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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1841 in architecture
		Architecture and Induction: Whewell and Ruskin on Gothic
		Becher (4-8) briefly discusses the scientific nature of Whewell's architectural writings and their relationship to his views on other subjects; Schaffer (215-17) sketches the religious and political interests that these architectural writings were meant to serve.
		For Ruskin, the "corruption" of Gothic architecture was connected to "the peculiar degradation of the Romanist superstition, and of public morality in consequence" (9:44).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1841-in-architecture (231 words)

	Biographical Note. Hugo, Victor Marie. 1917. Notre Dame de Paris. Vol. XII. Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction
		The years from 1831 to 1841 were filled with writings which continually raised his reputation, until he reached the French Academy at the age of thirty-nine.
		The terminology of oceanography and meteorology almost drowns the story in some chapters of “Les Travailleurs de la Mer”; and the architecture and history of the middle ages intrude in “Notre Dame” far beyond what is necessary to give the required color and atmosphere.
		As a work of art this novel would only be improved by the omission of the chapters on the topography of Paris and the architecture of the cathedral.
	www.bartleby.com /312/2000.html (1068 words)

	Thomas Rickman - LoveToKnow 1911
		All his spare time was spent in sketching and making careful measured drawings, till he gained a knowledge of architecture which was very remarkable at a time when little taste existed for the beauties of the Gothic styles.
		His Attempt to discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England shows painstaking research, and ran through many editions.
		Rickman died at Birmingham on the 4th of January 1841.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Thomas_Rickman (354 words)

	ARCHITECTURE (Lat. arc... - Online Information article about ARCHITECTURE (Lat. arc...
		works of architecture properly so called these elements must exist, and be harmoniously combined.
		evolution of the art of architecture will be considered in various sections, associated with the nations and periods from which the leading historic styles are chronologically derived, in so far as the dominant influences on the art, and not the purely local characteristics of countries outside the See also:
		section on what can only be collectively termed Modern architecture deals with the main lines of the later developments down to the present day in the architectural history of different countries.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /APO_ARN/ARCHITECTURE_Lat_architectura_f.html (2792 words)

	Otto Wagner - Information from Reference.com
		Wagner was born in Penzing, a suburb of Vienna.
		In 1894, when he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna, he was well advanced on his path toward a more radical opposition to the prevailing currents of historicist architecture.
		In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he expressed his ideas about the role of the architect; it was based on the text of his 1894 inaugural lecture to the Academy.
	www.reference.com /search?q=Otto+Wagner (641 words)

	William Kingsford - LoveToKnow 1911
		WILLIAM KINGSFORD (1819-1898), British engineer and Canadian historian, was born in London on the 23rd of December 1819.
		He first studied architecture, but disliking the confinement of an office enlisted in the 1st Dragoon Guards, obtaining his 'discharge in Canada in 1841.
		After serving for a time in the office of the city surveyor of Montreal he made a survey for the Lachine canal (1846-1848), and was employed in the United States in the building of the Hudson River railroad in 1849, and in Panama on the railroad being constructed there in 1851.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /William_Kingsford (252 words)

	AbeBooks: Suchergebnisse - Pugin und Normandy
		Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy, From the XIth to the XVIth Century, engraved by John and Henry Le Keux, with Historical and descriptive Notices by John Britton; New Edition, Edited by Richard Phené Spiers.
		First published in 1828, this is the definitive study of mediaeval Norman architecture in Caen, Bayeux, and Rouen from the eleventh to the sixteenth centuries.
		Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy, from the XIth to the XVIth century.
	www.abebooks.de /search/sortby/3/an/Pugin+/tn/+Normandy (1079 words)

	Louis-Auguste Bisson / Cleveland / c. 1842-1843
		Begun by their father, a heraldic painter, the Bissons' first studio opened in Paris in 1841, shortly after the invention of the daguerreotype.
		Louis-Auguste, a student of architecture and chemistry, learned photography directly from Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre and went on to advance the medium through a number of inventions and techniques, contributions for which the brothers received considerable praise.
		This descriptive portrait of the famous dark bay English stallion "Cleveland" is a rare example of the small group of daguerreotypes of horses made by Bisson, who launched the 19th-century tradition of horse portrait photography.
	www.davidrumsey.com /amico/amico1101111-38034.html (580 words)

