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	Thames & Hudson College Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Archaeology is partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the meticulous work of the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.
		Archaeology is the "past tense of cultural anthropology." Whereas cultural anthropologists will often base their conclusions on the experience of actually living within contemporary communities, archaeologists study past humans and societies primarily through their material remains—the buildings, tools, and other artifacts that constitute what is known as the material culture left over from former societies.
		To archaeology, however, which studies all cultures and periods, whether with or without writing, the distinction between history and prehistory is a convenient dividing line that simply recognizes the importance of the written word in the modern world, but in no way denigrates the useful information contained in oral histories.
	www.wwnorton.com /thamesandhudson/college/archaeology/introduction.htm (865 words)

	Biblical archaeology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biblical archaeology involves the recovery and scientific investigation of the material remains of past cultures that can illuminate the periods and descriptions in the Bible.
		By contrast Near Eastern archaeology is simply the archaeology of the Ancient Near East without any particular consideration of how its discoveries relate to the Bible.
		Biblical Archaeology began after publication by Edward Robinson (American professor of Biblical literature; 1794-1863) of his travels through Palestine during the first half of the 19th century (a time when the oldest complete Hebrew scripture only dated to the Middle Ages), which highlighted similarities between modern Arabic place-names and Biblical city names.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biblical_archaeology (3530 words)

	Boone et al., Is it evolution yet? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Although the relationship between evolutionary archaeology and evolutionary ecology may seem to be a rather arid academic dispute turning on some esoteric points of evolutionary theory, we feel that the implications for future research in archaeology and on culture change generally are quite broad.
		Furthermore, given that evolutionary archaeology is positing cultural inheritance, its failure to pay attention to the effect of cultural transmission pathways (e.g., parental versus nonparental, generational versus peer-to-peer, one-to-many versus many-to-one) as well as secondary forces such as evolved preferences is puzzling.
		While evolutionary archaeology is to be applauded for its attention to the archaeological record per se, the school is naive to assume that one can understand archaeology without understanding the human behavior, society, and culture that produced it.
	cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Boone_98.html (17864 words)

	The Bible and Archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He is credited with transforming archaeology from a treasure hunt into a disciplined search for information about the past.
		Archaeology supplies means for understanding many of the biblical situations(;) it adds the dimension of reality to pictures that otherwise would be strange and somewhat unreal, and therefore it provides an element of credibility.
		Archaeology, by supplying him with material remains from biblical times and places, and by interpreting these data, provides a context of reality for the biblical story and reasonability for biblical faith" (1979, Vol.
	www.ucgstp.org /lit/gn/gn004/gn004f05.htm (3370 words)

	Archaeology in Indiana -- the Early Years
		Only in the past few decades has archaeology here been conducted by professional, university-trained, full-time archaeologists at institutions or companies dedicated primarily or solely to archaeological research, investigations, and preservation.
		His legacy to archaeology remains in many ways, including the continued support of the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology at Indiana University by an endowment.
		The future of archaeology in Indiana is promising as institutions, governments, and the public gain a better understanding of its role and contributions to historical and scientific knowledge.
	www.statelib.lib.in.us /www/ihb/publications/archbegin.html (1252 words)

	FSTS Sources - Papers - ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT: PART 2: Chapter 2 Site Formation
		Prior to 1870, Minneapolis flour was not highly regarded due to the discoloration of the flour caused by the presence of "middlings", a hard layer found in the locally grown spring wheat.
		It began operation in 1871 and ran through the heart of the mill district along 2nd Street and then along the river flats through the Gateway area, connecting with the St.Paul and Pacific Mississippi River bridge.
		Even before the waterworks became fully operational in 1871, it was apparent that the system was woefully inadequate due to the inefficiency of the pumps, the difficulty in making connections to the main and the shallowness of the main which froze in the winter.
	www.fromsitetostory.org /sources/papers/mnarch49/49a-archpo.asp (13253 words)

