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	Archaeology
		But although archaeology uses extensively the methods, techniques, and results of the physical and biological sciences, it is not a natural science; some consider it a discipline that is half science and half humanity.
		Archaeology proper began with an interest in the Greeks and Romans and first developed in 18th-century Italy with the excavations of the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
		The development of scientific archaeology in 19th-century Europe from the antiquarianism and treasure collecting of the previous three centuries was due to three things: a geological revolution, an antiquarian revolution, and the propagation of the doctrine of evolution.
	www.crystalinks.com /arch.html (4140 words)

	archaeology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from the Greek words αρχαίος = ancient and λόγος = word/speech/discourse) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
		The goals of archaeology are to document and explain the origins and development of human culture, understand culture history, chronicle cultural evolution, and study human behavior and ecology, for both prehistoric and historic societies.
		Archaeology is the study of human culture using artifacts -material remains from humans in the past.
	archaeology.blogsome.com (16422 words)

	ARCHAEOLOGY
		Archaeology is the study of past cultures through the discovery and examination of remaining artifacts (things made by people) and remains of things used by people.
		In the social sciences, archaeology is one of the main fields of anthropology since it offers the only method for studying lost and forgotten cultures.
		"Archaeology is not only the hand maid of history, it is also the conservator of art.
	sociologyindex.com /archaeology.htm (501 words)

	Putnam
		In 1864 he was named Curator of Vertebrates for the Essex Institute and Director of the Museum of that institution from 1869 to 1873, and Superintendent of the Museum of the East Indian Marine Society from 1867 to 1869.
		In 1873, he was elected Permanent Secretary for the American Association for the Advancement of Science and 25 years later was elected president of that prestigious association.
		One important aspect in the development of Putnam's ideas on the evolution of hypogean fishes was the fact that at the time he wrote his cave fish papers the ‘Hyatt-Cope’ position or school was being intensely discussed in scientific circles.
	www.clt.astate.edu /aromero/putnam.htm (982 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 22, 1873
		Exposed and buried in the patriarchal and metropolitan cathedral of Lisbon.
		Exposed and buried in the metropolitan cathedral of Salzburg.
		Member of the Pontifical Roman Academy of Archaeology, Rome; of the Imperial and Royal Academy of Science, Lucca; and president of the historical and archaeological sections of the Accademia de' Quiriti.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1873.htm (4573 words)

	Alexandria Archaeology Museum - Lee Street Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Preserved under a parking lot on the 200 block of North Lee Street (formerly called Water Street) were the remains of late 18th century wharves, an early 19th century bakery and tavern, a Civil War support complex for U.S. Military Hospitals, and artifacts relating to post-war occupation of the site.
		The artifacts recovered from the dig were processed and analyzed in the Alexandria Archaeology Museum in the Torpedo Factory Art Center.
		More than eighty boxes of artifacts were brought into the Alexandria Archaeology Museum, where they were washed and sorted by a corps of volunteers and students.
	oha.ci.alexandria.va.us /archaeology/ar-leestreet.html (1331 words)

	Hall of Mexico and Central America: 1873-1945
		We have seen that by the early 1900s researchers were acquiring the kinds of data that allowed them to compare archaeological and ethnohistorical data in a more critical manner.
		As scientific archaeology became more common, archaeologists could analyze objects in terms of their stratigraphic context, make cross-comparisons between sites, and use the information to create local and regional chronologies.
		In the 1920s archaeology in Mexico and Central America gained critical mass and large scale excavations took place in many areas.
	anthro.amnh.org /anthropology/research/mexhall.htm (2166 words)

	Pioneer Trails Regional Museum Archaeology Department
		The Archaeology Department is responsible for the collection, interpretation and curation of artifacts and information pertaining to the history of the area.
		The Archaeology Department is continuing to develop and maintain both a research document collection and an artifact collection.
		Please submit your request directly to the Archaeology Department briefly stating the intended purpose for the visit, what document or item(s) you wish to view, and your planned arrival date.
	www.ptrm.org /archaeology.html (417 words)

	1873 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Archaeology - Architecture - Art - Literature - Music
		1873 (MDCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).
		September 18 - New York stock market crash, triggering the panic of 1873 (again part of the Long Depression).
	www.askmore.net /en/1873.htm (1321 words)

	New Georgia Encyclopedia: Howard Coffin (1873-1937)
		Certain features within the NGE site require the use of JavaScript, and your browser doesn't appear to be supporting it.
		Simons Island and Sea Island as Georgia's premier coastal tourist destinations, and provided seed money for the mighty pulpwood industry that continues to thrive in the state's Coastal Plain.
		Born in 1873, Howard Earle Coffin grew up on an Ohio farm and in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he studied engineering at the University of Michigan.
	www.georgiaencyclopedia.org /nge/Article.jsp?id=h-863 (913 words)