	Essential World Architecture Images- S. Maria Novella
		On a commission from Giovanni di Paolo Rucellai, a local textile merchant, Leone Battista Alberti designed the upper part of the inlaid fl and white marble facade of the church (1456-1470).
		He was already famous as the architect of the Tempio Malatestiano in Rimini, but even more for his seminal treatise on architecture De Re Aedificatoria, based on the book De Architectura of the classical Roman writer Vitruvius.
		The patrons are the kneeling figures of the judge and his wife, members of the Lenzi family.
	www.essential-architecture.com /FL/FL-008.htm (0 words)

	Whewell and Ruskin on Gothic
		Architecture and Induction: Whewell and Ruskin on Gothic
		Becher (4-8) briefly discusses the scientific nature of Whewell's architectural writings and their relationship to his views on other subjects; Schaffer (215-17) sketches the religious and political interests that these architectural writings were meant to serve.
		For Ruskin, the "corruption" of Gothic architecture was connected to "the peculiar degradation of the Romanist superstition, and of public morality in consequence" (9:44).
	www-personal.umd.umich.edu /~jonsmith/gothic.html (6658 words)

	Architecture in Norway - regjeringen.no (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This is why monumental buildings are lacking and folk traditions have dominated architecture, especially in the use of wood, based on centuries of craftsmanship and experience with the material.
		Influenced by Danish empire architecture, this strict, but harmonic classic style set its mark all over the country, especially along the southern coast of Norway, where applications in wood are found in large as well as small buildings.
		Architecturally, the Police Headquarters has been followed up by several similar structures in which a sub-division of the building's main body, as in the example with the open hand, creates open spaces which can be covered in glass.
	www.regjeringen.no /nb/dokumentarkiv/Ryddemappe/423827/423888/423889/423917/Architecture-in-Norway.html?id=424961 (8823 words)

	Thomas Rickman's essay on Gothic architecture
		Other consequences of his interest in mediaeval architecture were his friendship with the iron-master John Cragg and the design of two very remarkable churches built mainly in cast iron.
		Although his own architectural practice was not always consistent with his teaching, the Attempt transformed the fashionable Gothick associated with Strawberry Hill and Batty Langley along the lines of a more strictly archaeologically correct Gothic by making available illustrations and by drawing attention to surviving examples.
		Bannister Fletcher died in 1899: his History reached its 19th edition in 1987.19 A history of the two texts and their authors would be a study of architectural history and the practice of architecture in the past 175 years.
	faculty.ed.uiuc.edu /westbury/Paradigm/Vaughan.html (2531 words)

	Religious Architecture
		That a sophisticated taste in architecture was present early in Charleston was illustrated by the second St. Philip's Church, built in 1710-23.
		Mills' first major contribution to Charleston architecture was the design of the Circular Congregational Church, built in 1804-06, which was the first Pantheon-like church in America.
		The style was derived from earlier medieval church architecture, before the rise of the Gothic, and is distinguished from the latter mainly in the use of round, rather than pointed, arches.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/charleston/architecture.htm (3396 words)

	Andrew Jackson Downing
		He also believed that architecture should be functional and that designs for residences should be both beautiful and functional.
		He wrote that even the simplest form of architecture should be an expression of beauty, but the design should never neglect the useful for the beautiful.
		He went on to say that "(in) perfect architecture no principle of utility will be sacrificed to beauty, only elevated and ennobled by it".
	www.uvm.edu /pss/ppp/ajd.htm (782 words)

