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Topic: 1890 Australian maritime dispute

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	Maritime Strike \| St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide
		On 15 August 1890 the Steamship Owners' Association told the Melbourne, Australia, branch of the Mercantile Marine Officers' Association that it would not negotiate a wage claim with the marine officers' union while it was affiliated to the Trades Hall Council.
		The dispute came to be regarded as a conflict between the wider principle of the "closed shop" for unionists against "freedom of contract" for employers.
		In the wake of the 1890 Maritime Strike, states established industrial tribunals for settling industrial issues and the sponsorship of trade unions.
	www.bookrags.com /research/maritime-strike-sjel-01 (419 words)

	1890 Australian maritime dispute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1890 Australian Maritime Dispute, commonly known as the 1890 Maritime Strike, was on a scale unprecedented in the Australasian colonies to that point in time, causing political and social turmoil across all Australian colonies and in New Zealand, including the collapse of colonial governments in the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales.
		The dispute began on 15 August 1890 when the Mercantile Marine Officers' Association directed its members to give 24 hours' notice to their employers after negotiations broke down with the Steamship Owners' Association of Victoria over longstanding pay and conditions claims.
		The defeat of the Maritime Strike in 1890 and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, laid the framework for the Australian labour movement entry into parliamentary politics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1890_Australian_Maritime_Dispute (815 words)

	Maritime Union of Australia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both unions were involved in early maritime disputes in 1878 and the 1890 Australian maritime dispute.
		In 1917 the War Precautions Act 1914 was used to defeat a waterside workers nationwide strike by the passing of a regulation that deprived the Waterside Workers Federation of preferences in seven of the busiest ports in Australia.
		Most recently the Maritime Union of Australia was involved in the 1998 Australian waterfront dispute when Patrick Corporation attempted to sack 1400 waterfront workers across Australia and introduce non-union contract labour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maritime_Union_of_Australia (683 words)

	A Short History of Australia By Ernst Scott (1868-1939)- Chapter 53 from Nalanda Digital Library at NIT Calicut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This actually began in New South Wales in 1890, and it was soon in a position in the parliaments of the various states to hold the balance of power between the two older political parties.
		The dispute is settled if possible by a conference of the parties involved, and if this fails then the court gives judgment and imposes its decision.
		By 1890 Australia had become one of the important wheat-exporting countries, and thousands were occupied in growing wheat on farms most of which were worked by the farmer and his family.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/aust_hist/chapter53.html (6417 words)

	History of Australia before 1901 Biography,info
		The "Australian compact", based around centralised industrial arbitration, a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries, and White Australia, was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century.
		The unions responded with a series of strikes, particularly the bitter and prolonged 1890 Australian Maritime Dispute and the 1891 and 1894 shearers strikes.
		Attitudes towards indigenous Australians during the period varied from the outright armed hostility seen in earlier times to a paternalistic "smoothing the pillow" policy, designed to "civilise" the last remnants of what was seen as a dying race (see White Man's Burden).
	www.danceage.com /biography/sdmc_History_of_Australia_before_1901 (3127 words)

	1890: The Australian maritime strike - libcom.org/history \| peopleshistory.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Although the origins of the 1890 maritime strike are disputed, the events that accompanied and followed this strike were a turning point in Australian history.
		During the 1890, maritime strike military units were extensively used against strikes in New South Wales and Victoria.
		The defeat of the maritime strike in 1890 and the shearers strike in 1891, laid the framework for the labour movement’s entry into parliamentary politics.
	www.libcom.org /history/articles/australia-maritime-strike-1890 (459 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/1890 Australian maritime dispute
		The 1890 Australian Maritime Dispute, commonly known as the 1890 Maritime Strike, was on a scale unprecedented in the Australasian colonies to that point in time, causing political and social turmoil across all Australian colonies and in New Zealand, including the collapse of colonial governments in the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales.
		The dispute began on 15 August 1890 when the Mercantile Marine Officers' Association directed its members to give 24 hours' notice to their employers after negotiations broke down with the Steamship Owners' Association of Victoria over longstanding pay and conditions claims.
		The defeat of the Maritime Strike in 1890 and the 1891 Australian shearers' strike, laid the framework for the Australian labour movement entry into parliamentary politics.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/1890_Australian_maritime_dispute (830 words)

	Harry Knowles \| Arthur Rae : a 'Napoleon' in Exile \| Labour History, 87 \| The History Cooperative
		In November 1890, Spence suggested that the strike should stimulate ASU members to ensure their names appeared on the electoral roll and the Shearers' Record also cajoled both shearers and labourers to register to vote.
		By the end of the 1890s, it was clear that the fledgling Australian union movement was in no condition to continue an offensive against capital, and despite his obvious passion for the cause, Rae was pragmatic enough to realise this.
		The South Australian Branch secretary, Frank Lundie argued that the AWU did not permit sections inside the union and that the Group had 'put themselves outside the pale of the organisation'.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/87/knowles.html (9989 words)