	African-American Archaeology Newsletter, Fall 1997
		The settlement was founded between 1871 and 1874 and originally included an AME church, a school, and assorted log and frame structures.
		While historical archaeology, as practiced in North America consists primarily of the archaeology of European expansion, in Africa it is a combination of oral history, documents, and archaeology which are being used to provide a sense of the diversity of Africa's past as the presenters at this conference fully exhibited.
		Rankin-Hill situates her study by discussing the difficulty of studying the history of a people who are essentially invisible in the documentary record and the importance of cemetery archaeology as a source of information on demography, health, and disease in such populations.
	www.diaspora.uiuc.edu /A-AAnewsletter/newsletter18.html (7606 words)

	South Dakota Archaeology Bibliography
		University of South Dakota Archaeology Laboratory for U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1977.
		Traces the development of archaeology in the state through the personalities of individuals who have researched its prehistory, the changing trends in theories and techniques, and the establishment of state and federal laws that have led to current archaeological programs.
		Its emphasis is on the history of South Dakota archaeology, not the cultures of the prehistoric societies.
	www.larryjzimmerman.com /SDarch/sdbib.html (15257 words)

	Christine Finn: Chapter Three (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It was this passionate fusing of human emotion with the practice of a scientific discipline that was to define her as an original writer, but it made her sit somehow uneasily in archaeology's academic community, one which as her career progressed became ever more based in the sciences rather than the humanities.
		The Archaeology of the Channel Islands: Volume II was published in 1939, and was regarded as a particularly well-written work of scholarship destined for the archaeological community, where it was able to find its permanent place.
		Buoyed by their archaeology researches and by impending parenthood, Jacquetta and Christopher took another holiday that hot summer, to Cornwall; a family photo shows Jacquetta looking radiant despite the heat and her advanced state.
	traumwerk.stanford.edu:3455 /ChristineFinn/74 (7323 words)

	ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIAS
		A true "first," this encyclopedia is the only comprehensive guide ever published on the archaeology and traditional culture of the Caribbean.
		This work is a comprehensive collection of cutting-edge scholarship on the economic, international business, political, legal, and environmental ramifications of globalization—one of the hottest topics of the day.
		Entries represent an inclusive, cross-disciplinary approach, written by specialists in history, archaeology, anthropology, geography, politics, economics, the Irish and English languages and literatures, the visual arts and other fields.
	exlibris.colgate.edu /gateway/encyclopedias.htm (4766 words)

	H-Net Review: Gary Beckman on Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970
		As might be expected from a non-classicist, her focus is not on the development of Greek philology or archaeology as professional fields, a task that would have required her to pay equal attention to developments in England and France.
		The ethos of early German archaeology is manifest in the words of one of its first practitioners, Eduard Gerhard, who referred to his work as "the philology of monuments" (p.
		In archaeology, the devotion to Homer that led the cosmopolitan Heinrich Schliemann to conduct his excavations at Troy beginning in 1870 (pp.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=129441067903030 (1963 words)

	Behind the Mask of Agamemnon
		While his revisionist scholarship has been criticized by some (Machteld Mellink, a former president of the Archaeological Institute of America, characterized it as a "vendetta against Schliemann"), many now concur that Schliemann was a brilliant dissembler.
		Late last year ARCHAEOLOGY received a manuscript from Calder restating his claim that the mask is a forgery.
		Because of its serious implications, ARCHAEOLOGY solicited responses from five experts, printing in full those of David A. Traill, author of Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit, and Katie Demakopoulou, former director of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.
	www.archaeology.org /9907/etc/mask.html (773 words)

	Online Archaeology - Ownership and Equality in the British Neolithic
		The emergence of ‘post-processual’ archaeology brought with it reinterpretations, particularly of prehistoric archaeology, where ideas that society was hierarchical and wealth-driven were replaced with more ‘left wing’ ideals of equality and communality (see Greene 2002: 230-261 and Tilley 1989).
		Binford (1971) outlines a history of interpretations, beginning in 1871, and ranging from religious theories, to the idea that ‘‘tree burial can be explained by the fact that people originally lived in trees’[!] (Küsters 1920)’ (ibid.: 208-223; 219).
		Additionally, much of the archaeology we have for the Neolithic is in some way connected to ritualised activity, as monuments would have taken time and labour, this suggests it was important concern for society.
	www.online-archaeology.co.uk /Default.aspx?PageContentMode=1&tabid=105 (17677 words)

