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	GERMANWATCH - Future of Rail
		Heavy rail can also be used by freight trains, it has a strict operational scheme (concerning signaling and safety issues) and it is therefore expensive compared to light rail which is designed for transport needs in cities.
		Rail is — together with inland waterways - very appropriate to transport high amounts of (homogeneous) goods over long distances.
		In case that this target won’t be achieved this is a signal to decision makers to introduce further measures to strengthen rail transport.
	www.germanwatch.org /rio/rail0102.htm (1339 words)

	Articles - Railway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Rail transport is an energy efficient means of mechanised land transport.
		As a result, rail transport is the major form of public transport in many countries.
		Rail lines that carry little traffic are often built with a single track used by trains in both directions; on rail lines like these, "crossovers", "passing loops" or "passing sidings", which consist of short stretches of double track, are provided along the line to allow trains to pass each other, and travel in opposite directions.
	www.techize.com /articles/Railway (2136 words)

	Railroad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Though the rail system was extremely slow at first and prohibitively expensive to build and run, the British were not to be dissuaded in their pursuit of non-animal driven transportation.
		The most advanced mode of transportation prior to the introduction of the rail system was the horse drawn omnibus on a track, called a tram.
		Some rails were still made of wood, others iron and the first trains traveled at the pace of 3.5 miles per hour, significantly slower than the horse drawn coach which traveled at a speed of 9-10 miles per hour.
	www.gober.net /victorian/reports/railroad.html (1783 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Hot Topics - Transport
		Rail fares in the UK are now the third highest in Europe
		Even the government admits Britain's road and rail network is amongst the worst in Europe
		Although the rail network employs 130,000 people, it has a shortage of skilled engineers.
	www.bbc.co.uk /science/hottopics/transport/index.shtml (550 words)

	Rail Transportation; An Historical Military Study, Quartermaster Review 1927 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		THE purpose of this brief sketch is to show the humble origin of rail transportation, the mistakes that have occurred in railway operation for military purposes, the present high state of its development and its effect on the strategy of warfare.
		Transportation is the corner-stone upon which the whole structure of modern civilization is reared; and the corner-stone could not be laid until the railroad was produced.
		The most notable achievement of the rail transportation division of the Quartermaster General's office during the year 1865, was the transportation to their homes of the Armies of the West and of the Potomac after their review by the President and his Cabinet.
	www.qmfound.com /rail.htm (3690 words)

	Road, Rail and Water - transport in Offaly - Offaly History, Archaeology, Offaly Towns, Heritage, Research, King's ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In the seventeenth century road transport was still at a very rudimentary stage of development, ensuring that on its finalisation the canal was in a position to dominate travel to and from the county.
		As the railways offered a far speedier form of transport, their advent inevitably ensured the passing of the canal as the primary means of travel in the country and their initial arrival aroused a great deal of confrontation and bitterness between the canal companies and their new rivals.
		This was only barely sustainable in the hey-day of rail transport, but on the coming of independence it was clear that it was not a situation which could be allowed to persist indefinitely.
	www.offalyhistory.com /content/reading_resources/offaly_gen/road_rail_canal.htm (2795 words)

	First Railroads in North America
		Not germane to the functional definition of a particular line of rails, and hence to questions of its classification as a railroad, are: the source of motive power, kind of material for rails and supporting ties (sleepers), varieties of things transported, or classification under law as a private or public carrier.
		One of the massive timber rails was grooved – U-shaped – and the opposite one tongued.
		Rails at first were of wood and then of granite, both topped by iron straps.
	www.cprr.org /Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html (5083 words)

	Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park: History Timeline
		The connection of the east and west coasts by rail is celebrated in 1869.
		It is used to transport ships and troops during the Spanish-American War and World War I. The feeder canal closes in 1913.
		There is a decrease in pleasure boating and transport of goods during economic bust of the 1930s.
	www.dandrcanal.com /timeline.html (1083 words)

	1830 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		1827 1828 1829 - 1830 - 1831 1832 1833
		1830 was a common year starting on Friday (see link for calendar).
		You can find it there under the keyword 1830 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1830andaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/1830 (621 words)

	petr.8m.com
		Rail transport refers to the land transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads.
		As a result, rail transport is often the major form of public transport in many countries.
		Most rail systems, including urban metro/subway systems, are highly subsidised and have never or rarely been profitable; however, their indirect benefits are often great.
	casinofree.bravehost.com /page1.htm (1868 words)

	Coaching Days and the Road Engineers
		The modern steam railway that was born in 1830 was a different matter, attracting all passenger and express goods traffic to itself as soon as opened, in view of the much lower fares and much faster and more punctual travel.
		There was a large increase in traffic between 1760 and 1830 on roads and canals, but an even greater increase from 1830 to 1870 after the introduction of railways.
		American transport relied almost completely on coastal waters, lakes and rivers, to a greater extent even than in England, and all road travel was either very local, or else by foot, horseback or pack animal on primitive trails.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/tech/coaching.htm (3262 words)

