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1857 in architecture

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	ArtLex on architecture
		Islamic tomb in a walled garden built for Shah Jahan's wife Mumatz Mahal [aka Arjuman Banu Begum], of bearing masonry and inlaid marble, with onion-shape domes and flanking towers, in Agra, India, seat of the Mughal Empire.
		Sir Banister Fletcher wrote in A History of Architecture, "The interior of the building is dimly lit through pierced marble lattices and contains a virtuoso display of carved marble.
		"Architecture is the triumph of human imagination over materials, methods and men, to put man into possession of his own earth.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/a/architecture.html (2325 words)

	Modern Architecture In England
		Modern architecture covers the period included in the reigns of William IV (A.D. 1830-37), Victoria (A.D. 1837-1901), Edward VII (A.D. 1901-10), and of our present King, George V. The wonderful nineteenth century surpassed all its predecessors in the variety of its discoveries and in the extent of their application to the needs of daily life.
		The architecture of this period, as might be expected, provides as fascinating a study as do any other developments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but is, moreover, so near to us in time as to make it difficult to form a detached judgment of its character.
		In previous periods of architecture we have shown the varying and progressive results which arose under the operation of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social, and historical influences, but from the beginning of the nineteenth century the operation of these influences becomes modified.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles23/architecture-133.shtml (1115 words)

	Encyclopedia
		The son of a dancing teacher, Sullivan was born in Boston on Sept. 3, 1856.
		After studying architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he spent a year in Paris at the École des Beaux-Arts and in the office of a French architect.
		His architectural practice declined alarmingly after that; his last buildings are a series of small banks in the Midwest.
	historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..su208900.a (712 words)

	Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ethics and the Practice of Architecture is part of the growing body of studies identified as applied ethics : explorations of the application of ethical moral concepts and reasoning to everyday concerns and choices we are called upon to make regarding everything from telling the truth, to concern for the environment, to how to die.
		Architecture which in a manner similar to ethics begs at least to be capitalized if not written in capitals: Architecture is also a discipline of great breadth and complexity with practical applications.
		Architecture comprises the physical buildings and landscape we have shaped to suit our inhabitation of earth, of course, but it is also a profession, a theoretical study, and includes the processes of both designing and building our habitat.
	www.wordtrade.com /arts/architecture/architectecture1R.htm (5356 words)

	1856 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		1853 1854 1855 - 1856 - 1857 1858 1859
		1856 was a leap year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).
		You can find it there under the keyword 1856 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1856andaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/1856 (746 words)

	Baku's Architecture: A Fusion of East and West by Pirouz Khanlou
		In 1856 there were 8,000 residents; 50 years later, it had grown 30-fold to reach approximately 248,000.
		And thus, an incredible architectural transformation took place during this relatively short period (1880-1920) that totally altered the physical feature and character of Baku, converting it from a sleepy medieval feudal city into bustling international metropolis comparable to its European sister cities.
		The vernacular architecture of Azerbaijan included several periods such as Mongolian Ilkhanid Architecture (1245-1467) with its massive monumental structures, octagonal towers, brickwork, and geometrical patterns with a minimum use of tile in simple designs.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/24_folder/24_articles/24_architecture.html (1290 words)

	Architecture of Lexington, Kentucky -- National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary
		Three distinct architectural styles emerged in Kentucky in the first half of the 19th century.
		Architecture was not recognized as a profession in America until the construction began for the U.
		The cemetery was no longer a somber graveyard, but instead was a place for reflection, strolling, and family picnics, with the intent to improve the health of urban residents.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/lexington/architecture.htm (1536 words)

	glbtq >> arts >> Architecture
		Archivists from the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University and the Frances Loeb Library at Harvard University began examining their collections from gay, lesbian, and gender perspectives.
		Some architectural critics and historians caution against forming conclusions about such matters, for too little is known about the effect of sexuality on creativity.
		Focused on the relationship of art and religion and using architecture to communicate his beliefs and passions, Cram is best known for his American Gothic churches such as All Saints in Ashmont Boston and University Chapel at Princeton.
	www.glbtq.com /arts/architecture.html (862 words)

	Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The skyscraper is the most important development in 20th century architecture.
		Preachers at time called the Woolworth Building the "Cathedral of Commerce" because of its Gothic details and its 3-story lobby with gold mosaics, one of which depicts Woolworth holding his building, just as medieval paintings depicted the donors of churches offering their works to God.
		In 1922 an important architectural competition was held.
	www.bluffton.edu /~humanities/art/19c/arch/skyscraper.html (939 words)

