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Topic: 1898 invasion of Guantanamo Bay

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	CNN.com - Guantanamo Bay in U.S. control over 100 years - January 10, 2002
		Guantanamo Bay was taken over by U.S. Marines in 1898, during the Spanish-American War.
		Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959, and Fidel Castro's takeover of the country, tensions rose at Guantanamo Bay, first with the U.S.-backed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and then with the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union.
		Guantanamo was considered as a destination for about 20,000 Kosovo refugees in 1999, but the plans were never carried out.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/US/01/09/guantanmo.history (547 words)

	History of Cuba
		In 1898, after the USS Maine sank in Havana Harbor on February 15 due to an explosion of undetermined origin, the United States entered the conflict (see: Spanish-American War), which was already almost won by Cuban revolutionaries.
		Still, American pressure forced Cuba to reaffirm the agreement which was imposed on the country in 1903 which leased the Guantanamo Bay naval base to the United States for a nominal sum, under terms which many Cubans at the time found (and still find) objectionable and colonialistic.
		As a result, there was no rising and what of the invasion force made it ashore were slaughtered as President Kennedy withdrew support at, literally, the last minute.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_Cuba.html (1892 words)

	Spanish-American War
		The first action in Cuba was the establishing of a base at Guantanamo Bay on 10th June by U.S. Marines (see 1898 invasion of Guantanamo Bay).
		During May 1898, Lt. Henry H. Whitney of the United States Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaissance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence.
		The formal peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris (1898), was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898 and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899.
	webpages.charter.net /wisconsinlegion-7thdistrict/SP_AM_War.htm (2494 words)

	CIP Cuba Project
		If the naval base at Guantanamo Bay is U.S. sovereign territory, then the Constitution applies at that facility-including its guarantee of habeas corpus protection for the foreign nationals imprisoned there.
		This was an early case brought on behalf of the prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay.
		The chief utility to the U.S. of the base at Guantanamo Bay is that courts have held that the U.S. Constitution does not apply to non-U.S. nationals incarcerated there.
	ciponline.org /cuba/cubaproject/museremarks.htm (2682 words)

	Decades later, Guantanamo workers still `commuting'
		GUANTANAMO BAY, Cuba -- As dawn broke over Oriente Province, Jorge Harris strolled across the no man's land that separates Cuba proper from the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay and -- as he has done for the past 58 years -- went to work.
		Harris, 73, is one of 19 ``commuters,'' ranging in age from 59 to 80, employed by the U.S. government to help maintain military equipment at the base on a welcoming bay along the southeast corner of this tropical island.
		Harris is given the keys to a white Dodge van, which he drives past a Marine sharpshooter in a Humvee, and drops off his co-workers before ending his commute at the maintenance garage.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/fcf/guantanamo2898.html (725 words)

	Guantánamo Bay (Cuba) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The southern portion of the bay is surrounded by the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a naval base established in 1898.
		The bay was briefly renamed Cumberland bay when the British seized it in 1741 during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
		It was established in 1898, when the United States obtained control of Cuba from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, following the 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Guantanamo_bay (670 words)

	State of the Union Address \| William McKinley \| December 5, 1898
		In the message of April 11, 1898, I announced that with this last overture in the direction of immediate peace in Cuba and its disappointing reception by Spain the effort of the Executive was brought to an end.
		A protocol was signed May 17, 1898, whereby, the fact of liability being admitted, the question of the amount to be awarded was submitted to the chief justice of Canada as sole arbitrator.
		I therefore suggest for your consideration that the Executive be authorized to correspond with the governments of the principal maritime powers with a view of incorporating into the permanent law of civilized nations the principle of the exemption of all private property at sea, not contraband of war, from capture or destruction by belligerent powers.
	stateoftheunion.onetwothree.net /texts/18981205.html (13863 words)

	Why Guantanamo Bay? \| Sprol
		Guantanamo Bay first came into the American consciousness when the first US casualties of the Spanish-Cuban American War were suffered there in 1898.
		Guantanamo Bay was beginning to garner a reputation as a place where the United States infringed on human rights and played fast and loose with international law.
		It is as if the bay is haunted by the ghosts of transgressions past, and that haunting encourages the worst instincts of American leaders to come to the forefront, leading to the commitment of ever more serious transgressions.
	www.sprol.com /?p=258 (2742 words)

	Naval Air Station Guantanamo Bay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Strategically located on the far southeastern tip of Cuba, Guantanamo has been a Caribbean haven for US forces since Navy warships sailed into its splendid harpbors during the Spanish-American War in 1898.
		Guantanamo suddenly was and has remained, an isolated outpost dependent on a desalininzation plant, power plant, and a steady stream of barges supplying all necessary supplies.
		With recent military downsizing, the base is mostly a wayside on the Windward Passage where ships stop for fuel or repairs.
	www.angelfire.com /va/godandcountry/nasgtmo.html (448 words)

