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1861 in rail transport

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	Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum Education
		Railroads needed better engineering of bridges and roadbeds, stronger rails, better methods for communicating, improved ways to control trains, and safer brakes and couplers.hese last two were especially important to railroad safety and are good examples of how long it took to get a good idea to be used.
		The distance between the rails is known as the gauge of the track.
		The rails are held to the ties by large spikes which also keep the track in gauge.
	www.berkshirescenicrailroad.org /education.php (7600 words)

	History of rail transport - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
		Their function in most cases was to facilitate the transport of coal from the pits to a staith on the river bank, whence coal could be taken by water.
		In the beginning, canals were in competition with the railroads, but the railroads quickly gained ground as steam and rail technology improved, and railroads were built in places where canals were not practical.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_rail_transport (1530 words)

	Rail Transportation; An Historical Military Study, Quartermaster Review 1927 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		THE purpose of this brief sketch is to show the humble origin of rail transportation, the mistakes that have occurred in railway operation for military purposes, the present high state of its development and its effect on the strategy of warfare.
		Transportation is the corner-stone upon which the whole structure of modern civilization is reared; and the corner-stone could not be laid until the railroad was produced.
		The most notable achievement of the rail transportation division of the Quartermaster General's office during the year 1865, was the transportation to their homes of the Armies of the West and of the Potomac after their review by the President and his Cabinet.
	www.qmfound.com /rail.htm (3690 words)

	First Railroads in North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Not germane to the functional definition of a particular line of rails, and hence to questions of its classification as a railroad, are: the source of motive power, kind of material for rails and supporting ties (sleepers), varieties of things transported, or classification under law as a private or public carrier.
		One of the massive timber rails was grooved – U-shaped – and the opposite one tongued.
		Rails at first were of wood and then of granite, both topped by iron straps.
	www.cprr.org /Museum/First_US_Railroads_Gamst.html (5083 words)

	National Railway Historical Society - NRHS -
		By 1860 this iron network resulted in over 30,000 miles of track, compared to the slim 9,000 that opened the '50s.
		From the start the South was disadvanted with its rail network: gaps in the lines within and between states were numerous; tracks of differing gauge (five feet was the dominant gauge) caused problems in transferring passengers and cargo between rail lines.
		Some of the fiercest fighting of the war was concentrated around the chief rail centers of the South: Richmond, Va (the Confederate capital), Atlanta, Ga. and Chatanooga, Tenn. Two of the mose massive movements of troops by rail were accomplished during the Chagtanooga Campaign of the fall of 1863.
	www.nrhs.com /spot/civilwar (1358 words)

	Transportation History in Vermont (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		However, the Central Vermont Rail Depot remained and became the lifeline of the town once again at the end of the 19th century, when Northfield's booming granite industry relied on the rails to ship their products.
		Rail lines were connected there in 1875 and 1888, resulting in a major expansion of the local granite industry.
		Barre's quarries were finally able to transport large amounts of stone to distant markets, fostering the greatest population and economic boom in the city's history.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/centralvermont/transport1.htm (995 words)

	Road Transport History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		They effectively suppressed motorised road transport for sixty years through legislation imposing a speed limit of 5km and cleverly made it self-policing by requiring that a vehicle be preceded by a man on foot with a red flag.
		Although rail infrastructure was more expensive to build than roads because of the moderate grades and sweeping curves that the relatively low-powered and inefficient locomotives required, these, allied to steel rails ensured low unit operating costs.
		Rail fares plummeted in the space of a few years and mass travel became possible with the coming of the third class ticket.
	www.ruralroads.org /roadtrans.html (885 words)

	Evaluation Geographic Arguments
		The purpose of this lab is to examine this soundness of this generalization about the geography of the evolving rail system, using ArcView and the railway and population GIS for Victorian England and Wales.
		The building of railroads required so much capital that rail companies were at pains to ensure that their large investments would eventually return a profit.
		Then the rail lines can be overlaid the map indicating the centers of natural resources and industry so that we can use visual inspection and interpretation to “test” the claim.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/rschwart/hist361/labs/geog-arguments.htm (359 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: Outline of American Literature: The Rise of Realism: 1860-1914: ...
		In 1860, most Americans lived on farms or in small villages, but by 1919 half of the population was concentrated in about 12 cities.
		From 1860 to 1914, the United States was transformed from a small, young, agricultural ex-colony to a huge, modern, industrial nation.
		A debtor nation in 1860, by 1914 it had become the world's wealthiest state, with a population that had more than doubled, rising from 31 million in 1860 to 76 million in 1900.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/LIT/ch5_p1.htm (550 words)

	INDEPENDENCE TO THE CIVIL WAR: 1776-1861
		By 1860, with the possible exception of the northern tier counties, population was scattered throughout the state.
		In 1860 the Republicans emerged as the dominant party in the state and nation with the elections of Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin and President Abraham Lincoln.
		Rail transport began in 1827, operated at first by horse power or cables.
	www.legis.state.pa.us /WU01/VC/visitor_info/pa_history/III.htm (4035 words)