	[No title]
		LSB Implementation Conformance 488 489 A conforming implementation is necessarily architecture 490 specific, and must provide the interfaces specified by both 491 the generic LSB Core specification (ISO/IEC 23360 Part 1) and 492 the relevant architecture specific part of ISO/IEC 23360.
		The 503 architecture specific parts of ISO/IEC 23360 that 504 supplement this specification for a given target processor 505 architecture describe a minimum acceptable processor.
		LSB Application Conformance 551 552 A conforming application is necessarily architecture specific, 553 and must conform to both the generic LSB Core specification 554 (ISO/IEC 23360 Part 1)and the relevant architecture specific 555 part of ISO/IEC 23360.
	www.freestandards.org /spec/book/LSB-PPC32/LSB-PPC32_lines.txt (8958 words)

	Ontario Architecture Styles Page
		Medieval architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries was used as the model for commercial and industrial architecture as well as civic buildings.
		University College (1856) at the University of Toronto is one of the oldest Romanesque Revival buildings in Canada.
		The central square tower with its compound arched doorway, scalloping, and rounded windows has the sturdy, solid look that is characteristic of the style.
	www.ontarioarchitecture.com /romanesque.htm (1095 words)

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		This source depicts the architectural growth of Kansas City, arranged by decade, and includes numerous illustrations.
		Many of these articles focus on different aspects of local architecture: specific buildings, architects, parks and boulevards, residences, etc. Indexes to the clippings are available in the Special Collections Department.
		Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955
	www.kclibrary.org /guides/localhistory/index.cfm?article=read&articleID=140 (1258 words)

	Noho.com - The Architecture of Northampton
		So much Victorian commercial architecture survives on Main Street that it looks much like it did 100 years ago; this area is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
		Romanesque Revival in the manner of H. Richardson (1838 - 1886) is the style of a number of Northampton buildings, most notably the Hampshire County Court House, built in 1885-87 in the center of town, and the Forbes Library (1895) on West Street.
		The important Boston architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns designed the gothic-inspired First Church of Christ (1878) at 129 Main Street, and also College Hall (1875) and Alumnae Gymnasium (1890) of Smith College.
	www.noho.com /townarch.html (785 words)

	Santa Fe Unlimited \| The Historic Adobe Architecture of Santa Fe, New Mexico
		This extraordinary example of adobe architecture was designated a Registered National Historic Landmark in 1960 and an American Treasure in 1999.
		This building is considered by many to be the jewel in the crown of the newer adobe architecture in the downtown area.Its Pueblo Revival style clearly set the standard for historic preservation in Santa Fe.
		In 1856, St. Vrain sold the mill machinery to Joseph Hersch and Isaiah Smith who established a new mill downstream on the Santa Fe River.
	architecture-sf2.nm-unlimited.net (1178 words)

	Classic Buffalo (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is nationally regarded as a milestone in modern skyscraper architecture, and Chicago architect Louis Henri Sullivan was its creator.
		With its refined and elaborately decorated terra -cotta exterior, the building is not only supremely handsome, but its inner structure of steel support with applied exterior curtain walls was a major innovation from wall supported structures that were the only way to build since before the Greeks.
		Louis Sullivan (1856-1924) studied architecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.
	ah.bfn.org /a/or/clssc/source/4.html (490 words)

	Acoustics (theatre) - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Technicians also create special aural and visual effects simulating explosions, fire, lightning, and apparitions and giving the illusion of moving...
		The son of a dancing teacher, Sullivan was born in Boston on September 3, 1856.
		After studying architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Acoustics_(theatre).html (103 words)

	AllRefer.com - Russell Sturgis (Architecture, Biography) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He practiced architecture until 1880; the buildings he designed include the Flower Hospital in New York City and a chapel and several dormitories at Yale Univ. A leading authority on the history of architecture and art, Sturgis published many articles and gave lectures at universities and museums.
		He was first president (1895–97) of the Fine Arts Federation and president (1889–93) of the Architectural League of New York.
		His writings include European Architecture (1896), A Dictionary of Architecture and Building (3 vol., 1901–2), and History of Architecture (4 vol., 1906–15; Vol.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Sturgis.html (228 words)

	RailStations (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The architecture of Charles Sumner Frost would also be represented at the exposition in the Maine building.
		Fellheimer would become known for his use of single-span arches (in part from from Charles Sumner Frost) and ramps (in part from from Charles Reed) as opposed to stairs in the design of railroad stations, two themes that are found in most of his stations.
		He studied architecture for three years in several architects' offices and completed a special course in architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	www.railstations.org /bio.htm (1789 words)

	New York Architecture Images- new york architecture walks- soho
		This building exemplifies the way in which elaborate architectural ornament can be produced economically and rapidly using cast-iron technology.
		The cast iron was forged at Daniel Badger's famous foundry, Architectural Ironworks, located along the East River.
		Because there were so many iron fronts, and due to the neglect of the area in the 20th century, a large number of cast-iron buildings have survived to this day, making Soho the largest cast-iron district remaining in the world.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /walks-Soho.htm (1794 words)

