.
	www.junkscience.com /news/science.html (320 words)

	[No title]
		In his poem ‘Lamia’ (1820) Keats typified science as ‘cold philosophy’ which stripped the world of her wondrous veil of mystery.
		In fact ‘elective affinity’ might be a more accurate description of the bond between literature and science, an affinity rooted in the knowledge that both writer and scientist are committed to a process of continual exploration of the experiential world.
		Goethe was deeply involved in the science of his day and contributed to the fields of botany, comparative anatomy, meteorology, and geology, as well as developing original theories of morphology and colour.
	www.prometheus.demon.co.uk /04/04smith.htm (2115 words)

	Capitalizing on a past investment; why we need bibliometric studies of social science literature again - 65th IFLA ...
		Maurice Line has drawn attention to features of social science information that distinguish it from the sciences, this includes instability and imprecision since they are concerned with the behaviour of human beings.
		The DISISS project yielded a snapshot of the literature of the social sciences as it was in the mid-1970's that could be compared with a snapshot of what is happening now, twenty-five years later.
		One critical question that is of continuing concern to researchers in the social sciences is the coverage of their subject field in languages other than those they have access to; and can read.
	www.ifla.org /IV/ifla65/papers/031-150e.htm (1677 words)

	Encyclopedia: 1821 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		See also: 1820 in literature, other events of 1821, 1822 in literature, list of years in literature.
		See also: 1820 in music, other events of 1821, 1822 in music and the list of years in music.
		1820 state leaders - Events of 1821 - 1822 state leaders - State leaders by year See also: List of religious leaders in 1821 List of international organization leaders in 1821 List of colonial governors in 1821 Africa Ashanti Confederacy - Osei Bonsu, Asantehene (1804-1824) Buganda - Kamaya, King of Buganda (1814-1836) Bunyoro...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1821 (3416 words)

	HSbibGen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Mathematics and the sciences of the heavens and the earth.
		Science and Culture in Traditional Japan, A.D. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 498 pp.
		Science Museum, London, and National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution in association with Garland Publishing (NY), 709 pp.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~burchst/HSbibGen.html (8569 words)

	The Bible UFO Connection - The Connections - Embedded Anomalies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The American Journal of Science from 1822, north of Pittsburgh an unusually flat rectangular surface, 3 feet long and varying from 5 to 6 inches wide was found.
		The American Journal of Science, 1822 reported a number of man track impressions on an outcrop of grayish-blue crinoidal limestone along the west bank of the Mississippi for 3 miles just south of St. Louis.
		The layer in which the stump was found was dated to be between 50,000 and 75,000 years old nearly 10 times the accepted age of the supposed first metal usage.
	www.bibleufo.com /embed.htm (1969 words)

	Hindle: Early American History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		To Bridenbaugh and Shryock science was one of the central threads of history, requiring study not as a perspective on current science but because the understanding of history demanded it.
		The recent history of science has grown remarkably by all of the obvious measures, and the community of historians studying American science had multiplied by 1980 to the point of establishing a separate newsletter.
		The demand that science and technology be placed in their social contexts required attention to the material culture format of society.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~DRBR/hindle.html (6151 words)

	ANTEBELLUM AMERICAN SCIENCE: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The gain was in the suggestion of a greater social impact for science when viewed in a causative relationship to material advancement, while it was loss that science as knowledge was overshadowed in public perceptions by the more obvious economic and life-changing consequences derivative from technology and invention.
		Zoology in particular (and the life sciences more generally) constituted the largest area of interest for antebellum scientists, though this was followed closely by geology, which underscores the perception that American science was oriented to a significant degree toward study of the American environment.
		Science and science-related employment accounted for 70% of the occupational total for scientists, and employment in multiple positions characterized two-thirds of the scientific population.
	home.earthlink.net /~claelliott/antebellumsciencereview.htm (12302 words)

	Texas Reference Sources - T-EA General Science
		T-EA4 Bibliography of the publications of the Texas Academy of Science, 1929-1987.
		T-EA5 Scientific study and exploration in early Texas: a check-list of published books, papers, and notes on the history of science, and biographies of naturalists of Texas, October, 1928 to July, 1944.
		T-EA8 The Academies of Science of Texas (1880-1987).
	www.txla.org /pubs/trs/TEA.html (390 words)

	Science in the Service of Empire - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This book places his work in promoting ‘imperial science’, in the context of the consolidation of the British State during a time of extraordinary upheaval.
		The Royal Society and the emergence of science as an instrument of state policy; 3.
		Science in the service of the Republic of Letters; 7.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521550696&print=y (276 words)