	Guantanamo Bay - U.S. foothold in communist Cuba / Reuters - Cuba News / Noticias - CubaNet News
		Guantanamo Bay - U.S. foothold in communist Cuba / Reuters - Cuba News / Noticias - CubaNet News
		Guantanamo Bay - U.S. foothold in communist Cuba
		The base weathered such events as the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.
	www.cubanet.org /CNews/y99/apr99/08e4.htm (482 words)

	Chronology--Puerto Rico
		He had traveled at his own expense in February 1898 to Cuba to investigate the effects of the reconcentration policy and returned to report on his findings before the Senate.
		Henry H. Whitney of the Fourth Artillery was sent to Puerto Rico on a reconnaisance mission, sponsored by the Army's Bureau of Military Intelligence.
		The Spanish fleet attempt to leave the bay was halted as the U.S. squadron under Admiral Schley destroyed the Spanish destroyer Furor, the torpedo boat Plutón, and the armored cruisers Infanta María Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristóbal Colón.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html (2461 words)

	What’s behind the silence over Gitmo hunger strike? - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The number of Guantanamo prisoners taking part in the hunger strike has swelled to about a quarter of the prison population over the past month.
		Twenty prisoners have been hospitalized at the U.S. detention camp in Guantanamo Bay, located in east Cuba, occupied against the will of its government and people, and most of them are being tube-fed through their nose, according to a defense official.
		U.S. Naval base in Guantanamo Bay, which covers 116 km², was established in 1898, when the United States illegally obtained control of Cuba from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, following the 1898 invasion of Guantanamo Bay.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=9573 (981 words)

	Background Information
		Fighting began June 6, 1898 with the invasion of Guantanamo Bay by the U.S. Marines.
		The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10th 1898, and Spain surrendered the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam, in exchange for 25 million U.S. dollars.
		In addition, the U.S. interfered in Cuban relations with other countries and established a naval base, Guantanamo Bay, on the island as U.S. territory, which is still used today.
	www3.eou.edu /hist06/BackgroundInformation.html (1409 words)

	Guantánamo Bay prisoners revolt against torture [S&L Magazine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		After the Sept. 11 attacks, Guantánamo Bay started operating as a military prison for suspected al Qaeda and Taliban “illegal combatants.” The detention center has become a hub of human rights violations in which hundreds of Middle Eastern men have been arbitrarily rounded up and denied due process of law.
		The U.S. naval station at Guantánamo Bay, covering 45 square miles, was established in 1898 during the U.S. invasion of Cuba during the Spanish-American War.
		Today, Guantánamo Bay remains a vestige of colonialism, condemned by the revolutionary government of Cuba and Cuban citizens as “an imperialist infringement of our sovereignty.” The U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay is an illegally occupied area.
	socialismandliberation.org /mag/index.php?aid=644 (1006 words)

	1898_1899
		1898 Feb 23, Writer Emile Zola was imprisoned in France for his letter J'accuse in which he accused the French government of anti-Semitism and the wrongful imprisonment of army captain Alfred Dreyfus.
		1898 Mar 28, The Supreme Court ruled that a child born in the United States to Chinese immigrants was a U.S. citizen, and therefore could not be deported under the Chinese Exclusion Act.
		1898 Oct 18, Lotte Lenya, actress and singer (Appointment, Semi-Tough), was born in Vienna, Austria.
	www.shelbyjackman.com /school/timeline/1898_1899.HTML (8706 words)

	Statue in SF Panhandle honors Propoganda of the Deed : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The statue was built in 1903 several years after McKinley was assassinated for his invasion of Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
		1898 President McKinley delivers his War Message to Congress, a war resolution is adopted, and Spain breaks off diplomatic relations with the U.S. 1898 On May 1, Admiral Dewey attacks Spanish holdings in the Philippines by engaging the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
		1898 On June 10, 647 American Marines land at Guantanamo Bay, beginning the invasion of Cuba.
	sf.indymedia.org /news/2002/09/146497.php (858 words)

	Guantanamo - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The bay was originally named Guantánamo by the Taino and renamed Cumberland when the British took it in the first part of the 18th century during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
		The particular legal status of Guantánamo Bay was a factor in the choice of Guantánamo as a detention center.
		Because sovereignty of Guantánamo Bay ultimately resides with Cuba, the U.S. government argued unsuccessfully that people detained at Guantánamo were legally outside of the U.S. and did not have the Constitutional rights that they would have if they were held on U.S. territory.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=10356 (4303 words)

	Timeline 1898-1899
		1898 Jun 9, China leased Hong Kong's New Territories to Britain for 99 years by a convention signed in Peking, respecting an extension of Hong Kong territory, the New Territories, comprising the area north of Kowloon up to the Shum Chun (Shenzhen) River and 235 islands.
		1898 Sep 30, The city of NY was established with five boroughs.
		1898 Dec 6, Alfred Eisenstaedt, photojournalist, was born.
	www.timelines.ws /1898_1899.HTML (9218 words)

	sociology - Spanish-American War
		The first battle was in the Philippines where on May 1, Commodore George Dewey commanding the United States Pacific fleet, in a matter of hours defeated the Spanish squadron, under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, at the Battle of Manila Bay.
		Meanwhile Philippine nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo attacked the Spanish on land.
		The formal peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, was signed in Paris on December 10, 1898 and was ratified by the United States Senate on February 6, 1899.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Spanish-American_War (2709 words)