	London transport: taxis, trains, buses and public transport
		London's public transport system is fast and efficient at its best; infuriating, confusing and crowded at its worst.
		As the transport networks grind to a halt at around midnight, the night buses take over.
		The London Transport Museum charts the development of transport, from the first horse drawn bus to the very latest in technology.
	www.londononline.co.uk /Transport (379 words)

	Halifax County, Virginia, History
		As late as 1860, the fl population of Halifax County, both slave and free, outnumbered whites by a ratio of 3:2.
		Though the transport of hospital patients and prisoners added to the R&D railroad's use, they were a minor part of the large increase in traffic volume promulgated by the war.
		Virginia's transportation networks were one of the main Union targets during the war, and by 1865 were in ruins.
	www.oldhalifax.com /county/historicalMonograph.htm (11972 words)

	Spencer Street Station - Rail - Trains - Transport - Melbourne Online - Only Melbourne
		Melbourne's Spencer Street Station, the most important rail terminal in Victoria, will be redeveloped into a world-class public transport interchange, with fast rail connections to regional Victorian centres and new facilities for rail, taxi and bus passengers.
		The station is synonymous with the rise of rail transport in Victoria and is now being redeveloped as a world-class public transport interchange.
		A worldwide resurgence in rail transport in the last 15 years promises Spencer Street Station a bright and long future.
	www.onlymelbourne.com.au /melbourne_details.php?id=3115 (1017 words)

	RAIL#TEC - PRESS RELEASES
		European transport politicians from EU, federal and regional levels have already confirmed their attendance, along with a series of European rail operators.
		We hold high expectations for rail # tec, as the outlook on the future of the rail sector is, in contrast to the overall trend, still positive“, explained Baumann.
		rail # tec 2003 aims to demonstrate progress in important transport projects at regional and state levels.
	www.railtec.de /e/1860 (811 words)

	Dates in Canadian Railway History
		This is the longest rail tunnel in the Americas.
		Lawrence and Hudson Railway is formed by merging the CP Rail routes in southern Ontario and Quebec with its Delaware and Hudson subsidiary in northern USA.
		The line is managed by Orangeville and Brampton Rail Association Group and Cando Contracting operates the line with running rights to an interchange with CPR at Streetsville.
	www.railways.incanada.net /candate/candate.htm (10460 words)

	Toward Green Mobility: the evolution of transport - Jesse Ausubel, Cesare Marchetti, Perrin Meyer
		The picture is slow penetration of new technologies of transport adding speed in the course of substituting for the old ones in terms of time allocation.
		All the history of transport reduces to the fundamentally simple principle: produce speed technically and economically so that it can be squeezed into the travel money budget.
		The history of transport technology can be seen as a striving to bring extra speed to the progressively expanding level of income.
	phe.rockefeller.edu /green_mobility (7281 words)

	Ireland's Railway Systems
		This battery is used for road and rail transport, and has operated eighty-ton suburban passenger trains on the Great Southern Railways for several years without one failure.
		Through rail communication between Belfast and Londonderry was, however, not established until the completion of the viaduct over the River Bann at Coleraine in 1860.
		In 1860 the Belfast and Ballymena Railway became the Belfast and Northern Counties Railway.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r051.html (9156 words)

	1860 - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		1860 was a leap year starting on Sunday.
		January 2 - The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris.
		November 6 - U.S. presidential election, 1860: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /wiki.asp?k=1860 (1361 words)

	Mormon Pioneer NHT: Historic Resource Study (Chapter 6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Another big rise in the use of rail travel was when the Hannibal and St. Joseph RR reached St. Joseph, Missouri, on the Missouri River in 1859, whence emigrants generally took riverboats to the Council Bluffs-Florence area and proceeded west.
		During the Civil War years of 1861-1865, emigrant travel by rail was difficult, especially in Missouri, where pro- and anti-Union forces in that state often clashed: timetables were erratic, routes were interrupted, impeded, and changed.
		Rail travel, at least the accommodations most Mormon emigrants could afford, hadn't improved much over the conditions of the 1850s.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/mopi/hrs6.htm (4787 words)

	Getting Started: Transport Canada 1936-1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		These words actually were written almost 60 years ago to describe the difficulties encountered by management and staff of the new Department of Transport during its first year of operation.
		With the indomitable C.D. Howe at the helm, however, the job was done and, in 1936, the long-established departments of Marine, Railways and Canals, along with the civil aviation branch of the Department of National Defence, were brought together under one federal government roof to form the Department of Transport.
		By August 1937, the Department of Transport had 6,543 employees on its roster, with an average monthly salary of about $85.
	www.tc.gc.ca /publications/ourstory/1936-1946-menu.htm (290 words)

	Teacher Resources - Collection - Railroad Maps, 1828-1900
		The railroad's ability to transport troops and supplies was a major impetus for railroad mapping during the Civil War.
		Railroads were necessary to transport the farms' harvests to the cities.
		If students use public transportation in their daily lives, ask what they do with their old maps when the routes are changed and revised maps are printed.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/collections/rr/file.html (3745 words)