	One Architecture: Cirkels - Matthijs Bouw, Joost Meuwissen - archis 5/2000
		His The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture of 1841 is one of the most delightful books about architecture ever written; it offers one a rare opportunity to laugh about architecture; for that if nothing else it is one of our favourites.
		Designing a dog kennel without the dog is a task in architecture that quite unnecessarily extends the fact that design drawings are have to be made to scale to include the look of the actual building, incorporating it in the build-up of the façade which therefore, from Gottfried Semper in, became needlessly ‘tectonic’.
		The circle is such a poor form in architecture because for it to differentiate necessarily means taking its centre into consideration, with the result that the ideal, simple platonic form becomes geometrical.
	www.onearchitecture.nl /circles_eng.html (2185 words)

	Cisco 1800 Series Routers
		The new, high-performance and secure integrated services architecture of the Cisco 1841 router (as shown in Figure 2) helps enable customers to deploy simultaneous services such as secured data communications with traditional IP routing at wire-speed performance.
		The Cisco 1841 modular architecture has been specifically designed to meet requirements of small-to-medium-sized businesses and small enterprise branch offices as well as service provider-managed applications for concurrent services at wire-speed performance.
		The Cisco 1841 router, together with other Cisco integrated services routers such as the Cisco 2800 Series, provide the broadest range of secure connectivity options in the industry combined with availability and reliability features.
	tribecaexpress.com /cisco_1800.htm (1473 words)

	John Alexander Ltd - The First Arts and Crafts Chair
		Much was written about Gothic architecture and literally hundreds of Gothic styles were identified, broken down by period, national origin, and even the degree of pointiness of their arches.
		Pugin was an architect and his work, however much he might have theorized about the social forces tied to architecture (Pugin was a convert to Catholicism, an act tied quite closely to his architectural theory), was written from the architect’s concrete perspective rather than the theoretician’s abstract one.
		In championing Gothic architecture, Ruskin was not merely a promoter of cusped arches or particular forms of tracery to which he devoted a significant amount of space, but the essence of his work was that good architecture embodied certain ideals in both their design and execution.
	www.johnalexanderltd.com /Primer.aspx (1433 words)

	Diigo - Juniorbonner's Bookmarks tagged architecture
		Secession architecture and the basis of modernism, later to be put into practice by younger artists ("Schützenhaus" building at the weir at Kaiserbad on the Danube Canal, Vienna, 1904-1906).
		As a teacher he founded a renowned school of architecture (J. Olbrich, J. Hoffmann, J. Plecnik) that continued to develop his ideas in accordance with the highest aesthetic values, but unfortunately, due to lack of financial means, could not often carry them out.
		In 1884, he became a teacher in the school of architecture of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.
	www.diigo.com /user/juniorbonner/architecture (2359 words)

	Cisco 1800 Series Routers
		The new, high-performance and secure integrated services architecture of the Cisco 1841 router (as shown in Figure 2) helps enable customers to deploy simultaneous services such as secured data communications with traditional IP routing at wire-speed performance.
		The Cisco 1841 modular architecture has been specifically designed to meet requirements of small-to-medium-sized businesses and small enterprise branch offices as well as service provider-managed applications for concurrent services at wire-speed performance.
		The Cisco 1841 router, together with other Cisco integrated services routers such as the Cisco 2800 Series, provide the broadest range of secure connectivity options in the industry combined with availability and reliability features.
	www.tribecaexpress.com /cisco_1800.htm (1473 words)

	Architectural Information
		Its absence from the general literature on the history of modern architecture is a reproach to scholarship," he added.
		Although they do not meaningfully alter the project's overall size, these curtainwall infills have a dramatic effect in alerting visitors and passersby that the complex is once again alive and functioning, and that it is once again an economic force affecting the entire area.
		The complex in 1999 is remarkable for the abundant visibility and intact original plan, materials, finishes, and architectural features, as a major architectural entity.
	www.cummings.com /arc.html (2319 words)

	Turner
		Turner's first oil painting with a Venetian subject was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1833 (prior to his second visit to the city), and, except for 1838-39, he continued to show at least one Venetian scene annually until 1846; most were immensely popular with both critics and collectors.
		The architecture, too, is more carefully made out than has lately been the case with Mr.
		The delicate linear articulation of figures and architecture in View of Venice parallels Turner's use of red ink to define forms in his Venetian watercolors of about 1840,6 in both media imparting a sense of underlying structure that recollects the artist's training as a topographical draftsman.
	www.oberlin.edu /amam/Turner.htm (1728 words)