	Behind the Mask of Agamemnon
		While his revisionist scholarship has been criticized by some (Machteld Mellink, a former president of the Archaeological Institute of America, characterized it as a "vendetta against Schliemann"), many now concur that Schliemann was a brilliant dissembler.
		Late last year ARCHAEOLOGY received a manuscript from Calder restating his claim that the mask is a forgery.
		Because of its serious implications, ARCHAEOLOGY solicited responses from five experts, printing in full those of David A. Traill, author of Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit, and Katie Demakopoulou, former director of the National Archaeological Museum in Athens.
	www.archaeology.org /9907/etc/mask.html (785 words)

	China1
		Unfortunately, 1868 was also a year which began a flood of unemployed Caucasian immigrants into California and later, the 1873 US depression forced even more unemployed into the state.
		John Parker (Cayucos) is a specialist in prehistoric archaeology and serves as the project coordinator.
		In addition to breaking new ground in the area of public participation, this archaeology project is filling in the many blank pages in San Luis Obispo's history.
	www.tcsn.net /sloarchaeology/china1.html (1661 words)

	Ancient American Archaeology: Book Club Page 9
		The two foldouts are quite often missing in the originals - especially the large (11" x 17") classification chart which was not bound into the original, but inserted.
		Some of the outstanding artifacts found were the copper clad antler headdress and the cache of over 7,000 flint discs, illustrated with 54 BandW engravings and photographs.
		Written by one of the 20th Century's leading authorities on Pacific archaeology, this classic description of the enigmatic ruins found throughout Polynesia has been reprinted in a new, handsome, fully illustrated edition.
	www.ancientamerican.com /bookclub9.htm (338 words)

	Stanford Journal of Archaeology
		Lower, as Secretary of the Sussex Archaeological Society, was informed that a flint-digger had found a "British urn twelve inches in height and containing the burnt bones of a human body" upon opening up a tumulus at Mount Harry.
		For example, the Rosetta Stone was discovered under Napoleon in Egypt in 1799, and the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic script was made possible through the scientific rigor of French scholar Jean François Champollion in 1822.
		In prehistoric archaeology, there were numerous discoveries in other countries.
	archaeology.stanford.edu /journal/newdraft/chung/paperpage.html (3892 words)

	Early archaeology in Florida (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In addition, the first excavations at each were carried out at a time when American archaeology was still in its infancy, and major excavations made major impacts.
		Born in Philadelphia in 1852 and educated at Harvard (B.A. 1873), Moore was never formally trained as an archaeologist.
		We love him for all the information he left us, but we hate him for digging all those sites before the modern era of archaeology brought new field methods that would have greatly enhanced his reports.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/vertpaleo/aucilla12_1/milanich99.htm (957 words)

	BBC - History - David Livingstone (1813 - 1873)
		Livingstone was a Scottish missionary and one of the greatest European explorers of Africa, whose opening up the interior of the continent contributed to the 'Scramble for Africa'.
		This expedition lasted from 1866 until Livingstone's death in 1873.
		His health had been poor for many years and he died on 1 May 1873.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml (431 words)

	American Museum of Natural History
		in 1873 is linked by many with the origins of research anthropology in the United States.
		Famous former Museum anthropologists include the eminent expert on native North America Clark Wissler, the archaeologist of ancient Mexico George C. Valliant, the biological anthropologist and human paleontologist Harry Shapiro, and, of course, the legendary Margaret Mead.
		Three of the eight curators on staff have been elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of major discoveries and theoretical contributions to anthropology.
	www.amnh.org /science/divisions/anthro (590 words)

	W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite
		The W.E.B. Du Bois Boyhood Homesite is now a National Historic Landmark, but little besides an abandoned cellar hole remains to be seen today in the woods along the roadside.
		This archaeological site has been intensively investigated, however, by University of Massachusetts Department of Anthropology Summer Field Schools in Archaeology during 1983, 1984, and 2003 under the direction of Dr. Robert Paynter.
		Photo by R. Fletcher Documents and oral accounts were used along with the archaeology to piece together the story of "The House of the Black Burghardts," the modest house of Du Bois' mother's family, on a 0.2 acre lot far smaller than the 5.15 acre Landmark today.
	www.library.umass.edu /spcoll/duboishome/archaeology.htm (1019 words)

	Heritage Archaeology
		Lewis and Munday’s patent buddle was erected in 1876 to extract pyritic material from the tailings.
		At the bottom of the main shaft the chamber was slabbed with ‘massive beams of white box timber’ (Gundagai Times 18 January 1873).
		Underground workings were lit with candles and consisted of several main and cross drives several hundred feet in length.
	www.heritagearchaeology.com.au /Publications/Adeo_02.htm (6451 words)