	Urban Transport
		There are a number of historical pamphlets about London transport, including "Cheap trains for London workers" by J.B. Maple, 1891 (HE1(42)/66) and "Railway communication in London and the Thames Embankment" by C.B. Lane, published in 1860 (HE1(42)/318).
		There are publications from the London County Council, London Transport Passenger Board, London Reform Union, the London Municipal Society and the National Union of Ratepayers' Asociation on the problems of transport in London in the 1920s and 1930s.
		Examples of urban transport from other parts of the world include "Delhi municipal bus transport" published in 1959 (HE5/B9), "One hundred years of Berlin trams" by P.J. Walker, published by the Light Railway Transport League in 1965 (HE5/D32) and a pamphlet on the Moscow subways published in 1934 (HD4/11).
	www.lse.ac.uk /library/pamphlets/Transport/transportpamphletpages/urban_transport.htm (916 words)

	Albany Area Railroads -- History & Context, Mohawk & Hudson Chapter, National Railway Historical Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		While the Mohawk River was also a transportation conduit, it was not until the Erie Canal was constructed under Governor DeWitt Clinton in the 1820's that transportation to and from the west of the Capital District progressed substantially.
		To overcome these obstacles and to facilitate water transportation, canals were built paralleling the rivers and using them as a source of their water supply, eg.
		On the open or private right of way there was exposed third rail running along the track on the outside of one of the running rails and elevated a little in distance from the ground so the third rail shoes of the electric cars and locomotives could slide along it.
	www.crisny.org /not-for-profit/railroad/capdist.htm (6312 words)

	History of Nova Scotia, Jan 1860 - Dec 1869
		The grant for this purpose in 1850 was $96,800; in 1860 it was $103,855; and in 1861 $100,341.
		The number of parcels received at and sent from Halifax and county post-offices in 1860 was 627; in 1861 717 — increase 90.
		In 1860, the length of mail route in existence in the province was 4,115¼ miles; and the actual distance travelled was 751,346 miles.
	www.littletechshoppe.com /ns1625/nshist10.html (10507 words)

	Beach Pneumatic : 1
		It is hard to exaggerate the impact of the Erie Canal on the city and on the country.
		The cost of transporting a ton from Buffalo to New York dropped from $120 to $6, and the time from 21 days to 8.
		They reached the oft-quoted conclusion that if every avenue lengthwise of the island were to be occupied at once by surface rails, the relief afforded thereby would not be adequate to present requirements and therefore certainly not those of the future.
	www.columbia.edu /~brennan/beach/chapter1.html (7354 words)

	Scotsman.com News - Opinion - Transport museum plan needs a lift
		But transport museums are peculiar beasts, where function counts for far more than aesthetics.
		Monumentality has its place, since there are two great Scottish transport successes - marine engineering and rail transport, 1860-1960 - to be registered, and two great failures - aircraft and automobiles - to be explained.
		There was even a transport museum in waiting, which made it to the 1970s: William Spence’s vast Egyptian erecting shop at Centre Street, where Charles Randolph and John Elder perfected the compound marine engine which gave the Clyde its glory days.
	news.scotsman.com /opinion.cfm?id=1335872004 (762 words)

	FallLine Corporation \| Ski Industry
		Railbuilders.com has 10-years of experience in the design and maintenance of terrain parks across the US, and their rails and boxes are designed to provide years of carefree service.
		Our rails were designed to be operator friendly, and can be moved with all skirting attached, saving you valuable setup time.
		All of our snowskate features offer the same construction as our standard rails and boxes, with the exception being that all snowskate features are 1ft tall, except for rainbow rail.
	www.fallline.com /ski/terrainparkmain.html (1331 words)

	The Story of the G.W.R.
		When the directors of the newly formed company had approved of this route, a detailed survey of it had to be made for the purpose of presenting the scheme to Parliament and the passing of the necessary Bill.
		Early prejudices against the new method of transport were slowly vanishing: the authorities at Eton College, who had formerly regarded the railway's influence with disfavour, chartered a special train for the conveyance of their pupils.
		A contract was signed and this engineer recommenced operations by cutting off the subterranean spring which had caused the trouble; he did this by erecting large shields and pumping dry the borings.
	mikes.railhistory.railfan.net /r010.html (8069 words)

	Destination : Freedom Newsletter - January 5, 2004
		It was VIA Rail’s draconian cuts of 1990 citing weak passenger counts – particularly on rural lines – an aging passenger car fleet, and increasing maintenance costs that ended most branch line service in Canada.
		The J.P. Morgan analyst said rail stocks have been outperforming their transportation peers this the quarter, after under-performing for most of the year – and he expects the buoyancy to continue into 2004, driven by accelerating revenue and growth in earnings per share.
		If all transportation modes in the U.S. were funded entirely from the private sector – highways, toll roads, railroads, airlines (including airports and air traffic controllers), all of them – the brilliant case could be made that yes, keep the government out of it.
	www.nationalcorridors.org /df/df01052004.shtml (12574 words)

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