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		Considering the rapid growth and far-reaching scope of Federal activities in science and technology, it is imperative that the President have adequate staff support in developing policies and evaluating programs in order to assure that science and technology are used most effectively in the interests of national security and general welfare.
		The National Science Foundation has proved to be an effective instrument for administering sizable programs in support of basic research and education in the sciences and has set an example for other agencies through the administration of its own programs.
		Science policies, transcending agency lines, need to be coordinated and shaped at the level of the Executive Office of the President drawing upon many resources both within and outside of Government.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/42C16.txt (8176 words)

	1863 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Manchester, England, on January 19, 1863; the second was the letter...
		Your editorial on the flying of the 1863 Confederate battle flag (Jan. 24.) indicates...
		The cause for the Confederacy, in 1863, was to preserve African American slavery...
	hallencyclopedia.com /1863 (1655 words)

	Science Quotes - The Quotations Page
		Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated.
		Science is facts; just as houses are made of stones, so is science made of facts; but a pile of stones is not a house and a collection of facts is not necessarily science.
		In science, 'fact' can only mean 'confirmed to such a degree that it would be perverse to withhold provisional assent.' I suppose that apples might start to rise tomorrow, but the possibility does not merit equal time in physics classrooms.
	www.quotationspage.com /subjects/science (773 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Science and the Church
		The words "science" and "Church" are here understood in the following sense: Science is not taken in the restricted meaning of natural sciences, but in the general one given to the word by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas.
		Church, in connexion with science, theoretically means any Church that claims authority in matters of doctrine and teaching; practically, however, only the Catholic Church is in question, on account of her universality and her claim of power to exercise this authority.
		The greatest obstacle to anti-Christian science is the Church, which claims Divine origin, authority to teach infallible truth, maintains the inspiration of Scripture, and is confident of her own existence to the end of the world.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13598b.htm (12521 words)

	Science and Technology Policy Yearbook: Chapter 27: US Science Policy and Science Advice, 1840-1878
		Although Henry never ceased thinking of himself as a research scientist and educator, thereafter his chief roles were those of science administrator and de facto advisor to both the executive and legislative branches of government on all aspects of science and technology.
		Although some Administrations were more friendly to science than others (the Fillmore Administration was particularly active scientifically), it was often the individual Secretary who decided the role of science in his area of responsibility.
		The standard history of science and the federal government is A. Hunter Dupree, Science in the Federal Government: A History of Policies and Activities to 1940 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957).
	www.aaas.org /spp/yearbook/chap27.htm (2264 words)

	Science Quotes
		Science is nothing but trained and organized common sense differing from the latter only as a veteran may differ from a raw recruit: and its methods differ from those of common sense only as far as the guardsman's cut and thrust differ from the manner in which a savage wields his club.
		Science is not formal logic–it needs the free play of the mind in as great a degree as any other creative art.
		Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation.
	www.lhup.edu /~dsimanek/sciquote.htm (5100 words)

	Chronology of Science in the United States
		James Dwight Dana (1813-1895) published a series of articles in the American Journal of Science presenting his ideas on "cephalization," which related to his theory of the progress of species through the increasing importance of the brain, a manifestation of Dana's interest in finding design in nature.
		The American Social Science Association was founded in Boston with the purpose of societal improvement (e.g., civil service, prisons, public health, education).
		Daniel Kirkwood (1814-1895) published on his discovery of gaps in the distribution of mean distances of asteroids from the sun; the disturbances in the distribution of the orbits were attributed to Jupiter's gravity.
	home.earthlink.net /~claelliott/chron1860.htm (2556 words)

	Biblio: Historical Geology
		Bowen, Mammalian dispersal at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary, Science, 295, 2062, 2002.
		Banfield, J.F., and C.R. Marshall, Genomics and the Geosciencesq, Science, 287, 605-, 2000.
		Collerson, K.D., and B.S. Kamber, Evolution of the continents and the atmosphere inferred from Th-U-Nb systematics of the depleted mantle, Science, 283, 1519-1522, 1999.
	www.columbia.edu /~vjd1/biblio_historical_gly.htm (6277 words)

	CHAPTER ONE: The Sciences and the Curriculum
		In order to judge better the curricular developments in the sciences taught at Williams in its first century, it is helpful first to have in mind a basic outline of some of the highlights of science and technology in America during that period.
		One of the most effective proponents of furthering the development of science at Williams was Albert Hopkins '26 (1807-1872), younger brother of Mark Hopkins, and tutor and professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy from 1828.
		It is also worth noting that in general, science and technical subjects account for about 10% of all books published, so that the 16% proportion of Williams library holdings in 1852, let alone the 22% in 1875, revealed an already exceptional commitment to scientific knowledge.
	www.williams.edu /resources/sciencecenter/center/HistSci00/chapter1.html (7017 words)