	Chronology--Cuba
		Carlos M. Céspedes issued the Grito de Yara and initiated the Ten Years' War in Cuba (1868-1878), the independence movement that served as the forerunner of the 1895 Insurrection and the Spanish American War.
		The commanders of Spanish forces, under Captain General Ramón Blanco called a council of war in Havana but only generals in western Cuba met since those in eastern Cuba were under attack by the mambises.
		The Spanish authorities in Cuba issued manifestos and other notices to the population and to the Spanish Army that a state of war existed with the United States.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/1898/chroncuba.html (3302 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. prepares Cuba base for Afghan prisoners - January 7, 2002
		The Cuban refugee camp at Guantanamo Bay Naval base is viewed from the Cuban side of the border in this 1994 file photo
		Guantanamo Bay's proximity to the mainland offers the security advantage of keeping the detainees close to, but not in the United States itself.
		The base itself is 45 square miles, and was founded after American Marines landed at Guantanamo Bay in 1898 during the Spanish-American War.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/fyi/news/01/07/cuba/index.html (402 words)

	Philip
		On 3 July 1898, in command of Texas, he participated in the Battle of Santiago Bay, in which Cerevera’s Spanish Fleet was destroyed off Santiago de Cuba.
		A barge sweep off Bougainville and bombardment of Choiseul Bay was conducted on 8 January 1944; ten days later, the destroyer returned for another blow on Bougainville, raking the island’s northeast shores with surface fire.
		Relieved of radar picket duty off Brunei Bay on 12 June, Philip rendezvoused with a minesweeping group and left to clear the area of Miri-Luton, Sarawak, Borneo, in preparation for an assault which was to come seven days later.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/p6/philip-ii.htm (2669 words)

	Spanish American War Bibliography
		A day-by-day calendar, 1 January to 10 December 1898, of the major events of the war, especially in Cuba, emphasizing the role of the Cuban Liberation Army.
		The Cruise of the U.S.S. Badger, June 5 to October 6, 1898, with the Battalion of the East during the War with Spain: Based on the Log of the Badger.
		The USS Yankee on the Cuban Blockade, 1898.
	www.history.navy.mil /biblio/biblio7/biblio7d.htm (5088 words)

	Bowman H. McCalla, Rear Admiral, United States Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the spring of 1885, he led an expeditionary force of 750 seamen and marines which landed at Panama to protect American treaty rights when a revolution there threatened to block transit across the isthmus.
		As commanding officer of Marblehead, September 11, 1897 to September 16, 1898, he took part in the blockade of Cuba and was responsible for the cutting of submarine cables linking Cienfuegos with the outside world, thus isolating the Spanish garrison there, in May 1898.
		While in command of Newark during the Boxer Rebellion two years later, he was cited for conspicuous gallantry in battle as he led a force of sailors from Tientsin to Peking.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /bhmccalla.htm (286 words)

	Pentagon hatched plots, Cuba invasion plan
		WASHINGTON -- Within months of the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the Pentagon hatched devilishly intricate plans to invade the island and topple Cuban leader Fidel Castro, but shelved them after the assassination of President Kennedy, newly declassified documents show.
		Among the exiles was Manuel Artime, a Bay of Pigs veteran who was trying to recruit former comrades for a revolutionary force being assembled in Nicaragua, the army intelligence shows.
		A faked attack on the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay staged by ``friendly Cubans.'' Exile infiltrators would land in uniform outside the base, then storm its fences; others would provoke riots outside the main gate.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/fcf/pentplot111997.html (963 words)

	Global Exchange : In Abuse, a Portrayal of Ill-Prepared, Overwhelmed G.I.'s
		This account of the troubled battalion is based on interviews with soldiers, their relatives, military commanders and Army reports.
		Within days of the American invasion of Iraq, the 320th was in Kuwait, and the unit moved swiftly into southern Iraq, first to a prisoner of war camp overseen by British troops and then to a sprawling barbed-wire American camp in the desert.
		Geoffrey D. Miller, the two-star Army general overseeing the American detention center at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, was sent to Iraq.
	www.globalexchange.org /countries/mideast/iraq/1898.html (4109 words)

	Bay of Pigs Chronology
		The deputies state that three fincas are being used for training and that the exiles have a boat, the Don Fabio, prepared to "leave for the Bay of Pigs, on the south coast of the province of Las Villas, in Cuba." (Molina, "Diario de Girón", pp.
		MAR 29, 1961: Arthur Schlesinger notes in his journal that "a final decision on the invasion will have to be made on April 4." He feels "the tide is flowing against the project." At a meeting in the Cabinet Room he finds the President growing steadily more skeptical.
		The Defense Department and CIA prepare a total of 35,000 arms packs in anticipation of the invasion and the expanded military activities within Cuba that is expected to follow it.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html (18704 words)

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