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	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because developments in the sciences, as in any discipline, largely depend on the particular worldview of their practitioners, the growth of various branches of science in the Islamic civilization can be related to the Islamic worldview, and this relationship can be studied in a variety of ways.
		Since science is a discipline with a well-defined subject matter, methodology, theories, and accumulated body of knowledge, the scientific process is both a social and an epistemological phenomenon dependent on the worldview of its practitioners.
		True science, according to Ibn Sina (980-1037) is science that seeks knowledge of the essence of things in relation to their divine origin.
	www.ncseweb.org /resources/rncse_content/vol19/6221_what_makes_islamic_science_i_12_30_1899.asp (1888 words)

	Instruction and Learning - Secondary Education - Science Education - Overview @ University of Pittsburgh School of ...
		A strong science background and education methodology are the foci of studies and prepare the individual for middle to senior high public and non-public school settings.
		Master of Science (MS) - The Master of Science (MS) option in science education is appropriate for secondary and elementary science teachers seeking especially strong backgrounds in different science fields with a concentration in one field.
		Doctor of Education (EdD) - The Doctor of Education (EdD) in science education is designed to prepare (1) professors of science education in application-oriented colleges or universities; (2) faculty responsible for the preparation of teachers of science in those institutions; or (3) science curriculum and instruction leaders in either elementary or secondary science education settings.
	www.education.pitt.edu /science (525 words)

	University Archives: Minnie Howell Exhibit: 1898-1899
		While the pure sciences, mathematics and other studies are rigorously taught, there is constantly present a practical atmosphere which incites the student to an application of the principles taught, and thus lends interest and value to the work.
		The aim is to teach the students something of the relations of geology to other sciences and of its importance and scope, rather than to enter into its details and technicalities.
		The science of citizenship; law and government, municipal, state, and national; their origin and development; what they are now and what they ought to be.
	www.lib.ksu.edu /depts/spec/exhibits/howell/1898-1899.html (1389 words)

	Quotation Search - Quote Search - The Quotations Page
		Science is the search for truth - it is not a game in which one tries to beat his opponent, to do harm to others.
		We need to have the spirit of science in international affairs, to make the conduct of international affairs the effort to find t he right solution, the just solution of international problems, not the effort by each nation to get the better of other nations, to do harm to them when it is possible.
		In science it often happens that scientists say, 'You know that's a really good argument; my position is mistaken,' and then they would actually change their minds and you never hear that old view from them again.
	www.quotationspage.com /search.php3?homesearch=Science&page=6 (454 words)

	Future Challenges
		The newly developed Science Code of Conduct will be implemented to assure the DOI science is developed with impartiality, honesty, and availability of info to the public.
		Science and technology are important and necessary tools for achieving sustainability, but community participation is essential for scientific and technical information to be incorporated into the policymaking process.
		Science has a central and urgent part to play in addressing the depletion and damage to critical resources we all share.
	www.fws.gov /science/doc/FutureChallengesLitSummary.html (10424 words)

	[No title]
		This line of recondite inquiry into the spiritual past and antecedents of the science has not often been pursued seriously or with singleness of purpose, perhaps because it is, after all, of but slight consequence to the practical efficiency of the present-day science.
		The outcome, for science, of the religious and social life of the civilisation of status, in Occidental culture, was a structure of quasi-spiritual appreciations and explanations, of which astrology, alchemy, and medieval theology and metaphysics are competent, though somewhat one-sided, exponents.
		The result has been that the sciences, as that word is understood in later usage, have come forward gradually, and in a certain rough parallelism with the development of industrial processes and industrial organisation.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/veblen/prec1.txt (7563 words)

	Overview: Medicine 1800-1899 \| Science and Its Times: 1800-1899
		Despite the exciting advances that took place in science and medicine in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was only in the nineteenth century that medicine itself became scientific.
		Although nutrition is generally regarded as a twentieth century science, the belief that health and long life depend on the regulation of food and drink is one of the most ancient and universal principles of medical philosophy.
		Despite considerable difficulty, nineteenth-century clinical medicine was ultimately transformed by the integration of the great discoveries of the basic sciences with the traditional foundations of medical science, that is, clinical observation and autopsy.
	www.bookrags.com /research/overview-medicine-1800-1899-scit-051234 (1375 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer: The State of Ocean Science
		Dominating this new science of the sea was Sir John Murray of the Challenger Expedition.
		The recognition of oceanography as a distinct branch of science may be said to date from the commencement of the Challenger investigations.
		The fuller knowledge we now possess about all oceanic phenomena has had a great modifying influence on many general conceptions as to the nature and extent of those changes which the crust of the earth is now undergoing and has undergone in past geological times.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /library/readings/science/science.html (7478 words)

	The School of Dental Medicine is acquired, 1899 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For a number of years prior to this acquisition of the school, students at the Boston Dental College were able to enroll in first-year science courses at the Tufts Medical School.
		When, for a number of reasons, the Boston Dental College faced insurmountable difficulties in supporting its curriculum as desired by the faculty and trustees of that institution, overtures were made to Tufts and the union was made in short order.
		Basic science classes were taught to medical and dental students separately but by the same faculty.
	www.tufts.edu /home/timeline/html/1899-e-dental.html (187 words)