	October - November 2001 PPTE Feature -- Who Is Advising Congress on Science &Technology?
		Within the executive branch of the federal government, the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) serves as the President's primary source of scientific and technological analysis and judgment with respect to major policies, plans and major programs of the federal government.
		Today, the National Academies (staffed by several OTA veterans) — the National Academy of Science (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and the National Research Council (NRC) — serve in an expanded capacity as advisers to the federal government on matters of science and technology.
		Fellows are enrolled in the multi-society Science and Engineering Fellowship Program, and participate in a two-week orientation organized by the American Association for the Advancement of Science during early September in Washington, D.C. at IEEE-USA's expense.
	www.todaysengineer.org /policyperspectives/oct01pp/OTA.html (2576 words)

	Children’s Magazines and Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Perhaps predictably, given the absence of science from the curriculum in girls’ schools and in the focusing on home accomplishments that characterised almost all the magazines for girls, there was very little science in their pages.
		As awareness of the need for more science in the curriculum in the 1870s permeated down to schools, so children’s magazines were able to present scientific information in a manner which made it possible for young readers to enjoy simple and safe experiments.
		Suitable texts for teaching science were produced, as well as a number of treatise on practical chemistry.
	www.utpjournals.com /product/vpr/343/magazines15.html (3454 words)

	Internet History of Science Sourcebook
		The achievements of this period have not been negated by the discoveries and theories of the late 19th and 20th centuries, but are now seen as accurate only with certain boundaries.
		Andrew White: The Warfare of Science and Theology in Christendom 1898 [At Hanover]
		This is one of the most successful, and early, statements on Materialism stemming from the conclusions of the New Science.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/science/sciencesbook.html (2786 words)

	1863 In Science Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Looking For 1863 in science - Find 1863 in science and more at Lycos Search.
		1863 In Science Medical Information Site - Medical news sent daily by MDLinx,a network of Web sites for physicians,and other healthcare professionals.
		Find 1863 in science - Your relevant result is a click away!
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/1863_in_science (236 words)

	From the Earth to the Moon
		He believed it occurred only at the neutral point of gravity between Earth and the Moon, and thus allowed his crew only about one hour of it during their flight.
		But in terms of luxury, Verne's capsule beat Apollo hands-down: "even the Pullman cars of the Pacific Railroad could not surpass the projectile vehicle in solid comfort" and at the moment of greatest crisis on the return journey Arden is able to settle the crew's nerves with some bottles of Tokay Imperial 1863.
		Published in English as From the Earth to the Moon and Round the Moon.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/F/FromEarth.html (627 words)

	Life and the Art of Networks -- Jasny and Ray 301 (5641): 1863 -- Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The impact of this way of thinking is percolating into fundamental biological research with increasing speed, and this issue of Science focuses on how we are making that transition.
		Wagner (Science's STKE 2003, pe41) grapples with this question and possible mechanisms by which signaling networks develop in an associated Perspective at Science's STKE.
		The idea that molecular signaling cascades share fundamental properties with colonies of ants and Internet communication systems is adding new meaning to the idea of interdisciplinary science.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/summary/301/5641/1863 (488 words)

	History of Women and Science, Health, and Technology
		Relevant field and career indexes are "Domestic Science and Home Economics," "Medicine and Life Sciences," and "Physics, Mathematics, and Earth Sciences." BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX, ISIS CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY and its cumulations, and the BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE are some of the other resources pointing to further biographical writings.
		For breakthroughs of women in science, health, and technology, use the subject index under "Agriculture and home economics," "Medicine," and "Science and technology" (with many sub-headings).
		Although "women" are not indexed, the index does note those who were first in their fields, such as the first Black female Ph.D. in physics and the first elected to the American College of Surgeons.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/WomensStudies/bibliogs/hws/hws0503.htm (1012 words)

	1863 Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Looking For 1863 - Find 1863 and more at Lycos Search.
		Find 1863 - Your relevant result is a click away!
		Look for 1863 - Find 1863 at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Category:1863 (174 words)

	Christian Science
		Christian Science was founded by Mary Baker Eddy [nee Mary Ann Morse Baker], who was born in Bow, NH on July 16, 1821.
		For example: Quimby spoke of his system as the "Science of the Christ" and even called it Christian Science in February 1863; Mrs.
		Eddy recognized the Deity as masculine and feminine, "Our Mother-Father God;" allowed herself to be represented as the equal and successor to Christ and was so revered by her loyal followers; wanted to be called "Mother" ["Mother Eddy"]; and stressed silent prayer.
	www.ankerberg.org /Articles/apologetics/AP1199W1.htm (3099 words)

	US CODE: Title 42,1863. National Science Board
		The Board is also authorized to appoint from among its members such committees as it deems necessary, and to assign to committees so appointed such survey and advisory functions as the Board deems appropriate to assist it in exercising its powers and functions under this chapter.
		(2) The Board shall render to the President for submission to the Congress reports on specific, individual policy matters related to science and engineering and education in science and engineering, as the Board, the President, or the Congress determines the need for such reports.
		Portions of Board meetings in which the Board considers proposed Foundation budgets for a particular fiscal year may be closed to the public until the President’s budget for that fiscal year has been submitted to the Congress.
	www4.law.cornell.edu /uscode/42/1863.notes.html (747 words)

