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Topic: 1848 in architecture

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	CalendarHome.com - 1848 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		1848 is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.
		The Revolutions of 1848, a series of widespread but mostly failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.
		September 12 - One of the few successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1848.htm (1360 words)

	Architecture in Norway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This is why monumental buildings are lacking and folk traditions have dominated architecture - especially in the use of wood, based on centuries of craftmanship and experience with the material.
		In 1905 several architectural contests were launched, and a major ground rule was the use of a Norwegian style.
		Architecturally, the Police Headquarters has been followed up by several similar structures in which a sub-division of the building's main body, as in the example with the open hand, creates open spaces which can be covered in glass.
	www.reisenett.no /norway/facts/culture_science/architecture_in_norway.html (6366 words)

	Ars Libri, Ltd.
		Rural Architecture; Being a Series of Designs for Rural and Other Dwellings, from the labourer’s cottage to the small villa and farm house with out-buildings, with descriptions of the plans, remarks on the materials used in their construction, and directions for the workmanship.
		Domestic architecture from the medieval castle to the Edwardian villa.
		The architecture of town and country comprising cottages, farmhouses, minor chateaux or manors with their farm groups, small town dwellings, and a few churches.
	www.arslibri.com /sb105n.htm (5816 words)

	Whewell and Ruskin on Gothic
		Architecture and Induction: Whewell and Ruskin on Gothic
		Becher (4-8) briefly discusses the scientific nature of Whewell's architectural writings and their relationship to his views on other subjects; Schaffer (215-17) sketches the religious and political interests that these architectural writings were meant to serve.
		For Ruskin, the "corruption" of Gothic architecture was connected to "the peculiar degradation of the Romanist superstition, and of public morality in consequence" (9:44).
	www-personal.umd.umich.edu /~jonsmith/gothic.html (6658 words)

	Architecture \| TutorGig.co.uk Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Futuristic architecture was an early 20th century form of architecture, characterized by long horizontal lines.
		See also 1848 in architecture, 1849 other events of 1849, 1850 in architecture and the architecture timeline.
		See also 1937 in architecture, 1938 other events of 1938, 1939 in architecture and the architecture timeline.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /encyclopedia/sencyclo.jsp?keywords=Architecture (394 words)

	[No title]
		Architecture and Play Play is a concept we readily associate with the days of early childhood, but it is a form of learning relevant throughout schooling.
		This presentation discusses two particular aspects of the relationship between architecture and play: (1) the ways in which built environments for early childhood programs are designed to encourage play and learning, and (2) the ways that outdoor environments—playgrounds—can be created for students across the elementary and secondary spectrum to foster learning.
		Indeed, school architecture can serve to enhance the work of teachers, particularly if the built and natural environments are designed to reflect child development.
	educ.queensu.ca /~arts/ArchitectureandPlay.doc (1362 words)

	Architecture of Lexington, Kentucky -- National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
		Three distinct architectural styles emerged in Kentucky in the first half of the 19th century.
		Architecture was not recognized as a profession in America until the construction began for the U.
		Lewinski was English born and trained as a Roman Catholic priest, served as a soldier in the British Army and taught at the University of Louisville.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/lexington/architecture.htm (1536 words)

	The untrammeled vision: Thomas Cole and the dream of the Artist. (paintings entitled The Architect's Dream and Dream of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While these clearly allude to Town's immense architectural library (one of the largest in the country), they were also intended to be viewed as a kind of catalyst inducing the architect's vision.
		Even though Town's belief that the painting was too large and overly architectural certainly must have contributed to his decision, I would like to argue that the single most important reason for Town's rejection of the work was Cole's depiction of the architect as romantic visionary.
		America's architectural profession was still in its formative stages, when professional societies were just being organized.(27) Although contemporary American critics described architecture as a sister art to poetry, painting, and music (counting genius as a necessary characteristic for its practitioners), they stressed as well the profession's utilitarian nature.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:14174053&refid=holomed_1 (4201 words)

