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Topic: 1861 in archaeology

	The Archaeology of Battlefields
		On the one hand archaeology is very popular with the public, although most of it still seems to be perceived as finding things rather than studying the past through material culture.
		I believe one of the areas where the value of historical archaeology relative to prehistoric studies in not fully utilized or appreciated is in conflict archaeology studies.
		Archaeology is predicated on the principle that human behavior leaves behind physical evidence that is patterned, recoverable, and interpretable.
	www.archaeology.org /online/interviews/scott.html (2141 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 1861 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		1861 is a common year starting on Tuesday.hey hey im not getting any info.
		1858 1859 1860 - 1861 - 1862 1863 1864
		August 5 - American Civil War: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800; rescinded in 1872).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /1861 (1550 words)

	Bibliography on Archaeology and African Diasporas, C. Fennell
		Joseph, J. Highway 17 Revisited: The Archaeology of Task Labor in the Lowcountry of Georgia and South Carolina.
		In Historical Archaeology, Identity Construction, and the Interpretation of Ethnicity, Maria Franklin and Garrett Fesler, eds, pp.
		In Settlement of the Prairie Margin: Archaeology of the Richland Creek Reservoir, Navarro and Freestone Counties, Texas 1980-1981.
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/cfennell/bookmark4.html (3604 words)

	Archaeology Research Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Oxford encyclopedia of archaeology in the Near East / prepared under the auspices of the American Schools of Oriental Research ; Eric M. Meyers, editor in chief.
		Disciplinary coverage includes archaeology, biological and physical anthropology, cultural and social anthropology and linguistics, and selective coverage in such related fields as: art, botany, demography, economics, ethnohistory, folklore, genetics, geography, geology, history, music, mythology, political science, psychology, religion, sociology.
		It includes the subject catalogs of the German Archaeological Institute in Rome, the Bibliography of Iberian Archaeology from the German Archaeological Institute in Madrid, and the Archaeology of Roman Provinces from RGK Frankfurt.
	diglib.dartmouth.edu /subjects/subjectguide.php?sid=708&name=Archaeology (1285 words)

	Archaeology - Seminar Series (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This research was into the earliest occupation of Britain, with particular reference to open-air sites situated at high-levels in the landscape (rather than the river gravel sites or caves that have been the traditional focus for investigations) and the analysis of handaxe-making and use.
		This is a discussion of regional archaeology and its strengths and weaknesses using New England, New South Wales as a case study.
		Through a synthesis of genetics, archaeology and climatology an extraordinarily clear view of human origins has been revealed, overturning the commonly held view that modern humans left Africa from the north and the south in several waves to populate Europe and Asia.
	www.archaeology.arts.uwa.edu.au /seminar_series (3902 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Richard B. Russell Sr. (1861-1938)
		Upon his death in 1938 his fellow supreme court justices said that "considering what was done by him directly, together with the forces he influenced, few, if any, other men have left or will ever leave such an imprint on the life of this state."
		was born in Marietta on April 27, 1861, to Rebecca Harriette Brumby and William John Russell.
		His father was a prosperous middle-class textile manufacturer who lost all of his possessions in the Civil War (1861-65).
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3234 (884 words)

	1861 Definition / 1861 Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		1861 is a common year starting on TuesdayThis is the calendar for a common year starting on Tuesday (dominical letter F), e.g.
		Some consider the population to be as high as 35 million depending on where the greater Me...
		January 2 - Friedrich Wilhelm IV of PrussiaKing Frederick William IV of Prussia (October 15, 1795 - January 2, 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861....
	www.elresearch.com /1861 (1368 words)

	North Carolina Office of State Archaeology
		Volume 1, Number 1 of the FNCA Newsletter reported that the Underwater Archaeology Unit at Kure Beach was working on a National Register of Historic Places nomination of Civil War period vessels off the coast of Brunswick, New Hanover and Pender counties.
		Beginning in 1861, Union ships blockaded southern ports to prevent the delivery of military supplies from abroad.
		The shipwrecks within it provide the means to more fully understand the Civil War period through the development and utilization of their historical, archaeological and educational notential.
	www.arch.dcr.state.nc.us /sites/capefear.htm (597 words)