	[No title]
		I argue that during the period that I consider—roughly 1820 to 1860—the landscape of science in culture should be revised to account for multiple, distinct, yet overlapping publics of science.
		In chapter five, I trace the development of Secularism from 1840s artisan freethought, showing that Secularism advanced a methodological materialism and a morality based on materialist principles, well in advance of the new naturalism or scientific agnosticism.
		In the conclusion, I consider causes for the “disappearance” of such subaltern or alternative science publics as radical science, the Mechanics’ Institutes, and Secularism, from the history and historiography of science, suggesting how cultural studies of discourse can aid in their recuperation and point to possibilities for contemporary interventions in science and technology.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~mdr2/publications/Abstract_only.doc (307 words)

	Making the Modern World - Icons Of Invention - Science - 1750-1820
		The Enlightenment of the eighteenth century set running a 'clock', joining science and reason with mechanical invention, a linkage which has had a profound and continuing influence for the world.
		In the eighteenth century astronomy, that keynote of the new sciences, found novel uses for specialised variants of these clocks.
		As the movements of stars and planets were timed, so the geometry and rhythms of the universe came to be better understood.
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /icons_of_invention/science/1750-1820/IC.020 (269 words)

	TIMELINE 19th Century page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		His dissertation was evidence of experimental skill and insight and has been noted as a significant American work in the physiology of digestion, but more recent evaluation comparing it to knowledge of the time finds it less remarkable.
		A summary of the geology of the area East of the Mississippi River, Maclure's endeavor was the first geological survey of the region.
		He is also pursued by the courtesan Chrysis of Galilee, who sets him three tasks, is later thought by the people of the city to be an incarnation of Aphrodite, but she does of poison before relaizing that Demetrios has fallen for her after all.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timeline19.html (7409 words)

	Curriculum Vitae
		"Savants and Professionals: The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1848-1860," in Alexandra Oleson and Sanborn Brown, eds., The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic: American Scientific and Learned Societies from Colonial Times to the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1976): 299-325.
		"Science: The Struggle for Survival, 1880-1894," in Science, 208 (4 July 1980): 33-42.
		With Donald Opitz, "Reimag(in)ing Women in Science: Crafting Self-Images and Negotiating Gender in Science," in Changing Images of the Sciences, ed.
	www1.umn.edu /scitech/cv/articles.html (862 words)

	Internet History of Science Sourcebook
		From the late 17th century until the late 19th century that vision of the cosmos was developed and filled in by what we now call "classical science".
		The achievements of this period have not been negated by the discoveries and theories of the late 19th and 20th centuries, but are now seen as accurate only with certain boundaries.
		This is one of the most successful, and early, statements on Materialism stemming from the conclusions of the New Science.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/science/sciencesbook.html (2786 words)

	Record Unit 7470 - Nathan Reingold Papers, 1952-1991
		Nathan Reingold (1927-), historian of American science, received B.A. (1947) and M.A. (1948) degrees from New York University and the Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania.
		He is the author of Science in Nineteenth-Century America, A Documentary History, 1964; Science in America since 1820, 1976; Science in America, A Documentary History, 1900-1939, 1981; and Science American Style: Selected Writings of Nathan Reingold, 1991.
		The papers of Nathan Reingold document his research on the history of American science, his professional activities, and his careers at the National Archives and Records Service, Library of Congress, and Smithsonian Institution.
	www.si.edu /archives/archives/findingaids/FARU7470.htm (1844 words)

	André-Marie Ampère: The Founder of Electromagnetism
		Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that a magnetic needle is deflected when the current in a nearby wire varies - a phenomenon establishing a relationship between electricity and magnetism.
		During September and October 1820, Ampère, influenced by Ørsted's discovery, performed a series of experiments designed to elucidate the exact nature of the relationship between electric current-flow and magnetism, as well as the relationships governing the behavior of electric currents in various types of conductors.
		Among others, Ampère showed that two parallel wires carrying electric currents magnetically attract each other if the currents are in the same direction and repel if the currents are in opposite directions.
	www.juliantrubin.com /bigten/ampereexperiments.html (378 words)

	Science -- Sign In (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pizza et al., Identification of Vaccine Candidates Against Serogroup B Meningococcus by Wh..., Science 2000 287: 1816-1820
		If you don't use cookies, sign in here.
		Join AAAS and subscribe to Science for free full access.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/287/5459/1816 (112 words)