	[No title]
		The one story rectangular chapel, measuring 23 by 41 feet, was built in 1850 and sits on the highest ridge of the Oak Hill Cemetery.
		The beautifully proportioned chapel is considered an excellent example of Gothic Revival Architecture, as evidenced by its steeply pitched roof, buttresses, and its pointed arched windows with tracery.
		The plan for this church is unusual, too, because of its location on the main thoroughfare proceeding from the north of the city into the main central square.
	www.lycos.com /info/gothic-revival-architecture--church.html (502 words)

	Foreign Architects in Ottoman Architecture
		However a full curriculum of architectural education was established only with the foundation of the School of Fine Arts (Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Nefise) in 1883 according to the model of École des Beaux Arts.
		Western influences were not only observed in the architectural education but also in the municipal organization of the capital Istanbul.
		Architectural pluralism in 19th century-Istanbul observed on the facades of the new building types such as banks, office buildings, hotels, multistory houses, theaters etc., created opposition against the foreigner architects among Turkish intellectuals.
	sanat.bilkent.edu.tr /interactive.m2.org/Architecture/nasir.html (2294 words)

	Architecture in China
		This architectural battlefield is my destination the next morning, for the groundbreaking of a high-rise destined to dwarf them all, and everything else on the planet.
		An 80-year-old building had to be spared, not because of architectural features but rather the shady characters shuffling in and out of its gates.
		Professor Guan Zhaoye, an architecture instructor at the country's top school, Qinghua university says there are two sides to foreign participation in the revival of Shanghai.
	www.gluckman.com /ShanghaiArchGeo.html (3021 words)

	rfc2300
		When a protocol is on the standards track, that is in the proposed standard, draft standard, or standard state (see Section 5), the status shown in Section 6 is the current status.
		While they may be proposed as a service protocol at a later stage, and thus become proposed standard, draft standard, and then standard protocols, the designation of a protocol as experimental may sometimes be meant to suggest that the protocol, although perhaps mature, is not intended for operational use.
		Internet Architecture Board Standards Track [Page 18] RFC 2300 Internet Standards May 1998 2291 - Requirements for a Distributed Authoring and Versioning Protocol for the World Wide Web This is an information document and does not specify any level of standard.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/rfc2300 (8181 words)

	portal-1848.html
		Also by 1848 the cotton gin, that was invented a half-century before, had thoroughly transformed the U.S. South from a late colonial stagnated rural area into one of the richest cash-crop agricultural areas of the world.
		In 1848 the United States stood at another crossroads of peoplehood because the South would not be placated with the admission of Texas into the Union as a slave state or the extension of racial fissioning west.
		The crossing of the 1848 portal in the architecture of peoplehood in the United States set the solid foundations of all that still to come.
	www.csub.edu /~gsantos/portal-1848.html (6463 words)

	Architecture
		Includes information on the religious history, architecture and art work of the Basilica, as well as a chapter on a Mithraic temple that was discovered there.
		Documents the beginnings of Modernist architecture in Denmark, reproducing plans and photographs of churches, schools, numerous houses, industrial buildings, competition drawings etc., as well as material on the Tuborg brewery.
		The strikingly handsome gravure reproductions are supplemented by detailed historical and architectural information in the brochures.
	www.mcgilvery.com /architecture.html (1426 words)

	Chinese Architecture: Shanghai Bund, Shanghai
		The Bund (Waitan) is one of the most recognizable architectural symbols of Shanghai.
		In the latter 19th early 20th century the Bund became the financial and political center of the international community and (indeed of much of China).
		The Bund has been called a 'museum of international architecture,' and indeed it was and still is. But it was also much more.
	www.orientalarchitecture.com /shanghai/SHABUND.htm (581 words)