	Anglo-Saxon Archaeology
		A webpage by Humber Archaeology Partnership, describing the excavations of a long-lived Anglo-Saxon settlement in north Lincolnshire, occupied from the 7th - 14th centuries.
		A volume edited by Lawrence Butler and Richard Morris with papers primarily on aspects of sculpture and architecture (as might be expected for something dedicated to H.M. Taylor!).
		An article in British Archaeology by Tim Eaton, who looks at the way that brick and stone were plundered from Roman buildings for use in Anglo-Saxon churches, and what that might mean...
	www.gla.ac.uk /archaeology/resources/Anglo-Saxon (1586 words)

	Archaeology : An Introduction - An Online Companion © Kevin Greene 2002 ::: Chapter 1
		The emergence of prehistoric archaeology in the nineteenth century, although it relied heavily upon natural sciences such as geology and biology, was a remarkable episode that changed people's ideas about themselves.
		The archaeology of Scandinavia is particularly rich in finely made artefacts dating from the prehistoric to Viking periods, and many of them are found in good condition in graves.
		He reported flint weapons found at a depth of twelve feet in a layer of gravel, overlain by a bed of sand containing bones of extinct animals and, remarkably, shells and remains of marine creatures 'which may be conjectured to have been once the bottom, or at least the shore, of the sea'.
	www.staff.ncl.ac.uk /kevin.greene/wintro/chap1.htm (3539 words)

	Archaeology and Ecology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The view that archaeology and ecology are relevant to each other is perhaps not yet widespread.
		Although volumes have been written about archaeological theory, and most modern archaeology is indeed testing hypotheses, the perception remains that archaeology is much more of a pebble-describing enterprise than say, physics.
		What is lacking in archaeology is an underlying set of principles or rules which broadly define an archaeological approach.
	students.washington.edu /nesse/archy.html (761 words)

	Tennessee Archaeology Net :: Current Research in Tennessee Archaeology :: Abstracts 1994-Present
		The study of Ames history and archaeology are especially critical to interpreting regional African-American history as the documentary records provides minimal insight into the lives of slaves and freemen.
		This lecture presents the results of three years of historical archaeology on the circa 18,000 acre land base of the Ames Plantation, an emergent tenant plantation located on the North Fork of the Wolf River of southwest Tennessee.
		The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology historical archaeology field school was held at the historic late 18th century Ramsey House in Knox County, Tennessee from June 1 to July 5, 1995.
	www.mtsu.edu /~kesmith/TNARCH/CRITA/CRITA_Abstracts.html (19838 words)

	Archaeology on the web
		Archaeology Heritage Education Program BLM manages an estimated five million prehistoric and historic properties, many situated in remote locations and vulnerable to vandalism and destruction.
		Archaeology Field School, June 25 - August 10, 2002 Portland State University and the National Park Service are holding the 2nd annual summer archaeology field school at the Vancouver National Historic Reserve.
		By using archaeology in the classroom, educators can lead students on learning adventures while engaging them in thinking about life in the past and who we are as humans today.
	www.libsci.sc.edu /bob/class/clis734/webguides/archaeology_on_the_web.htm (1068 words)

	African-American Archaeology, CRM and NADB Listings
		This database does not provide abstracts for each entry, so it is difficult to ascertain the degree of relevance and focus of each report reflected in a database entry.
		SC Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Univ of SC, Columbia, SC.
		Division of Archaeology, TN Department of Conservation, Knoxville, TN.
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/cfennell/bookmark8.html (11276 words)

	Archaeology - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
		The day that Florida seceeded from the Union, First-Lieutenant Adam J. Slemmer withdrew with Company G of the First United States Artillery from the shore to Fort Pickens, on the western extremity of Santa Rosa Island.
		Colonel W. Chase was in command of the southerners and demanded the surrender of Fort Pickens January 13, 1861.
		It is recorded that his voice shook and his eyes filled with tears when he attempted to read his formal demand for the surrender.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /archaeology/underwater/maritime/forts/images.cfm?name=Fort_McRee (105 words)