	Franklin Giddings: The Psychology of Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE attempt to construct a science of society by means of biological analogies has been abandoned by all serious investigators of social phenomena.
		Beginning with purely metaphysical terms and reasonings, it became a natural science with the advent of evolutionary thought, and for a long time drew its best materials and its most fruitful hypotheses from physiological data.
		The same logic that leads Professor Baldwin to try to separate the social stuff from other kinds of stuff should lead him further to distinguish the thought that is essentially social and capable of organizing all other thoughts and knowledges into social material from the thought and knowledge that have no such inherent power.
	spartan.ac.brocku.ca /~lward/Giddings/Giddings_1899.html (3485 words)

	PBS - Harriman: The 1899 Expedition
		The 1899 expedition was the largest and most famous the world had ever seen.
		This luxury was certainly a contrast to life in Alaska in 1899.
		Revisiting these events reminds us that the Harriman Expedition of 1899 was of its era, an expedition launched at the end of the 19th century to investigate a little-known region of North America.
	www.pbs.org /harriman/1899/1899.html (1547 words)

	AAAS - History and Archives
		One of the main purposes of Science was to report news of scientific societies.
		Henry Rowland's "Plea for Pure Science," a famous 1883 address before the physics section in which he argued the case for elitism in science, was only a small part of the coverage of that year's meeting.
		In November 1894, with the agreement of Bell and Hubbard, ownership was transferred to James McKeen Cattell, a professor of psychology at Columbia University.
	archives.aaas.org /exhibit/origins4.php (368 words)

	COUNTRIES D-J page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Science Fiction Began in France, with Jules Verne The case can be made that science fiction began in France, with Jules Verne.
		Some science fiction is translated from English into Japanese in three columns: one a literal translation, one with phonetic explanation of key words, and one explanatory.
		Science fiction has been popular in Japan for well over a century, perhaps for as much as 120-150 years, with the influence of Jules Verne being particularly important.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/countriesDJ.html (8249 words)

	Science and Reason: The Big Bang
		In 1899 Planck was working on the theory of flbody radiation, that is, the theory of how very hot objects such as molten rock or metal or the filament of an incandescent light give off visible (as well as invisible) light – or more generally, electromagnetic radiation.
		Science doesn't claim to be able to do that.
		There are a vast number of such models used in science today, from the "standard model" of particle physics to weather and climate models.
	www.scienceandreason.net /oq/oq-co008.htm (20702 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: V.I. Lenin: Our Programme, 1899
		We base our faith entirely on Marx's theory; it was the first to transform socialism from a Utopia into a science, to give this science a firm foundation and to indicate the path which must be trodden in order further to develop this science and to elaborate it in all its details.
		It discovered the nature of present-day capitalist economy and explained the way in which the employment of workers-the purchase of labour power-the enslavement of millions of those possessing no property by a handful of capitalists, by the owners of the land, the factories, the mines, etc., is concealed.
		To defend a theory of this kind, of the truth of which one is completely convinced, against unfounded attacks and against attempts to debase it, does not mean being an enemy of criticism in general.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1899lenin-program.html (1237 words)

	Application of GIS K-12 Science Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the science classroom the lesson alignment establishes learning activities with diverse qualities that involve students in hypothesis development.
		It is hoped that the integration of GIS into the science classroom helps students use skills of GISci to study physical, earth science, chemical and biological science.
		Science education using GIS serves as a tool for adopting new teaching and learning approaches in science education.
	oregonstate.edu /~parksun (2024 words)

	Wright Again
		"In the spring of the year 1899 our interest in the subject was again aroused through the reading of a book on ornithology.
		We could not understand that there was anything about a bird that would enable it to fly that could not be built on a larger scale used by man. At this time our thought pertained more particularly to gliding flight and soaring.
		If they could understand how animal flight was achieved, perhaps they could use the same or similar principles to develop and construct an airplane which could carry humans.
	www.fi.edu /wright/again/history1_18991.html (830 words)

	Book review
		It also was recommended and advertised in the Christian Science periodicals, and it was sold in Christian Science Reading Rooms.
		This is a Christian Science Journal article by Alfred Farlow, who was the first Manager of the Christian Science Committee on Publication and who "worked closely under Mrs.
		This webpage includes an excerpt from a May, 1899, Christian Science Journal editorial entitled, "The Lesson Sermons." On page 144 of the article, Rotherham's translation is mentioned as one of the examples of "high authorities" that would be "helpful" for Readers to use.
	www.bibletexts.com /reviews/bibles/rotherham.htm (354 words)