	HERS Output
		We examine the art and architecture produced in lands under Roman rule during a one thousand year period, from Rome’s beginnings as an Etruscan-influenced city in the 7th century BCE to the Christianizing of Rome in the 4th century CE.
		Painting, sculpture, photography, graphic arts, architecture, and performance traditions will be explored with an eye toward both their unique African contexts and the relationship of these traditions to contemporary art movements in a more global perspective.
		Examines the redefinition of architecture at the turn of the 19th/20th century in both practice and theory in the context of the museum/exhibition movement and the rise of historical (archaeology, art history) and man-based sciences (anthropology, ethnology, psychology).
	www.registrar.fas.harvard.edu /Courses/HistoryofArtandArchitecture.html (3844 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		LSB Implementation Conformance 488 489 A conforming implementation is necessarily architecture 490 specific, and must provide the interfaces specified by both 491 the generic LSB Core specification (ISO/IEC 23360 Part 1) and 492 the relevant architecture specific part of ISO/IEC 23360.
		LSB Application Conformance 551 552 A conforming application is necessarily architecture specific, 553 and must conform to both the generic LSB Core specification 554 (ISO/IEC 23360 Part 1)and the relevant architecture specific 555 part of ISO/IEC 23360.
		Interfaces for Wide Characters 1206 1207 An LSB conforming implementation shall provide the 1208 architecture specific functions for Wide Characters specified 1209 in Table 7-11, with the full mandatory functionality as 1210 described in the referenced underlying specification.
	www.linuxbase.org /spec/book/LSB-PPC32/LSB-PPC32_lines.txt (8958 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / BEHIND THE FEDERAL FACADE
		The Palladian window, an increasingly popular architectural motif in post-Revolutionary America, with its central arched window and two adjacent sidelights, emphasized a theme of tripartite spatial divisions and established a subtle rhythm of dominant and subordinate elements of which Bulfinch was the American master.
		And the shift to simpler Greek-influenced architectural styles seemed to portend a new model for America’s political and social order, as it moved into the era of Jacksonian democracy.
		Special architectural exhibits and tours are offered by the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, which owns the house and uses it as a headquarters.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1989/4/1989_4_68.shtml (986 words)

	The evolution of Minneapolis residential architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Minneapolis residential architecture began in 1848 when a millwright named Ard Godfrey built a small Greek Revival house near the east end of Saint Anthony Falls.
		City neighborhoods are replete with houses of the vernacular type, having common siding and trim surfaces, but ornamental features in conspicuous places, where it counts the most, such as porch gables, roof brackets, lathe-turned porch columns and railing balusters (spindles), and other areas.
		The beginning of the early 20th century saw the emergence of a residential architecture in Minneapolis that expressed the city's cultural aspirations.
	www.nrp.org /R2/HTSnips2004/News/20040410.html (745 words)

	WFotW ~ William Faulkner: Frequently Asked Questions
		Faulkner bought the house in 1930, but the history of the house dates back to the early history of Oxford, when it was built by Robert Shegogg around 1848.
		The architecture of the house was not unique in Oxford; several houses built from the same design are in fact still standing in Oxford today.
		When Faulkner bought the house, it was virtually dilapidated; Faulkner continued to renovate the house for years afterward.
	www.mcsr.olemiss.edu /~egjbp/faulkner/wf-faq.html (1836 words)

	Ruskin, John. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		This work started as a defense of the painter J. Turner and developed into a treatise elaborating the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a “universal language.” He finished the five volumes in 1860.
		In 1848, Ruskin married Euphemia Gray, a beautiful young woman with social ambitions; the union, which apparently was never consummated, was annulled in 1854, and Mrs.
		His third great volume of criticism, The Stones of Venice (1851–53), maintained that the Gothic architecture of Venice reflected national and domestic virtue, while Venetian Renaissance architecture mirrored corruption.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ru/Ruskin-J.html (551 words)