	The U.S. Coast Survey and the Blockade, 1861
		When the war began in the spring of 1861, the Union quickly adopted what became known as the "Anaconda Plan," so called because it proposed to strangle the South economically and militarily by closing off its seaports and controlling the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
		Although the plan was loudly ridiculed by some, ultimately it proved to be very effective, constricting the Confederacy in an ever-tightening binding of Federal gunboats, naval vessels and seized port facilities.
		Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas AandM University, E-mail: (barnold@tamu.edu).
	nautarch.tamu.edu /PROJECTS/denbigh/CoastSurvey.htm (1759 words)

	BU Libraries \| Research Guides \| Archaeology
		Explorations of the Middle Ages to the present in eight chapters: archaeology of archaeology; old worlds and new, 1500-1760; antiquarians and explorers, 1760-1820; science and romanticism, 1820-1860; search for human origins, 1860-1920; archaeology comes of age, 1920-1960; new techniques and competing philosophies, 1960-1990, and current controversies and future trends.
		Covers archaeology (pre- and proto-history), historical archaeology, ancient art history, modern art history, material culture, epigraphy and palaeography, numismatics and sigillography.
		Searchable bibliography of the Bronze Age archaeology of mainland Greece and Crete.
	www.bu.edu /library/guides/archaeology.html (4891 words)

	Fur Trade Bibliography
		Archaeology and the Fur Trade: The Excavation of Sturgeon Fort, Saskatchewan.
		(1977) Mansion in the Wilderness: The Archaeology of The Ermatinger House.
		At least 75 entries were gleefuly lifted from the 11 July 1998 version of John Cotter's bibliography of North American Historical Archaeology (http://www.sha.org/cot2intr.htm).
	www.digitalpresence.com /histarch/furtrade.html (5545 words)

	Staffordshire Industrial Archaeology Sandon lime kiln project
		In 1827 and 1830 he is listed as living at Enson, and in the 1841 Census he was a labourer living at Skeath House, Salt.
		By 1841 Sandon Mill was occupied by George Mellor, miller, his wife and their 7 month old son, and in 1851, 1861 and 1862 he is described as a flint grinder.
		Earlier, in 1838 there had been another timber yard and wharf on the opposite side of the canal to the Limekiln, run by Mr Turnock.
	www.staffsia.org.uk /sandon.htm (2574 words)

	[No title]
		Thursday April 24, 2003 *************************************** MEXICO http://mexicanculture.about.com/cs/mexico/a/cincomayo.htm In 1861**, Benito Juárez suspended foreign debt repayments for two years due to financial instability, mainly attributable to the expenses of the Mexican-American War.
		Southwestern Archaeology, Inc. (SWA) - A 501(c)(3) customer-centric corporation dedicated to the ethnographic study of the scientific practices of the American Southwest and the Mexican Northwest.
		Our goal is to create and promote diverse micro-environments and open systems in which archaeologists can develop their talents and take the risks from which innovation and productivity arise.
	www.swanet.org /zarchives/gotcaliche/alldailyeditions/03apr/cali042403.txt (1472 words)

	Meet Our Researchers: Historical Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		South Jersey Project: Initiated in 2001, this long term project involves a study of a region, the edge of the Pine Barrens, unusual for the East Coast in that it was almost empty of standard settlement until the mid-19th century.
		Between 2001 and 2004 excavations have explored the backyard of an historic house in the town center uncovering a rich series of trash deposits from both the Victorian Period and the 20th Century.
		Thus the South Jersey Project not only involves the concept of “historic ethnography” (an attempt to combine archaeology, written sources, oral history and ethnography to create a thick cultural reconstruction of the town across its 150-year history) but also serves as an example of a newly emerging specialization – the Archaeology of the 20th Century.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/research/researchers/historical.shtml (468 words)

	African-American Archaeology Newsletter, Fall 1998
		Extensive historical accounts and archival data are currently being compiled by the authors in order to place this antebellum landscape in context and provide clues concerning the lives of the enslaved African-Americans associated with the Anderson family.
		The Council for Maryland Archaeology has agreed to be the fiscal agent for A-AA, so I am now able to establish a local checking account.
		Spirits of the Passage is constructed like a conventional, albeit eloquent historical narrative with an episodic storyline, a textual style unlike most historical archaeology's use of fine-grained material analyses to illuminate concealed and otherwise-lost minutia of everyday life.
	www.diaspora.uiuc.edu /A-AAnewsletter/newsletter22.html (7683 words)