	DGESL : Research : Abrupt Climate Change
		A recently completed National Academy of Sciences study (Jonathan Overpeck was a participant/co-author) makes the case that abrupt climate change also poses a serious future threat to society, both in developed and developing countries.
		An overarching goal of our research is to contribute to a better understanding of abrupt climate change, both during glacial/deglacial periods and interglacials.
		Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97: 1335-1338.
	www.geo.arizona.edu /dgesl/research/other/abrupt_climate_change/abrupt_climate_change.htm (358 words)

	1820 in science
		Home Natural Sciences Applied Arts Social Sciences Culture Fine Arts
		The year 1820 CE in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
		See also: 1819 in science, other events of 1820, 1821 in science and the list of years in science.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/1/18/1820_in_science.html (195 words)

	ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Research Guide - UCF Libraries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Indexes many journals in history, science, and the social sciences, in addition to the major anthropological journals.
		Abstracts and indexes the international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences.
		Explorations of the Middle Ages to the present in eight chapters: Archaeology of archaeology; Old worlds and new, 1500-1760; antiquarians and explorers, 1760-1820; science and romanticism, 1820-1860; search for human origins, 1860-1920; archaeology comes of age, 1920-1960; new techniques and competing philosophies, 1960-1990, and current controversies and future trends.
	library.ucf.edu /Reference/Guides/AnthropologyArchaeology.asp (3158 words)

	News from the USIA Washington File
		SPACE SCIENCE Current Cooperation Priorities: The Vice President and the Chairman of the Government encourage the sides to analyze their activities in astrophysics and astronomy, solar system exploration, and to determine their joint goals for cooperation in these areas.
		The Russian optical equipment is part of the PMIRR instrument designed to study atmospheric components such as the temperature, water vapor levels and dust content of the planet Mars.
		EARTH SCIENCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING The Vice President and the Chairman of the Government underscored the economic, social, and scientific need to better understand how the Earth's environmental processes work.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/russia/1997/97092416_wpo.html (1468 words)

	Faculty Bios
		I was the founding director of the NSF Science and Technology Center for Computer Graphics and Scientific Visualization, now in its eleventh year.
		Computational complexity, the study of the quantitative laws that govern computation, is an essential part of the science base needed to guide, harness, and exploit the explosively growing computer technology.
		In 1967, I joined the Cornell faculty, was named professor in 1972 and served as chairman of the Department of Computer Science from 1987 to 1992.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /annual_report/00-01/bios.htm (10668 words)

	Science News Online (2/13/99): References for "Prospects Dim for Live AIDS Vaccine" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Science News Online (2/13/99): References for "Prospects Dim for Live AIDS Vaccine"
		A live AIDS vaccine missing pieces of three key genes causes the simian form of the disease in monkeys, casting doubt on the prospect of using such an attenuated vaccine against HIV in humans.
		Mechanism of inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by nonnucleoside inhibitors.
	www.sciencenews.org /pages/sn_arc99/2_13_99/fob1ref.htm (108 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		MS 084 HOARE, MICHAEL E 84/1 Science and Scientific Associations in Eastern Australia 1820- 1890.
		Typescript dated 29.4.75 and photocopy of later version annotated “Corrected gally [sic] proofs returned 19.5.75” 2 One hundred years of science in Australia II.
		(A lecture given at the University of Melbourne, August 1970) 4 The foundation of science in Queensland II.
	www.science.org.au /academy/basser/lists/ms084.txt (159 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Focused on science and technology, it has more than twice as many scientific events than the Grun "Timetables of History" compilation (which deals with many more fields).
		It divides its subject by General, anthropology/archaeology, astronomy, biology, chemistry, math, medicien, physics, and technology, each presented in separate columns, using the same style as the Grun chronology.
		Though the expansion of science may complicate things, the tremendous advance in electronic communications means that editors could upgrade this volume in a fraction of the time required for the existing editors - at least from an operational point of view.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0671733281?v=glance (988 words)

	pachycephalosaurus pteranodon mosasaur science articles from RMDRC
		In late October, 2004, RMDRC began to consult on a new independent study program, where students work on paleontological studies with RMDRC Curator Nikki Hemmesch.
		The course, called Dinosaurs: A Vehicle for Discovery, explores the history and changing theories regarding the study of dinosaurs; and uses this information as a vehicle for understanding and discovering concepts of science, history, mathematics, English, and other subjects.
		The goal of this course is to provide teachers and student teachers with the knowledge and tools to implement dinosaur material into their classrooms as a means to reach their students in new and exciting educational approaches on a wide variety of concepts.
	www.rmdrc.com /science/science.htm (281 words)

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