	Saint Nicholas Cemetery
		Whether or not the Rev. Dennis created this cemetery for his congregation or for his extended family remains uncertain.
		The earliest marker bears the date 1873, the latest is dated 1895.
		John Dennis, born September 18, 1840, died July 4, 1873.
	www.gibbarchaeology.org /Dennis.html (571 words)

	ArchaeologyMycenae.html
		Until Georges Schlieman (the father of archaeology), Europeans believed that Homer's Greece with its powerful kings and great fleets of vessels was a myth because the Greece of recorded history was not powerful or highly cultured.
		Schlieman believed the Iliad was literal and, in 1873, found Troy using Homer's Iliad as a guide.
		Archaeologists have, in fact, found nine levels of Troy; in other words, Troy was burned, destroyed, then rebuilt nine times (Ceram).
	iws.ccccd.edu /Andrade/WorldLitI2332/ArchaeologyMycenae.html (856 words)

	BiblePlaces Blog
		Archaeology magazine lists the Top 10 Discoveries of 2006.
		In their book, excavation director Yotam Tepper, and epigraphic expert Leah Di Segni, throughly explore the textual evidence for "sacred meals" from sources such as the Didache, the fascinating early Christian document discovered in 1873 that I discuss in The Jesus Dynasty.
		This little book is a model for publications in the field of archaeology.
	blog.bibleplaces.com (5510 words)

	MegaLinks: Iberian peninsula
		Archaeology of Minorca - Exensive website describing the ancient monuments of Menorca (Spain).
		Balearic Prehistoric Archaeology - An active research and excavational programme in the Spanish Balearic island of Mallorca for the last 40 years.
		Dolmen de Antelas - Description of the excavation, the structure, the rock paintings (direct dated 3625-3140 BC) and the ritual uses of a magnificent Portuguese dolmen.
	www.stonepages.com /megalinks/01_megalithic_sites/iberian_peninsula (1005 words)

	WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka -Archaeology
		In fact, several VOC shipwrecks are known to lie at the bottom of the Galle harbour.
		By the 14th century it was arguably the most important port in the country, and it retained this preeminence until 1873 when an artificial harbour was built in Colombo.
		The graffiti are found on the walls of a desecrated shrine located at the Natha Devale complex in Kandy.
	www.lankalibrary.com /arch.html (1699 words)

	Why this site is important to history, and comments on sharecropping, by Ken Brown
		In part, this change has developed as a result of the realization that historical archaeology controls data this is at once the product of culturally defined processes and individual/group beliefs and behaviors of the European Americans and the African Americans.
		...The operation of the plantation [during the period after the Civil War, from 1873 (when Levi Jordan died) until about 1892], was organized by a system that included wage laborers along with tenant-sharecroppers.
		Plantation ledger books indicate the lease of land and equipment, the sale of seed, and the payment of wages to a number of individuals residing on the plantation.
	www.webarchaeology.com /html/whyken2.htm (1290 words)

	The Chaldean Account of the Deluge Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 2 [1873] 213-34.
		This paper, which was read before the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London on Decmber 3rd, 1872, caused a sensation.
		He tragically died at the age of 36 of dysentery in Aleppo, Syria, on August 19, 1876.
	www.sacred-texts.com /ane/chad/index.htm (273 words)

	Amelia Edwards
		When she returned to England, Edwards was determined to promote the cause of Egyptian archaeology.
		However, as the field of archaeology increasingly became the province of professional males, her influence in the policies and direction of the Egypt Exploration Fund decreased.
		More and more, de facto decisions were made by a sub-committee at the British Museum, in which she was not included, rather than by the Executive Committee of which she was part.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/edwards/edwards.html (1696 words)

	ACOR General Bibliography
		The Archaeology of the Transjordan in the Bronze and Iron Ages.
		London: British Academy, British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, British Institute in Amman for Archaeology and History.
		For recent summary articles of archaeological excavations and research (current and in progress) see: Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan Studies of the History and Archaeology of Jordan I-V. Khammash, Ammar.
	www.bu.edu /acor/libbib8a.htm (658 words)

	Archaeology Ring
		All periods from prehistorical, protohistorical, and classical up to modern industrial archaeology.
		While Plymouth Colony maintains a rich and valuable Native American and Colonial history, the archaeology of the former Plymouth Colony has never been utilized to the degree that we feel it can be.
		Large introduction to the archaeology of Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain), in Catalan, Spanish and English.
	c.webring.com /hub?ring=archeoring (1928 words)

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