	AllRefer.com - Heinrich Schliemann (Archaeology, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He accumulated a fortune in the indigo trade and as a military contractor and retired from business in 1863 to dedicate himself to finding Troy and other Homeric sites.
		After several years of study and travel, in 1871 he undertook at his own expense excavations at Hissarlik that resulted in the discovery of four superimposed towns.
		Schliemann's research at Hissarlik represented the archaeological discovery of a Homeric civilization, previously considered by many experts to be legendary.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Schliema.html (402 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: William Brown Hodgson (1801-1871)
		Certain features within the NGE site require the use of JavaScript, and your browser doesn't appear to be supporting it.
		Hodgson died on June 26, 1871, while visiting New York City.
		He was buried in the Telfair family crypt at Bonaventure Cemetery in Savannah.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-3236 (988 words)

	Anthropology 500C Seminar Readings
		An environmental explanation of Processual Archaeology in the United States is one of many "gems".
		The older editions by Glyn Daniel alone were the standard British view of archaeology and were full of many treasures of arrogant parochialism.
		This is the central text defining the culture-historical concepts employed in practical, every-day archaeology right through the processual and postprocessual eras.
	www.siu.edu /~anthro/muller/A500CR.html (1761 words)

	Staffordshire Industrial Archaeology Sandon lime kiln project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		It appears that sometime between 1863 and 1881 the old mill was converted into a dwelling.
		The 1871 Census does not mention the Mill, but in 1881 there are two families living in the Mill Yard.
		Earlier, in 1838 there had been another timber yard and wharf on the opposite side of the canal to the Limekiln, run by Mr Turnock.
	www.staffsia.org.uk /sandon.htm (2574 words)

	Fur Trade Bibliography
		Archaeology and the Fur Trade: The Excavation of Sturgeon Fort, Saskatchewan.
		(1977) Mansion in the Wilderness: The Archaeology of The Ermatinger House.
		At least 75 entries were gleefuly lifted from the 11 July 1998 version of John Cotter's bibliography of North American Historical Archaeology (http://www.sha.org/cot2intr.htm).
	www.digitalpresence.com /histarch/furtrade.html (5545 words)

	Wilbour's Legacy
		In addition to his other occupations, Wilbour was employed by the city as a stenographer in the Bureau of Elections and the Superior Court (he appears in this role on court records, such as that of the 1861 murder trial of Charles M. Jefferds) and as Examiner of Accounts.
		Wilbour's decision to travel to France, where he would study Egyptology under Gaston Maspero, coincided with the 1871 fall of the ring led by political kingpin "Boss" Tweed.
		Beginning in 1880, Wilbour spent winters in Egypt, occupying himself with his own research, building a collection of antiquities, and from time to time helping out Maspero, his teacher and head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service.
	www.archaeology.org /online/reviews/wilbour (1693 words)

	New Netherland Project Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Also in: The Bulletin and Journal of Archaeology for New York State.
		Also in: In The Scope of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of John L. Cotter, edited by David G. Orr and Daniel G. Crozier.
		"The Archaeology of New Amsterdam and New York." New Netherland Studies.
	www.nnp.org /project/bibliography.html (6018 words)

	Le Musee du Louvre - The Louvre Museum
		A few years later, during the uprising of the Paris Commune in 1871, the Tuileries was burned.
		Paradoxically, the disappearance of the Tuileries, which had originally brought about the extension of the Louvre, opened the admirable perspective that now stretches from the Arc du Carrousel west through the Tuileries Gardens and the Place de la Concorde to the Place Charles de Gaulle.
		"Palace of the Tuileries [1871], showing extent of damage to one of the façades, with two soldiers standing guard", from The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870-1871 at the Charles Deering McCormick Library of Special Collections, Northwestern University Library.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Paris/Museums-Paris/Louvre.shtml (1970 words)

