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	Mathematics and Architecture
		Architecture was modelled on the teachings of Vitruvius and on the classical architecture which was still plentiful, particularly in Greece and Italy.
		Architecture was another of his specialities and he learnt about it, in particular the mathematical principles behind it, from studying Alberti's texts.
		Aronhold was appointed professor at the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1863.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Architecture.html (3448 words)

	Mathematics and Architecture
		Architecture was modelled on the teachings of Vitruvius and on the classical architecture which was still plentiful, particularly in Greece and Italy.
		Architecture was another of his specialities and he learnt about it, in particular the mathematical principles behind it, from studying Alberti's texts.
		Aronhold was appointed professor at the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1863.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Architecture.html (3448 words)

	Kyoto
		Le style architectural wayo qui a sera à la base de l'architecture des temples japonais jusqu'au XIIème siècle et le style exubérant de la période Momoyama seront peaufines à Kyoto, pour être ensuite imités dans l'ensemble du Japon.
		Le Honden et Gonden, qui seront classés Trésors Nationaux, seront reconstruits en 1863.
		Au Moyen-Age, les shogunats, sanctuaires et les temples avaient tous leurs guildes d'artisans et de spécialistes en architecture.
	www.insecula.com /musee/M0227.html (4109 words)

	Dome (architecture) - MSN Encarta
		Until the 19th century, domes were constructed of masonry, of wood, or of combinations of the two, frequently reinforced with iron chains around the base to counteract the outward thrust of the structure.
		Otherwise, the dome was not important in ancient Greek architecture.
		Dominating the sprawling white marble building and the city's skyline is Walter's soaring cast-iron dome, 27.4 (92 ft) in diameter (completed in 1863), which has served as the model for many state capitol buildings.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555109_1/Dome_(architecture).html (934 words)

	Landscape architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Landscape architecture is the art, planning, design, management, preservation and rehabilitation of the land and the design of man-made constructs.
		The term 'landscape architecture' was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828 and was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted (in 1863).
		Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline, and has responded to many of the movements of design and architecture through the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Landscape_architecture (1419 words)

	Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt - Cambridge University Press
		Although it is undeniable that a link between architecture and geometry (and therefore mathematics in general) exists, in different periods the nature of this connection has been identified and judged in different ways.
		Even the connection between architecture and music was heavily criticised and dismissed in favour of a more individual point of view influenced by the limitations of human perception.
		In his Dictionnaire Historique d’Architecture, he wrote that in Egyptian architecture the large size of the construction, the vastness of the composition and the profuseness of signs and objects were due to a lack of science, a lack of creativity, and a lack of taste, respectively.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521829542&ss=exc (1965 words)

	World Architecture Images- Angkor Wat
		As well as for the grandeur and harmony of the architecture, the temple is admired for its extensive bas-reliefs and for the numerous devatas adorning its walls.
		Architecturally, the elements characteristic of the style include: the ogival, redented towers shaped like lotus buds; half-galleries to broaden passageways; axial galleries connecting enclosures; and the cruciform terraces which appear along the main axis of the temple.
		Particularly the model of the temple and the architecture was that of the Cholas, especially after Raja Raja Chola and his son Rajendra Cholan, The work perhaps started from the early period of 12th Century.]], the standard design for the empire's state temples, and the later plan of concentric galleries.
	www.essential-architecture.com /A-ASIA-E/CAMBODIA/ANGKOR/CAM-ANGKOR-001.htm (2890 words)

	Architecture - The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii PhotographicRecord Recreated (A Library of Congress ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Architecture - The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii PhotographicRecord Recreated (A Library of Congress Exhibition)
		This church served as the model for the Cathedral of St. Nicholas of the Orthodox Church of America on Massachusetts Avenue, in Washington, D.C. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii.
		This madrasa, constructed 1619-1636 and in essence a Muslim theological academy and school, is part of the complex of mosques and madrasas found in Registan, the most sacred precinct of old Samarkand.
	www.loc.gov /exhibits/empire/architecture.html (1383 words)

	Italian Architecture
		Rome, on the other hand, looked to Etruscan architecture for inspiration, therefore Roman public buildings were primarily Etruscan in style.
		The Pirelli skyscraper in Milan, built by Ponti and Nervi in the late 1950s, is an example of modern Italian architecture.
		Architecture from the last two centuries is best represented in Milan and Turin; and some redevelopment projects have taken place in Genoa.
	www.lagazzettaitaliana.com /architecture.asp (795 words)

	Foreign Architects in Ottoman Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However a full curriculum of architectural education was established only with the foundation of the School of Fine Arts (Mekteb-i Sanayi-i Nefise) in 1883 according to the model of École des Beaux Arts.
		Western influences were not only observed in the architectural education but also in the municipal organization of the capital Istanbul.
		Architectural pluralism in 19th century-Istanbul observed on the facades of the new building types such as banks, office buildings, hotels, multistory houses, theaters etc., created opposition against the foreigner architects among Turkish intellectuals.
	sanat.bilkent.edu.tr /interactive.m2.org/Architecture/nasir.html (2294 words)