	UWF Archaeology Institute - Prehistoric - Hawkshaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		2000 BP - 1750 BP); Territorial Period (1820 - 1861); Victorian Period (1870 - 1910); and the recent (1910 - 1984).
		As the lumber industry waned and hurricanes destroyed the mill, Hawkshaw became a service oriented, working class neighborhood.
		Hawkshaw: Prehistory and History in an Urban Neighborhood in Pensacola, Florida is available from the UWF Archaeology Institute (Technical report #07) for anyone interested in an in-depth look at Hawkshaw.
	uwf.edu /archaeology/projects/prehist/hawksaw/hawkshw1.htm (246 words)

	The Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation: Marine Archaeology
		Marine archaeology is similar in philosophy and methodology to on-land archaeology, though the equipment employed may differ slightly.
		If the workhorse of bulk shipping through most of the nineteenth century was the schooner, the side-wheel steamer was the workhorse of passenger, package, and mail routes during this period.
		En route from Kingston to Toronto on May 14, 1861, the Comet collided with the American schooner Exchange (bound for Kingston) southwest of Nine Mile Point, Simcoe Island, and sank after trying to run for the shelter of the point.
	www.carf.info /kingstonpast/marinearchaeology.php (3483 words)

	Directions and Issues in Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The primary objective of this seminar will be to introduce undergraduate students to the critical philosophical, methodological, and theoretical issues in anthropological archaeology, by examining the current issues and debates in archaeological method and theory.
		Patterson, T. (1996) Archaeology, history, and the concept of totality: Marxist analyses and the rise of civilisation.
		Is a scientific archaeology with the production of knowledge as its ultimate goal at odds with a critical archaeology engaged in the pursuit of social justice?
	www.nd.edu /~mchesson/syllabi/472.syllabus.html (2437 words)

	ArchaeologyOnline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Archaeology Online features archaeological web sites, books, reviews, and where to find archaeology on the WWW.
		Here is the history and archaeology of Andersonville, a Civil War prison camp from 1861-1865.
		Archaeology at the Andersonville Civil War Prison Camp, Southeast Archaeological Center
	archaeology.blogspot.com /2003/05/here-is-history-and-archaeology-of.html (128 words)

	Archaeology Links
		Includes a basic definition of historical archaeology and an interesting page on kids and archaeology.
		Check out this ever popular source on world cultures, science, technology and adventure for the latest developments in archaeology and all related subjects.
		A collection of articles and links relating to biblical archaeology (like the Dead Sea Scrolls) and the many exciting discoveries that have been made in this area.
	www.suite101.com /links.cfm/archaeology (827 words)

	Chapter VII -The Antiquity of Man And Prehistoric Archaeology
		Especially noteworthy were the further explorations of the caves and drift throughout the British Islands.
		The discovery by Colonel Wood, in 1861, of flint tools in the same strata with bones of the earlier forms of the rhinoceros, was but typical of many.
		The period of man's past life upon our planet, which has been fixed by the universal Church, "always, everywhere, and by all," is thus perfectly proved to be insignificant compared with those vast geological epochs during which man is now known to have existed.[283]
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/andrew_white/Chapter7.html (2918 words)

	JFK - Dallas County Administration Building, SMU archaeology
		The work was performed by the Archaeology Research Program, Institute for the Study of Earth and Man at Southern Methodist University and funded by Dallas County.
		The final report was written, edited, and produced by the Archaeology Research Program, Mercyhurst Archaeological Institute, Mercyhurst College, under the direction of J. Adovasio, Ph.D., Principal Investigator for the final report.
		William Young, State Steward of Archaeology for the Texas Historical Commission, reports that a number of historic sites and previously unknown prehistoric sites have been casually observed but not professionally recorded near the project area.
	www.smu.edu /anthro/collections/DCAB.html (12037 words)

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