	Maritime Archaeology and History of the Pacific Symposium Highlights
		This is especially important to archaeology as we endeavor to engender a worldwide sense of stewardship.
		For reasons both real and perceived, the distinction between professional archaeology, treasure-hunting, and deep-sea exploration is becoming increasingly blurred, a threatening situation for archaeologists and the submerged heritage.
		Further within the park's mandate is the ongoing effort to provide to visitors, the history of the vessels, and explain their context within the maritime history of the area, the state, and in some cases, the world.
	www.mahhi.org /previous_abstracts.html (13883 words)

	Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society
		He was one of that group of pioneers of industrial archaeology who in the 1960s helped bring the subject before a wider subject.
		His second, given in 1996, was entitled 'Industrial Archaeology and the Historical Imagination' in which he said: 'History for me is place, as for others it is libraries, archives and pictures.
		Industrial archaeology is important mainly because, for the first time, it brought the places used by yesterday's working people out of the shadows and into full historical daylight.' Kenneth kindly allowed us to print this lecture in our journal, London's Industrial Archaeology (No6).
	www.glias.org.uk /news/186news.html (4616 words)

	2
		The early archaeology of Washington, D.C., done by William Henry Holmes, S. Proudfit, and others, reveals a number of village, camp, and quarry sites within the present boundaries of the city (Figure 4).
		It was replaced in 1871 by a large, modern building designed by German-born architect and city engineer Adolf Cluss (Topham 1924:84).
		Cluss and his partner Paul Schulze were soon hired as architects for the restoration of the Patent Office after the North and West Wings were heavily damaged by fire on 24 September 1877 (Hartman-Cox Architects and Oehrlein Associates Architects 1999:10/16-10/18).
	www.si.edu /oahp/patent/2.0Results.htm (7018 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Its relevance for archaeology was to further the acceptance of the antiquity of man. In his book, "The Descent of Man" (1871), he speculated that our closest relatives in the animal world were chimpanzee and gorilla and that Africa was our likely homeland.
		DEFINITION: Scottish geologist largely responsible for the general acceptance of the view that all features of the earth's surface are produced by physical, chemical, and biological processes over long periods of geological time (Uniformitarianism).
		His work had a bearing on the development of archaeology at two points.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=Arles (824 words)

	Archaeological Research, NMAI Museum Site on Mall
		At least one of these families, the Sheas, appears to have capitalized on the degraded nature of the area, selling liquor and stolen goods and renting rooms to prostitutes.
		In 1871, Maria Shea committed murder in her house several doors down from Mary Ann Hall's brothel, and the event was described in great detail the next day in the Evening Star (Figure 5).
		Detail of article in the Evening Star (1871) describing the murder committed in Reservation C by Maria Shea.
	www.si.edu /oahp/nmaidig (5570 words)

	Introduction to Archaeology (ANTH 110/310)
		Brought scientific archaeology to India and Pakistan, and excavated ancient Indus civilization cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in 1940's.
		Walter W. Taylor - author of A Study of Archaeology (1948), a work which laid the theoretical foundations for the "new archaeology" promoted by Lewis Binford in the 1960's.
		Leading authority on the archaeology of Central America and Maya civilization.
	www.ku.edu /~hoopes/history.html (2559 words)

	ArtLex's Ao-Ars page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Towards the end of the nineteenth century archaeology became an academic study, making increasing use of scientific techniques and systematic methods.
		Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1: Portrait of the Artist's Mother, 1871, oil on canvas, 4 feet 8 3/4 x 5 feet 3 3/4 inches, Musée d'Orsay, Paris, France.
		With planes and shapes flattened, and color muted, Whistler's portrait demonstrates his devotion to aestheticism and art for art's sake.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/Ao.html (3828 words)

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