	Koshland Science Museum - National Academies
		With these words, Congress established the National Academy of Sciences in 1863 as a private, non-profit organization.
		Members of the National Academy of Sciences – and its sister organizations, the National Academy of Engineering and the Institute of Medicine – are among the nation’s most respected and authoritative leaders in the scientific, technological, and health communities, including hundreds of Nobel Prize winners and recipients of National Medals for Science and Technology.
		Today, the responsibility for providing independent advice to the government on matters of science, technology, and medicine is shared by these three organizations, which – together with the National Research Council – comprise the National Academies.
	www.koshlandsciencemuseum.org /background/na.jsp (355 words)

	Science -- Klug 292 (5523): 1844 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		It reads the sequence of one strand of the DNA double helix (the template) and in so doing synthesizes messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into protein.
		Two papers by Roger Kornberg's group (1, 2) on pages 1863 and 1876 of this issue go a long way toward helping us to understand the structural basis of transcription at the atomic level.
		Copyright © 2001 by The American Association for the Advancement of Science.
	www.med.ufl.edu /IDP/Core01/OUTLN1/Klug.html (2225 words)

	Belarusian Computer Industry
		Historically Cybernetics and Genetics were two of the most prosecuted by Stalin natural sciences.
		EC-1840,1841, 1842, 1863 - analogs of IBM PC - were developed in Belarus in the 80-ies.
		scientific research association "Cybernetics" of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus is probably dealing with these problems.
	www.belarusguide.com /industry1/computer.htm (930 words)

	Section 1, Discussion 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Gnatt, P. Cramer, J. Fu, D. Bushnell and R. Kornberg "Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Å Resolution", Science, 292: 1863-1876.
		(A "Perspective" in the same issue of Science that gives a good overview of the paper).
		RNA II is responsible for synthesis of mRNA, using DNA as the template..
	www.med.ufl.edu /IDP/Core01/OUTLN1/S1D5.html (217 words)

	Influence of quality classification, aging period, blade tenderization, and endpoint cooking temperature on cooking ...
		Influence of quality classification, aging period, blade tenderization, and endpoint cooking temperature on cooking characteristics and tenderness of beef gluteus medius steaks -- George-Evins et al.
		Influence of quality classification, aging period, blade tenderization, and endpoint cooking temperature on cooking characteristics and tenderness of beef gluteus medius steaks
		Copyright © 2004 by the American Society of Animal Science.
	www.animal-science.org /cgi/content/abstract/82/6/1863 (374 words)

	CPG15 and the dynamics of retinotectal synapses - Nature Neuroscience
		Nedivi, E., Wu, G.-Y. and Cline, H. Science 281, 1863-1866 (1998).
		Wu, G.-Y., Malinow, R. and Cline, H. Science 274, 972-976 (1996).
		Wu, G.-Y. and Cline, H. Science 279, 222-226 (1998).
	www.nature.com /neuro/journal/v3/n10/full/nn1000_971.html (1583 words)

	Structural Basis of Transcription: RNA Polymerase II at 2.8 Ångstrom Resolution. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		The results also provide evidence for RNA exit in the vicinity of the carboxyl-terminal repeat domain, coupling synthesis to RNA processing by enzymes bound to this domain.
		Gnatt AL, Cramer P, Fu J, Bushnell DA, and Kornberg RD, "Structural Basis of Transcription: An RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex at 3.3 Ångstrom Resolution", Science vol.
		Korzheva N, Mustaev A, Malhotra A, Nikiforov V, Goldfarb A, and Darst SE, "A Structural Model of Transcription Elongation", Science, vol.
	www.euchromatin.org /Cramer01.htm (344 words)

	1863 in science
		Home Natural Sciences Applied Arts Social Sciences Culture Fine Arts
		The year 1863 CE in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.
		See also: 1862 in science, other events of 1863, 1864 in science and the list of years in science.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/1/18/1863_in_science.html (108 words)

	Science and the Artist's Book - Smithsonian Exhibit : services and conservation - Details from MuseumsToday.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		Science and the Artist's Book - Smithsonian Exhibit : services and conservation - Details from MuseumsToday.com
		Science and the Artist's Book - Smithsonian Exhibit
		Variety of illustrated plates of biological taxa, flora, fauna, etc - Science and the Artist's Book is an exhibition which explores links between scientific and artistic creativity through the book format.
	www.museumstoday.com /items/link-17517-1863.html (55 words)

	TITLE 42 , CHAPTER 16 , Sec. 1863. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-29)
		shall be eminent in the fields of the basic, medical, or social sciences, engineering, agriculture, education, research management, or public affairs;
		The Board shall render to the President, for submission to the Congress no later than January 15 of each even numbered year, a report on indicators of the state of science and engineering in the United States.
		The Board shall render to the President for submission to the Congress reports on specific, individual policy matters related to science and engineering and education in science and engineering, as the Board, the President, or the Congress determines the need for such reports.
	liimirror.warwick.ac.uk /uscode/42/1863.html (733 words)

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