	Development of Australian Fisheries Management 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The attitude of Australian fisheries organisations to development and conservation is dominated by their organisational culture thus it is instructive to examine the history of some representative examples.
		Whilst many Australians are familiar with fishing as a recreation they are profoundly ignorant of both the principles of fisheries science and the difficulties of fishing as a business.
		The Court considered the definition of "Australian waters beyond territorial limits" and found that the outer limit was well beyond the point where the offence took place and dismissed the appeal.
	members.trump.net.au /ahvem/Fisheries/National/Dev_AFM3.html (2530 words)

	protest&globalisation papers: wiseman
		Australian maritime unions have taken a wide range of boycott, strike and fund raising measures to support many international civil rights struggles and political conflicts in settings as diverse as Indonesia, South Africa, Vietnam and the United States.
		The Australian government blustered about the illegality of international solidarity campaigns and unsuccessful attempts were made to attack the ITWF actions in British courts (Brenchley 1998).
		One of the ironic consequences of the 1998 dispute is that, like the 1890 maritime dispute, and for the same reasons, it may lead to a greater focus on parliamentary and legislative change.
	www.international.activism.uts.edu.au /conferences/protglob/p_wiseman.html (4528 words)

	Ray Markey \| Explaining Union Mobilisation in the 1880s and Early 1900s \| Labour History, 83 \| The History Cooperative
		In a series of major industrial disputes during the decade unions were decisively defeated, as the issue of ‘freedom of contract’, that is, non-recognition of unions by employers, became a major issue in itself.
		The existence of an actual dispute was also deemed necessary in order for the Arbitration Court to have jurisdiction; and a union could not act as an agent for employees until a dispute existed, thereby denying employees the protection of their union during initial negotiations for an award.
		Australian workers indicated prior to the existence of the arbitration system in the 1880s that they were capable of organising at a level which far exceeded that anywhere else in the world, notwithstanding a state posture of indifference at best, and sometimes open hostility.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lab/83/markey.html (11615 words)

	1878-1879: The Australian maritime strike \| libcom.org
		A short history of the 1878 strike of sailors and maritime workers in Australia which prevented the seaman being sacked and replaced by cheaper workers.
		It's easy, very easy to label the early union movement as a bunch of racists, what many commentators seem to forget is that many of the racist sentiments that were aired were caused by the attempts of local and international merchants to use indentured Chinese and South Seas labour to cut their operating costs.
		Another major strike of Australian maritime workers in 1890 was, however, to end in defeat.
	libcom.org /history/1878-1879-the-australian-maritime-strike (514 words)

	1890: The Australian maritime strike \| libcom.org
		Although the origins of the 1890 maritime strike are disputed, the events that accompanied and followed this strike were a turning point in Australian history.
		During the 1890, maritime strike military units were extensively used against strikes in New South Wales and Victoria.
		The defeat of the maritime strike in 1890 and the shearers strike in 1891, laid the framework for the labour movement’s entry into parliamentary politics.
	libcom.org /history/1890-the-australian-maritime-strike (510 words)

	History of the Australian Labor Movement -- A Marxist Interpretation
		By the middle of 1890 a particularly influential section of the employing class, the shipowners, announced that they were now organised and ready to dispose of the question of ‘job-control’ and didn’t much care what served as an excuse for precipitating the crisis.
		Australian socialists, it proved, were no more capable of “representing the movement of the future in the movement of the present” than the German communists living in America, who were criticised by Engels.
		Prior to 1890 the Australian workers had tried, with varying degrees of success, to improve their conditions of employment by carrying on guerrilla warfare against their employers.
	agitprop.org.au /lefthistory/1945_campbell_history_australian_labor_movement.php (19881 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index
		The 1949 Australian coal strike is notable as being the first time that Australian military forces were used during peac...
		The history of the Australian labour movement reaches back to the 19th century and the movement has a long tradition of...
		The 1890 Australian Maritime Dispute, commonly known as the 1890 Maritime Strike, was on a scale unprecedented in the Aust...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/strike.html (8029 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : 1890 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		1887 1888 1889 - 1890 - 1891 1892 1893
		1890 was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar).
		July 18 - Frank Forde, Australian Prime Minister (d.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /1890 (1055 words)

	An Interpretation of “A True and Fair View”: Guidance from Royal Commissions and Judicial Decisions
		Despite the dispute over the meaning of ‘a true and fair view’ ever since it was formally introduced by the Companies Act 1948 (UK), the concept has not only continued to be integral to financial reporting regimes of many countries, but its application has expanded in recent times.
		Its replacement paved by Australian reforms, however, with an accounting concept of “not misleading” enunciated by the royal commissions may transcend discordant interpretations and national idiosyncrasies of the true and fair view concept.
		In view of the unresolved dispute over the meaning of this concept and subordination of the authority of the TFV concept as the overriding qualitative standard for financial reporting by the Australian accounting standards, this study attempts to answer two questions.
	aux.zicklin.baruch.cuny.edu /critical/html2/7091karan.htm (6698 words)

	index.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An Australian of Scottish descent, born in Geelong, Australia, he became a legend in his lifetime for the brilliance of his dispatches from Peking (Beijing) published in The Times.
		Australians have never been counted among the world's best natural linguists, but Morrison had acquired some Spanish, and was not incapable of learning another tongue.
		Mason at the Shanghai Missionary Conference of 1890, "if the foreign teacher will take care of our bodies, we will do him the favour to seek the salvation of our souls." This question of the employment of converts is one of the chief difficulties of the missionary in China.
	www.pratyeka.org /books/australian-in-china (19191 words)