	PBS - Harriman: Alaska Native Communities
		In 1899, the Harriman party encountered Eskimos in Bering Sea communities of both Alaska and Siberia.
		Grinnell's descriptions of these communities reveal how closely the Eskimo communities were bound to the sea in every aspect of their lives.
		Unlike the Indian tribes of our Western States, most of which have treaties which the government by which they are support with the government by which they are supported wholly or in part, these dwellers along Alaska coast depend for their subsistence wholly on their exertions and draw their food largely from the sea.
	www.pbs.org /harriman/1899/native.html (1287 words)

	Science Alive: Percy Julian
		Percy Lavon Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on 11 April 1899.
		Although he was born on the cusp of the 20th century, the early part of his life was shaped by the events of the 19th century.
		In 1973 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences, an honor for all scientists.
	www.chemheritage.org /scialive/julian/teachers/narrative.html (2960 words)

	Resources in Science and Technology
		Among the numerous sociological strategies for approaching the relationships between science and technology with self and society is to examine the world views of different generations.
		Public Library of Science "a non-profit organization of scientists committed to making the world's scientific and medical literature freely accessible to scientists and to the public around the world, for the benefit of scientific progress, education and the public good."
		In 2004, according to the National Center for Science Education, some forty states were dealing with challenges to the teaching of evolution.
	www.trinity.edu /~mkearl/science.html (1772 words)

	Science and National Identity
		Civil War in Ulster: an annotated edition of my father's 1913 book has been re-published in 1999 by UCD Press; a table of contents and some sample chapters are given.
		This web site is dedicated to exploring the relationship between the evolving culture of science, with its roots in ancient Greece, mediaeval Islam, the European Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and the (also evolving) culture of Irish nationality, with its roots in a complex variety of local economic, social, political, linguistic and religious traditions.
		It is also dedicated to exploring how this experience might be of value in other emergent nations making the transition from colonial to post-colonial status, and to fostering the convergence of all scientific specialist disciplines, including the physical, biological, social, economic and political sciences, towards a holistic philosophical dynamic.
	www.iol.ie /~rjtechne (534 words)

	Chemistry Department at Western Washington University
		In 1907, the science annex was added to the north end of Old Main giving a building close in appearance to what is seen today, nearly 100 years later.
		He was a strong force in the building of Haggard Hall of Science in 1960 and managed to persuade Linus Pauling to speak at the building's dedication.
		Prior to the opening of Haggard Hall of Science in 1960, all of the sciences were included in the Department of Science.
	www.chem.wwu.edu /dept/dept/history.shtml (1603 words)

	The History of Electrochemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is provided each year as a service to science teachers and other educators as part of the chemical education outreach program of
		Electrochemistry grew from a curiosity to a valuable and practical science as new technologies such as the telegraph fueled the demand for more powerful batteries.
		It was a time of innocent inquiry, innovation and great discovery which laid the foundation for the explosion of chemical, physical and biological science that followed during the twentieth century.
	www.bioanalytical.com /info/calendar/98/index.htm (327 words)

	Science
		The different branches of science deal in the main with the different levels of organisation of physical substance.
		The following table gives an incomplete list of different "ologies" of science, arranged hierarchically according to their organisational level.
		There is so much material on different branches of science on the web that it is pointless citing links to individual pages.
	www.kheper.net /topics/science/science.htm (1958 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Ideas / Over there
		In works like ''Varieties in the Human Species'' (1749) and ''On the Degeneration of Animals'' (1766), Buffon concocted a set of bizarre taxonomies to demonstrate that the species of the New World were invariably shriveled and stunted.
		America had been transformed from a land of stunted, degenerate species into a menacing industrial colossus.
		The specter of the voracious ''Yankee'' who, having conquered the South, now had his eyes set on the rest of the world, stalked late-19th-century French social science and popular fiction.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/ideas/articles/2005/04/10/over_there?pg=2 (435 words)

	Study Political Science at Nebraska
		Political science has been a part of the University of Nebraska since 1871 when the first Chancellor of the University, a scholar of law and ethics Alan Benton, held the Chair of Moral Science.
		During the remainder of the 19th century, a number of professors of economic and political science, as well as political history and civics offered courses in government, politics and the law.
		By 1899, a Department of Political Economy and Sociology was formed, and reconstituted as a Department of Political Science and Sociology in 1906.
	www.unl.edu /polisci/home.html (124 words)

	1899 1902
		The Boer War was the major colonial war of British Empire history.
		Fought between 1899 and 1902, it was a major turning point between the 19th and the 20th centuries.
		Not only was the Boer War the first war for a combatant [Britain] to use concentration camps, but it also lead to much ado about the health and fitness of British soldiers.
	www.suite101.com /reference/1899_1902 (129 words)

	Lateral Science - The Cloud Chamber - Wilson's 1899 model
		Lateral Science - The Cloud Chamber - Wilson's 1899 model
		C.T.R. Wilson's 1899 model of the cloud chamber.
		This chamber was still used at the Cavendish laboratory before World War II for lecture demonstrations.Here is a picture of this ingenious Scotsman -
	www.lateralscience.co.uk /cloud/1899cloud.html (42 words)

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