	Study Aid #8
		Although the Classical vocabulary dominated European and American architecture during the first half of the 19th century, its hegemony gave way to a taste for eclectic revival designs that had first been popularized by the Picturesque movement beginning in the 18th century.
		Of even greater significance to the architectural character of the century were the tremendous technological and social changes that gave birth to modern life.
		The architecture of the elegant Second Empire is epitomized by Visconti's and Lefuel's expansion of the Louvre in Paris (1851-57), and Charles Garnier's, Paris Opera, built between 1862-75.
	www.drexel.edu /academics/comad/Archsoc/Archsoc3/sa8c.htm (606 words)

	Hendrik Petrus Berlage - Great Buildings Online
		Hendrik Berlage was born in Amsterdam in 1856.
		He studied architecture under Gottfried Semper at the Zurich Institute of Technology during the 1870s after which he travelled extensively through Europe.
		Considered the "Father of Modern architecture" in the Netherlands and the intermediary between the Traditionalists and the Modernists, Berlage's theories inspired most Dutch Modernist groups including De Stijl, the Amsterdam School and the New Objectivists.
	www.greatbuildings.com /architects/Henrik_Petrus_Berlage.html (254 words)

	Architecture
		Domestic Architecture - text of a speech given at the Doors of Perception conference.
		Some Notes on Christopher Alexander - summarizes his architectural theories and his influence on computer science and the study of Turkish carpets.
		Renzo Piano Workshop Foundation - allowing students of architecture the benefit of educational training through immersion and direct experience.
	www.cannylink.com /architecture.htm (354 words)

	Libraries/ArchArch: Collection Information [Carnegie Mellon Libraries]
		The Architecture Archives' collections date from the mid-nineteenth century to the present and document a diverse cross-section of the region's built environment.
		Collections represent, for example, the high-style architecture of Beaux Arts Classicism and Modernism; the progressive architecture of creative individualists; and the architectural vernacular of developer housing, "Main Street" commercial buildings, and roadside architecture.
		Carnegie Mellon's own architectural heritage is well represented, along with a sampling of the student and professional work of University alumni and faculty.
	www.library.cmu.edu /Research/ArchArch/collinfo.html (117 words)

	New York Architecture Images- new york architecture walks- tribeca
		Unlike SoHo, its streets are not always at 90 degrees to each other, and the buildings are usually older and built of bricks and wood floors.
		On the south-west corner of Franklin Place stands 55 White St. (1861; James Kellum and Son), a building deemed sufficiently handsome by iron founder Daniel D. Bedger to display its facade in his 1865 catalogue.
		Bogardus, the father of cast-iron architecture, foresaw the possibilities of bolting together sections of cast iron into facades or even whole buildings.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /walks-tribeca.htm (1969 words)

	Scioto County, Ohio \| Historic Boneyfiddle Region
		Built in 1870, this structure is a fine example of German Gothic architecture.
		The Mansard roof was originated in Europe to escape paying taxes on the additional story which was housed under the roof.
		It was organized first in the Phillip Moore house, which is still standing in West Portsmouth, in the early 1800s.
	www.sciotocountyohio.com /map2.htm (1466 words)

	Architecture
		's architectural achievements, the forms they took and the historical, political, cultural and social factors that shaped them.
		Each chapter includes sections on cities, palatial architecture, religious architecture, tombs and gardens, as well as discussions of bridges, walls, fortifications, academies and architectural writings.
		Yin Yu Tang: The Architecture and Daily Life of a Chinese House by Nancy Berliner (Tuttle) tells the story behind the house.
	www.wordtrade.com /lists/architecture1.htm (277 words)

	1st Architecture Ring
		Architecture firm in Cambridge, MA and also Nantucket Island.
		History, architecture, culture and folklore of this amazing city, seen through panorama images.
		Architects, Planners, Architectural Design Consultants and Interior Designers based in HK and Manila, with interesting projects in the Asia Pacific Region.
	n.webring.com /hub?ring=mansion (939 words)

	Vienna1900: Architecture
		Vienna around 1900 is the seedbed for an architectural style that culminated in the functionalism of Adolf Loos and played a crucial role in the development of modernism and postmodernism.
		Modern architecture, as defined by Otto Wagner, was a progressive program that dispensed with formal elements and the abundance of decoration that had characterized nineteenth century architecture.
		His Postal Saving's Bank, for example, has smooth wall dressings that lend aesthetic justification to his argument that the "modern eye" has lost its sense for a small and intimate scale and become accustomed to longer straight lines, to more expansive surfaces, and to plainer silhouetting.
	faculty.washington.edu /vienna/architecture/buildings.htm (391 words)

	Greek Revival Architecture
		Jefferson believed in architecture as a symbol; he despised Williamsburg due to English origins: Williamsburg represented colonial exploitation.
		In France: Jefferson learned of Roman architecture and its symbolic association with Greek democracy.
		To Jefferson architecture was a form of visual education in support of democratic ideal.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~twp/architecture/greek (467 words)

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