	Architecture
		In 1852 the congregation was officially organized and the first constitution was adopted.
		In 1863 the building was enlarged when 20 feet were added to the length.
		A major restoration project has been carried out within the last several years and the organ represents one of the larger older instruments in Quincy.
	www.salemquincy.org /architecture.html (726 words)

	chicago
		Whilst not laying exclusive claim to the beginnings of modern architecture, the constructional and theoretical advances made in the wake of the devastating fire of 1871 in Chicago were significant and definitive of a new approach to the problems of building for an industrial culture.
		Though cast-iron remained a consistently forceful element in the resolution of engineering problems throughout the 19th century, its use in architecture, particularly on the continent, remained as either a temporary expression of the material's structural possibilities or as a means to an ornamental rather than structural end.
		Their worthiness to architectural history is cast within the confines of a supporting role to later buildings such as the Auditorium, the Wainwright, the Guaranty Building and the Carson, Pirie, Scott Store.
	rubens.anu.edu.au /htdocs/bytype/arch.sources/chicago.html (6497 words)

	Egypt - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		During this period freed Turkish slaves known as Mamelukes formed the sultan's bodyguard and, after the death of the Ayyubid sultan Nagm-al-din, they seized power in 1250, forming a dynasty that was to rule Egypt and Syria for nearly 300 years.
		Under the Mamelukes Egypt became the centre of power and of Arabic culture, distinguished by major achievements in architecture and literature, in the eastern Mediterranean world.
		A Mameluke army decisively defeated the Mongols in 1260, at Ayn Jalut in Palestine, stopping the Mongol advance in southwest Asia, and in 1291 the Mamelukes completed their rule over Syria with their capture of Acre, the last possession of the crusaders in the region.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Egypt (7147 words)

	Dalhousie University - Architecture
		History and theory of architecture, the study of architectural form and meaning, history and theory of cities, and the study of culture and appropriate technologies in developing countries.
		He teaches undergraduate history of architecture courses through a hands-on method, and a graduate course in the history and theory of cities where students conduct field research followed by modelling the city.
		I argue that this is the architectural project through which Soane and Gandy's common interest in universal symbolism was made manifest, as evidenced by the design and presentation drawings held at the Soane Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum.
	architectureandplanning.dal.ca /architecture/visitors/faculty/galvin.shtml (1382 words)

	Penn State College of Arts and Architecture \| Faculty and Staff
		Art History 202 is an introduction to Western architecture from approximately 1400 to the present.
		Architecture will be considered within the contexts of religion, politics, philosophy, culture, economics, gender, society, technology, engineering, landscape architecture, urban planning and interior design.
		Since drawings are often an important tool in architectural history, you must draw and include at least the main floor plan and an exterior view (an elevation or perspective rendering) of your building.
	www.artsandarchitecture.psu.edu /facstaff/fac_hand/AppenI.html (2849 words)

	[No title]
		Existing law provides that it is a misdemeanor for any person to engage in the practice of architecture or landscape architecture and other associated activities without a license.
		No partnership, firm, or corporation shall engage in the practice of landscape architecture unless the work is under the immediate and responsible direction of a licensee of the board.
		A degree from a school of landscape architecture approved by the board shall be deemed equivalent to four years of training and educational experience in the actual practice of landscape architecture.
	info.sen.ca.gov /pub/99-00/statute/ch_1051-1100/ch_1054_st_2000_sb_1863 (4207 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 1863 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		1863 is a common year starting on Thursday.
		1860 1861 1862 - 1863 - 1864 1865 1866
		Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /1863 (1726 words)

	England : Traveler's Guide to Art & Architecture : Architecture \| Frommers.com
		While each architectural era has its distinctive features, there are some elements, floor plans, and terms common to many.
		But to support the weight of all that masonry, the walls had to be thick and solid (meaning they could be pierced only by few and small windows) resting on huge piers, giving Norman churches a dark, somber, mysterious, and often oppressive feeling.
		These load-bearing architectural devices allowed the architects to open up wide naves and spaces, channeling all the weight of the stone walls and ceiling across the curve of the arch and down into the ground via the columns or pilasters.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/england/0221026568.html (2577 words)

	University Libraries of Notre Dame, Architecture - July 2000 New Books
		Architecture and identity : responses to cultural and technological change.
		Architectural representation handbook : traditional and digital techniques for graphic communication.
		Healthcare architecture in an era of radical transformation.
	www.nd.edu /~archlib/newbooks/archive_2000/0007_125.html (600 words)

	Northern Italy : In Depth : Architecture \| Frommers.com
		While each architectural era has its own distinctive features, there are some elements, general floor plans, and terms common to many.
		In the baroque, classical architecture is rewritten with curves, like a Renaissance where many of the crisp angles and ruler-straight lines are exchanged for curves of complex geometry and an interplay of concave and convex.
		Palladio was working as a stonemason and sculptor when, at 30, inspired by the design of ancient buildings he studied on trips to Rome, he turned his hand to architecture and applied the principles of classical proportion to Renaissance ideals of grace, symmetry, and functionality.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/northernitaly/0258020062.html (2510 words)