	The Egyptian Rail Museum (Trains and other Transport) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Trains are a major means of transportation, and why not learn a little about them while waiting to board one at the Cairo train station.
		Transportation before steam engines section: This section demonstrates the evolution of transportation from the period of the pharaohs until the invention of steam engines.
		This is besides other models and pictures of wooden horse wagons that the pharaohs used in transportation and in the army as well.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/trainmuseum.htm (1273 words)

	Pathways to Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In the early nineteenth century, inland transportation outside major cities was limited to jolting wagon and carriage rides, or daunting marches through uncleared wilderness.
		The movement of goods away from the coastal corridor was difficult and expensive; if one form of the equality de Tocqueville so admired was that of equal access to merchandise, those who moved west were at an extreme disadvantage.
		These early systems of transportation wove the new country together, creating a promise of cohesion that would last to the Civil War.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/DETOC/transport/intro.html (438 words)

	Rail Baron & US Rails: A Retrospective, A Variant & A Review
		It is the suggestion of Gary Gygax, of DandD fame, and was part of an article on Rail Baron that he wrote for The Dragon.
		The setting is the fifties and sixties when society's growing enthusiasm for road transport brought the railway companies to the brink of ruin.
		As with Rail Baron, you put your network together by buying the companies on the board, but this time there is no dicing for destinations or movement.
	www.gamecabinet.com /reviews/RailBaronsRetro.html (1742 words)

	::Trains 1830 to 1900::
		The owners of the colliery decided to build a rail line from Stockton to Darlington so that they could move their coal to a large market with more ease.
		rail travel, despite the investment made into making rail lines, was 50% cheaper than coach travel.
		even the poor could afford rail travel as three different classes of travel existed - third class meant travelling in open topped carriages but the price was such that the less well off in society could use trains.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /trains_1830_to_1900.htm (795 words)

	Halifax County, Virginia, History
		By 1830 the population had risen to 28,034, which was comprised primarily of planters and slaves.
		Though the transport of hospital patients and prisoners added to the R&D railroad's use, they were a minor part of the large increase in traffic volume promulgated by the war.
		Virginia's transportation networks were one of the main Union targets during the war, and by 1865 were in ruins.
	www.oldhalifax.com /county/historicalMonograph.htm (11972 words)

	American Experience \| Streamliners \| Timeline
		Passenger rail travel reaches its all-time high, with 1.2 billion passengers boarding 9,000 inter-city trains and racking up 47 billion passenger miles every day.
		Recent labor strikes have crippled wartime industries, and Roosevelt fears that rail workers, in a wage dispute with their owners, might be next.
		Though it does not completely deregulate the rail industry (the ICC still retains control over setting rates), the legislation triggers massive reforms by allowing railroads to function competitively, placing increased reliance on the marketplace and not on regulation.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/streamliners/timeline/timeline2.html (1847 words)

	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Q&A: Rail strike threat
		The Rail, Maritime and Transport union is involved in a dispute with Network Rail over pay, pensions and travel benefits.
		The walkout could be the worst for almost a decade, since the railways were brought to a virtual standstill by a pay dispute in the run-up to privatisation.
		Millions of rail commuters are likely to be affected by the strike unless last-minute negotiations lead to the action being called off.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/uk/3735305.stm (597 words)

	Transport Canada - Surface Infastructure Programs - Bridges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Arch No. 1 is a 12 m (39.37 ft.) span stone masonry arch structure spanning a shallow channel of the Ottawa River directly north of the Union Bridge.
		The arch was constructed circa 1830 as part of the original Chaudière Crossing.
		Arch No. 3 was constructed circa 1830 as part of the original Chaudière Crossing and carries only southbound traffic since the construction of the Hull Causeway structure downstream.
	www.tc.gc.ca /programs/surface/bridges/chaudieredescription.htm (571 words)

	Rail Transport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		On September 15th, 1830, the Duke of Wellington officially opened the Liverpool Road Station, the world's first passenger railway station.
		With the building of Central Station in 1879, and the three new viaducts crossing Castlefield, most of the "castle in the field" was destroyed.
		This, coupled with the building of the Great Northern transport interchange in 1894, destroyed what remained of the "old town" of Aldport.
	www.macalester.edu /courses/GEOG61/sreid/rail.html (140 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| London \| Union boss quits transport board
		Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) general secretary Bob Crow was annoyed by Ken Livingstone's comments about next week's 24-hour strike.
		Mr Crow said he could not, "in all conscience" remain on the board of the mayor's transport authority.
		The walk-out, which begins at 1830 BST on Tuesday, is expected to cause huge disruption for passengers on London Underground.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/london/3838961.stm (363 words)