	[No title]
		In the official lists in sections 6.2 - 6.10, an asterisk (*) next to a protocol denotes that it is new to this document or has been moved from one protocol level to another, or differs from the previous edition of this document.
		While they may be proposed as a service protocol at a later stage, and thus become proposed standard, draft standard, and then standard protocols, the designation of a protocol as experimental may sometimes be meant to suggest that the protocol, although perhaps mature, is not intended for operational use.
		Sometimes one protocol is replaced by another and thus becomes historic, or it may happen that a protocol on the standards track is in a sense overtaken by another protocol (or other events) and becomes historic (state 5).
	www.isi.edu /in-notes/rfc2300.txt (8181 words)

	1840s Through about the 1860s - Building Material...
		But the primary danger still lay in the combustibility of building materials and the answer was found in the exploitation of architectural materials which are seldom used in other regions where ample stands of good timber are immediately at hand.
		It was in general use throughout the occupied areas of California at the time of the gold discovery in 1848, and the impulse to build with adobe bricks in the Mother Lode almost certainly derives from Americans and Mexicans living in California before 1848, who went to the gold regions of the Sierra.
		Less rainfall along the low-altitude western foothills may have encouraged mud-brick architecture, and in the south the greater Mexican-Spanish influence was doubtless largely responsible for the large numbers of adobe structures.
	www.cagenweb.com /quarries/states/ca/stone_industry/ca-stone_indust_c1860s.html (2618 words)

	Northwest Architectural Archives
		The Northwest Architectural Archives was begun in 1970.
		His collection consists of architectural materials and includes working drawings, renderings, prints, photographs, job files, contracts, correspondence and specifications for over 300 commissions, built and unbuilt.
		Women in architecture are represented by the papers of Valerie Batorewicz (1936-1983); Mildred Grunau (1909-1992); Emma Brunson (1887-1980);Marion Alice Parker (1873-1935); and the Beta Chapter (Twin Cities) of the Association of Women in Architecture (1921-1964).
	special.lib.umn.edu /manuscripts/architect.html (1155 words)

	The Revolutions of 1848: German History
		A popular uprising in Paris in February 1848 turned into a revolution, forcing the French king Louis Philippe to flee to Britain.
		Numerous German cities were shaken by uprisings in which crowds consisting mainly of the urban poor, but also of students and members of the liberal middle class, stormed their rulers' palaces and demanded fundamental reform.
		Berlin and Vienna were especially hard hit by what came to be called the revolutions of 1848.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_1848_revolutions.htm (211 words)

	Mosque of Muhammad Ali Al-Pasha (In the Citadel) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This mosque is one of the landmarks of Cairo and is one of the first features to be seen when approaching the city from no matter which side.
		Architecture of the Contemporary Mosque Edited by Ismaïl Serageldin with James Steele.
		IAORG website is dedicated to Islamic architecture, and contains illustrated descriptions and reviews of a large number of monuments, mosques, palaces and schools.
	www.islamicarchitecture.org /architecture/muhammadali.html (1130 words)

	Archives of Ontario - Our Collections: An Overview
		The Archives of Ontario has an extensive architectural records collection of approximately 200,000 drawings and other items, dating from the early 1820s to the 1990s.
		The Eric Arthur and William S. Goulding collections both contain a wealth of 'as found measured drawings', prepared by their architecture students at the University of Toronto from the 1930s to the 1970s; these drawings depict a wide range of significant historic buildings in the province, many of which are no longer standing.
		Architectural records are accessed through the Special Collections Reading Room.
	www.archives.gov.on.ca /english/services/ourcollections.htm (3132 words)

	Secret Architecture
		It’s also important, we feel, to remind readers that an astronomer is one who is trained in science to understand the heavens; an astrologer is one who, perhaps even self-taught, determines what a person’s life will be by the position of the constellations at the time of their birth — a fortune teller.
		Yes, the thrust of this book is about the number of things that someone can play 'connect the dots' with and come up with a rough approximation of what the constellation Virgo looks like.
		As I have indicated, probably one reason why the Masons chose to lay the stone in the afternoon was because they wished to allow the all-important Virgo to become operative in the chart.
	www.masonicinfo.com /books/secretarchitecture.htm (2285 words)

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