	The British Library - Catalogue of Photographically Illustrated Books - Glossary of terms, subjects and descriptions
		These runs of large prints were highly suitable for book illustration and, for their day, were of exceptionally high quality.
		Calotype = W. Talbot invented and developed this process in 1840 and patented it in 1841; it was used until circa 1855.
		The image was produced using fine quality writing paper (which was sensitised by silver nitrate and potassium iodide), and placed with a negative in a printing frame, exposed to sunlight and developed in a solution of gallic acid and silver nitrate.
	www.bl.uk /catalogues/photographyinbooks/Glossary.asp (1398 words)

	Otto Wagner Summary
		Otto Wagner (1841-1918), Austrian architect and teacher, advocated a breakaway from historicist architecture and became a founder of modern European architecture.
		In 1894 Wagner was appointed professor of architecture at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, replacing Carl von Hasenauer, and Wagner held that position until 1913.
		Through his 1894 lecture, which was published as a book in numerous editions, Wagner facilitated greatly the reform of architectural practice and the establishment of modern design principles, such as honest use of materials, especially steel; rejection of historicist formal vocabulary; and preference for simplicity and clarity of form.
	www.bookrags.com /Otto_Wagner (1092 words)

	UniversitÃ© Queen
		L'Université Queen de Kingston, en Ontario, a été fondée en 1841.
		Prix du Gouverneur gÃ©nÃ©ral en architecture (avec la permission des architectes Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg).
		L'université est située dans une ville historique où les constructions modernes se marient aux bâtiments en vieille pierre calcaire pour donner un cachet particulier au campus.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=F1ARTF0006613 (586 words)

	Highway - Geo-Environmental Section Architecture
		Oregon has an amazing variety of interesting and well-preserved examples of historic architecture - many are the original homes, schools, churches and businesses established by the state's earliest settlers.
		The Jason Lee House, completed in 1841, built in the Federal style, was the second residence built by the Methodist Mission in the Willamette Valley.
		Originally occupied by several missionary families, it served as a refuge and school for Calapooia Indian children orphaned as a result of diseases introduced by early fur trappers and explorers.
	www.oregon.gov /ODOT/HWY/GEOENVIRONMENTAL/architecture1.shtml (1193 words)

	Purcell, James
		Purcell vient à Terre-Neuve en 1841 à l'initiative de l'évêque catholique, M.A. Fleming, pour superviser le chantier de construction de la cathédrale à la suite d'une dispute avec le premier directeur.
		Bien que principalement tailleur de pierres, Purcell a sans aucun doute une formation en dessin d'architecture et s'en sert pour obtenir des commandes autant de l'évêque anglican que de l'évêque catholique.
		Commencé en 1847, avec Purcell comme entrepreneur travaillant sur son propre concept architectural, il est terminé en 1850.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=F1ARTF0006570 (341 words)

	The Online House Detective - Architecture and Archaeological Research
		But imagine how much richer those memories will be if you understand the architectural history of your house and your family's place in its evolution.
		Of course, you may want to add other elements of work to the architectural and archaeological research, such as archive research into former owners and occupiers, or a scientific investigation of the fabric of the building.
		Dr Jonathan Foyle is the co-ordinator for architectural and archaeological research undertaken by House Detectives.
	www.house-detectives.co.uk /architecture.htm (330 words)

	Sir John Gardner Wilkinson
		In fact, modern Egyptologists frequently consult his notes on Thebes particularly for private tomb scenes which were copied by him but since have been damaged or even completely destroyed.
		Between 1841 and 1849, he returned to Egypt to survey the Wadi Natron.
		Moreover, in his detailed water-colors and drawings, as in his extensive notes and 'journals', he recorded his impressions of the architecture, costume and contemporary society of all the countries he visited.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/wilkinson.htm (1200 words)

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