	Riga municipality portal
		In the architecture of the historic centre of Riga examples of all architectural styles characteristic for the Northern Europe, from Gothic to Modernism, are found.
		The regular building of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is characteristic for the planning of the historic centre, oriented towards the direction of main streets in the Old City, which emerged approximately in the 14th century.
		Dismantling of outdated defense systems (ramparts, dams, constructions) in 1857 – 1863 was an important impetus for the development of the city construction.
	www.riga.lv /EN/Channels/About_Riga/Riga_architecture (178 words)

	Jersey Shore - Architecture
		From the glitzy architecture of Atlantic City's boardwalk and casinos to the ornate homes, bungalows and bed and breakfast establishments (B&Bs) of historic Cape May, the Jersey Shore blends the best of the oldest and newest architectural trends.
		The architecture in north Jersey Shore is an eclectic mix of colonial, Victorian, and seaside constructions.
		Asbury Park's primary architectural attraction is the 1930 Beaux Arts Convention Hall on the city's Boardwalk.
	www.tripcart.com /usa-regions/Jersey-Shore,Architecture.aspx (978 words)

	Genomic Mapping of Direct and Correlated Responses to Long-Term Selection for Rapid Growth Rate in Mice -- Allan et al. ...
		exploring the genetic architecture of complex trait predisposition
		, 2001 Genetic architecture of adiposity in the cross of LG/J and SM/J inbred mice.
		, 2004 The genetic architecture of response to long-term artificial selection for oil concentration in the maize kernel.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/170/4/1863 (6460 words)

	© ASLA.org Landscape Architecture Education and Career Development
		The first-professional Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) is for persons who hold an undergraduate degree in a field other than landscape architecture, and intend to become landscape architecture practitioners.
		The Landscape Architectural Accreditation Board an autonomous committee of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) is the agency that accredits first-professional degree programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels in the United States.
		The purpose of the society is "the advancement of knowledge, education, and skill in the arts and science of landscape architecture as an instrument of service in the public welfare." ASLA provides continuing professional education to practitioners to maintain their educational licensing requirements where mandated.
	www.asla.org /nonmembers/recruitment/edcareer.htm (1402 words)

	Digital Librarian: Architecture and Historic Preservation
		Architecture Links on the Web is an extensive categorized list of more than 2000 websites from around the world.
		Australian Architecture - 78 examples of twentieth century architecture in Melbourne, Victoria, from the turn of the century to 1980.
		SPIRO Architecture Image Library - Over 16,000 images from the Architecture Slide Library at the University of California, Berkeley are searchable by architect, building name, location, subject and period.
	www.digital-librarian.com /architecture.html (5833 words)

	New York Architecture Images- Playmates Arch
		This was part of the overall restoration of the Arch by the Parks Department, under the supervision of the Central Park Conservancy.
		Cast-iron railings, readily available in 1863, are now regarded as special, surviving ornaments.
		Playmates derived its name partly from its proximity to a number of major park attractions devoted to children: the Dairy, which once served fresh milk and other refreshments, the Kinderberg, a huge rustic shelter replaced in the 1930s by the Chess and Checkers House, a Children's Cottage, with live animals, and the nearby Carousel.
	www.nyc-architecture.com /CP/cp010.htm (292 words)

	FINA A414 1863 Art and Archaeology of Rome
		In order to facilitate close exposure to the objects and places studied and "hands-on" discussion, the class will meet in a classroom equipped with individual computer terminals.
		This course will study the contributions of the visual arts to defining Roman cultural identity through an examination of major developmental trends in architecture, sculpture and painting.
		Emphasis will be on the interpretation of objects within their social and physical contexts.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blspr98/fina/fina_a414_1863.html (194 words)

	National Register #73000448: Lathrop House in San Mateo County
		It was in January 6, 1858, that Mary C. Lathrop, wife of Benjamin G. Lathrop, brought the entire block of lots on which the present Fox Theatre building now stands from the Arguello and Mezes families, the area's earliest landowners.
		In 1863, the Lathrops' residence was ready for occupancy, with 11 rooms plus kitchen and servants quarters.
		A classic example of early "Steamboat Gothic" architecture erected in 1863 as the residence of San Mateo County's first Clerk, Recorder and Assessor, Benjamin G. Lathrop.
	www.noehill.com /sanmateo/nat1973000448.asp (222 words)

	glbtq >> arts >> Architecture
		Archivists from the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University and the Frances Loeb Library at Harvard University began examining their collections from gay, lesbian, and gender perspectives.
		Some architectural critics and historians caution against forming conclusions about such matters, for too little is known about the effect of sexuality on creativity.
		Focused on the relationship of art and religion and using architecture to communicate his beliefs and passions, Cram is best known for his American Gothic churches such as All Saints in Ashmont Boston and University Chapel at Princeton.
	www.glbtq.com /arts/architecture.html (862 words)

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