	Danger Ahead! Parkside (1830)
		The locomotive that knocked down William Huskisson MP Parkside, 15 September 1830 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway.
		Its popularity was no doubt due to the novelty of this form of transport as well as the speed with which they could be conveyed between the two cities.
		He fell and his leg was crushed between the locomotive's wheel and the rail.
	danger-ahead.railfan.net /accidents/parkside.htm (606 words)

	Early Railroads of New York (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The road was opened from Auburn to Geddes with wooden rails, June 8, 1838, at which date Sherwood's stage horses were put upon the line between Auburn and Geddes, and continued to draw the cars till June 4, 1839, when the "iron horse" was put on in their place.
		The charter was amended April 20th, 1837, so as to increase the capital stock $1,000,000, and authorized the directors to borrow to the amount of $400,000 for the completion of the road, and to secure the loan by a mortgage upon the property and stock of the company.
		The remainder of the road was laid upon longitudinal sills, upon which the sleepers rested; notched on both sides to secure the sills in their place, and also to receive the wood rail upon which rested the iron plate as in the first part of the road.
	www.catskillarchive.com /rrextra/abnyrr.Html (7737 words)

	Wendell Cox Consultancy: THE COMPETITIVE FUTURE OF URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
		Passenger transport costs have risen so substantially that the cost of moving a passenger one mile is now nearly three times that of the automobile.
		As in Miami, many of the vans are minority owned, and passenger transport authorities have attempted to eliminate competition from the vans using regulatory and legal strategies and lower fares on the competitive routes.
		If the US passenger transport trends of the last decade continue -- without incorporating competitive incentives -- ridership is projected to further decline, and passenger transport's work trip market share would be expected to drop another 19 percent to 4.1 percent in ten years.
	www.publicpurpose.com /t3-1.htm (9476 words)

	Story: Jackson's Evolution as a Rail Center
		The Central road was one of three railroads created by the legislature of Michigan for the purpose of improving travel and transportation of goods throughout the southern half of the lower peninsula.
		Between 1858 and the end of the Civil War in 1865 there was little rail expansion in Jackson.
		Jackson became a very accessible community which was attractive to industry because of competitive rail shipping rates.
	www.michiganrailroads.com /RRHX/Stories/JacksonEvolution.htm (1782 words)

	The London Underground
		<3> There was a lack of direct rail services (railroad lines which connected with each other to give a passenger direct access to his destination); the solution to this problem was the idea for a succession of main line stations linked by an underground railway.
		Traffic in the inner city would be relieved, all markets would experience an increase in business because they could be more easily reached by the public, and it fit in with the city's improvement scheme by clearing out the unsanitary slum areas with railway lines.
		Not only would the Victorian public have lost a method of transportation, but future generations would have been denied references to a metaphor of motion which fascinated the Victorians and permeated their art and literature.
	www.loyno.edu /~history/journal/1989-0/ladart.htm (2676 words)

	Historical Backgrnd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		In the 1800's these rivers were the roadways that transported a nation's goods.
		A rail line connecting the western United States to Mississippi was placed at Vicksburg.
		On April 16th, Porter's flotilla of gunboats and transport vessels ran passed the batteries of Vicksburg.
	www.nps.gov /vick/eduguide/chp_1/backgrnd.htm (2414 words)

	Taunton Branch Rail Road Corporation - Massachusetts 1836
		In New England the pioneering railroad lines of the 1830s and 1840s were improvements to existing transportation systems like turnpikes and stagecoach routes.
		Most rail lines connected with ports, reflecting the importance of shipping to the New England economy.
		Most rail construction was concentrated inland rather than along the coast.
	www.scripophily.net /taunbranrail.html (801 words)

	History of Pipelines
		While iron pipe for other uses in the US dates back to the 1830’s, the use of pipe for oil transportation started soon after the drilling of the first commercial oil well in 1859 by “Colonel” Edwin Drake in Titusville Pennsylvania.
		Early transport by teamster wagon, wooden pipes, and rail rapidly lead to the development of better and longer pipes and pipelines.
		In the 1860’s as the pipeline business grew, quality control of pipe manufacture became a reality and the quality and type of metal for pipes improved from wrought iron to steel.
	www.pipeline101.com /History (195 words)

	Gloucester Transport History
		Set at the lowest natural crossing point on the River Severn, Gloucester has always been a focus for travellers and as a result both the City and County have a rich transport heritage.
		First came the Romans with their roads, which evolved from the pathways of the Ancient Britons and grew into the complex of trunk roads and Motorways that we enjoy today.
		Gloucestershire also boasts a rich heritage of railway operations, having been the Nineteenth Century battleground of the gauges between the factions of Isambard Kingdom Brunel and George and Robert Stephenson.
	glostransporthistory.visit-gloucestershire.co.uk (695 words)

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