	Australian Trade Union Archives, Timeline
		The dispute is resolved by the use of arbitrators from a citizens' committee.
		Amongst its objectives are a reduced role for the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, particularly as regards arbitral powers, a strongly-increased emphasis on direct agreements on employment matters between employers and employees at the workplace level, and a decreased role for trade unions in the industrial relations system.
		The Maritime Union of Australia members strike when Patrick stevedoring, it is later found, unlawfully conspires to sack an entire workforce for being members of a union.
	www.atua.org.au /atua_timeline.htm (2546 words)

	OWTRAD Bibliography
		The Tibetan Frontier Dispute from Curzon to the Colombo Conference.
		The Growth of Maritime Trade from the Mid Western Han (111 B.C. 8) to the Southern Dynasties (420-589), pp.
		The Heyday of Maritime Trade from the the Sui (589-618) to the Yuan (1279-1368) Dynasty, pp.
	www.ciolek.com /OWTRAD/sources.html (2620 words)

	ACTU: ACTU: About: A Short History of Australian Unions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		During the period to 1904 the Australian Labour Federation was formed, the first Labor government in the world was elected in Queensland and the first federal Labor Government was formed in 1904.
		The Accord between the ACTU and the ALP, and the election of a Federal Labor Government in 1983 ushered in a new phase in industrial relations.
		1998 MUA dispute - union movement stands together and, with community support, wins a great victory against employer and Government attacks on the right to organise and be a union member.
	www.actu.asn.au /public/about/history.html (1839 words)

	Read the majority judgement \| News \| The Australian
		However, in the application of par (a) of the basic definition of employer, and the corresponding definition of employee, to a given corporation, the hypothesis is that it is a constitutional corporation.
		It is unnecessary for present purposes to go into the detail of the constitution of the AFPC save to say that Commissioners are appointed by the Governor General (s 38) and their terms and conditions of employment are governed by Div 2 of Pt 2 of the Act.
		Its objects are to encourage employers and employees who are parties to a dispute to resolve it at the workplace level, and to allow the parties to determine the best forum in which to resolve disputes.
	www.theaustralian.news.com.au /story/0,20867,20754950-601,00.html (16344 words)

	cyRev Online Journal
		In 1890, unions were able to organize centrally co-ordinated worldwide protests including general strikes in support of a single, global demand -- the 8-hour day.
		And they were able to co-ordinate their actions so that it all happened on a single day: May 1, 1890.
		A remarkable example took place in early 1998 when tension between Australian dock workers (known as "wharfies") and their employers, backed by a viciously anti-union government, peaked -- launching what came to be known as the "war on the waterfront".
	www.net4dem.org /cyrev/archive/issue7/articles/InternetUnions/InternetUnions1.htm (1995 words)

	History of Unions and Their Relevance in Today's Society - Online Essay
		The Maritime Union of Australia is at present involved in a dispute with Patrick Stevedoring Company who have rented wharf space to National Farmers Federation who wish to avoid the crippling costs and inefficiencies of the Stevedoring industry.
		The Australian this week reported "News of the behind-the-scenes manoeuvrings came yesterday as John Howard hailed farmers attempts to set up a non-union Stevedoring operation as a 'great defining moment in history'.
		Many Australians feel that breaking the crippling hold of the MUA would be good for the Australian economy and lead to reform and increased productivity.
	www.onlineessays.com /essays/issues/iss099.php (1449 words)

	Can Australian nationalism be progressive? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Australian ruling class is prepared to allow a certain level of democracy, such as the right to vote and some political freedoms, as long as their right to make profits is not restricted in any way.
		During the maritime dispute, all of Australia's major newspapers called for the police to go in harder and arrest picketers, even at the risk of violence.
		The “common Australian culture” referred to by Hanson, Howard, Blainey, Beazley and Fraser is just Australian nationalism, which is deeply rooted in racism and oppression, and which seeks to dupe Australian workers, especially white workers, into identifying with the interests of Australian capitalists.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/1998/340/340cen.htm (2653 words)

	TIME: D-Day in Dockland
		For many Australians, it was as though a Berlin Wall of the waterfront had fallen.
		In mid-1890, maritime workers struck for three months; the dispute drew in the coal and shearing unions and eventually felled the governments of New South Wales and Victoria.
		One hundred and eight years on, John Howard's government is confident that by undermining the maritime workers, it has boosted its chance of remaining in power after the next election.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/1998/int/980420/south_pacific.dday_in_do9.html (961 words)

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