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	Amendments to the Constitution of the United States — Infoplease.com
		Amendment XI (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Mar. 5, 1794, by the Third Congress.
		Amendment XV (The proposed amendment was sent to the states Feb. 27, 1869, by the Fortieth Congress.
		Amendment XX (The proposed amendment, sometimes called the “Lame Duck Amendment,” was sent to the states Mar. 3, 1932, by the Seventy-second Congress.
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0749825.html (2100 words)

	Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Amendment XVIII (the Eighteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" excluding those used for religious purposes), established Prohibition in the United States.
		The validity of the amendment was challenged on that basis in Dillon v.
		The amendment was subsequently repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment on December 5, 1933.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/United_States_Constitution/Amendment_Eighteen (339 words)

	Additional Amendments to the Constitution
		ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of, the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.
		No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.
		This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
	www.constitution.org /afterte_.htm (1568 words)

	Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a major victory for the North, and it was hoped that with the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, the effects of slavery in the United States would quickly diminish.
		Though ratification of the 15th Amendment was not a requirement for readmittance to the Congress of the Confederate states, one of the provisions of the Reconstruction Acts required that the states include a provision in their new constitutions that included a near-copy of the text of the 15th.
		Anthony later used the 15th Amendment as rationale for voting in a New York election, and though she was tried and fined for voting, the ordeal proved an impetus for the eventual guarantee of voting rights for women.
	www.usconstitution.net /constamnotes.html (4359 words)

	Asia Times: Hidden dangers in constitutional changes
		It is not surprising that the increased flurry of opposition activities coincides with the preparations by the government to pass the 18th amendment to the constitution in parliament.
		The 18th amendment envisages that the president's power to arbitrarily dissolve parliament after one year is taken away, that MPs can vote according to their conscience without being subordinate to party discipline, and that parliamentary executive committees to promote opposition participation in decision-making will be formed.
		In terms of the 13th amendment to the present constitution, the president is empowered to appoint the governor of the provinces.
	atimes.com /ind-pak/DD24Df02.html (1748 words)

	Massachusetts Constitution
		Article V. The resolutions and advice of the council shall be recorded in a register, and signed by the members present; and this record may be called for at any time by either house of the legislature; and any member of the council may insert his opinion, contrary to the resolution of the majority.
		Notaries public shall be appointed by the governor in the same manner as judicial officers are appointed, and shall hold their offices during seven years, unless sooner removed by the governor with the consent of the council, upon the address of both houses of the legislature.
		Article three of the amendments to the constitution is hereby amended by inserting after the word "guardianship", in line two, the following: -- and persons temporarily or permanently disqualified by law because of corrupt practices in respect to elections.
	www.mass.gov /legis/const.htm (6264 words)

	opennotes
		Amendment meant a rise in alcohol related deaths, a new culture of drinking, and the increase of organized crime.
		Amendment cannot take credit for the drastically low alcohol related death statistics of the early 1920’s: “not only were federal laws in force before [1920] but there was also extensive state prohibition” (Burnham, 284).
		Amendment was a botched mismanagement of years of hard work by crusading temperance organizations and businessmen of the new industrial age.
	nths.newtrier.k12.il.us /academics/social/opennotes/art11.htm (2249 words)

	Hurdle for 18th amendment?
		amendment to the Constitution would be presented to the Parliament today said Minister of Constitutional Affairs and Justice Amarasiri Dodangoda.
		amendment four more appeal courts could be set up and the back log of trials could be cleared up.
		majority was necessary to get the amendment through in the Parliament and if the UNP opposes, it may not be passed in the Parliament and many innocent who seek justice through appeals would not be able to get their cases re-examined added the minister.
	www.lankatruth.com /full_story/2006/july/06/20060706_1.htm (154 words)

	Online NewsHour: The Battle Over Same Sex Marriage -- Amending the Constitution
		In 1933, the 21st Amendment was ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment.
		Amendments are so few and far between because the process to change the Constitution is a long and difficult one.
		The proposed amendment is then submitted to states for consideration, usually with some kind of time limit (seven years is common).
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/law/gay_marriage/amending.html (448 words)

	Prohibition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The 18th Amendment established Prohibition of intoxicating alcoholic beverages in the US, but the Volstead Act was necessary to define what the amendment meant by “intoxicating” and to give the government the legal right to enforce the law.
		Thus the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, the only one to date that restricted a freedom, was to become effective on January 16, 1920.
		The 18th Amendment, however, did not include enforcement procedures, nor did it define what it meant by “intoxicating liquors.” Brewers and wine producers tried to convince Congress that the alcohol limit should be set high enough to allow light beers and wine while affecting only hard distilled liquors.
	www.rustycans.com /prohibition.html (6227 words)

	Legislative Intent of the Sixteenth Amendment
		Had this amendment passed, it would have provided authority for a species of income tax that was inherently a direct tax to be levied without apportionment, and it would have changed the original wording of the Constitution to forever do away with the prohibition against direct taxes.
		Amendment did not grant to Congress an exception to the apportionment rule for direct taxes required by the Constitution.
		Amendment was not conveying a new power to Congress, but in fact was adding a limitation on the power of Congress.
	famguardian.org /Subjects/Taxes/16Amend/LegIntent16thAmend.htm (3559 words)

	Ben's Guide (9-12): The Constitution of the United States -- Ways to Amend the Constitution
		Under Article V of the Constitution, there are two ways to propose amendments to the Constitution and two ways to be ratified by the states.
		In the case of the 18th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd amendments, the period set was 7 years, but there has been no determination as to just how long a "reasonable time" might extend.
		The 6 unratified amendments may be found in the U.S. Constitution Amended, Unratified Amendments, Analytical Index [PDF, 390k] [TEXT, 295k] on GPO Access.
	bensguide.gpo.gov /9-12/documents/constitution/amend.html (217 words)

	AllPolitics - Counterpoint - January 29, 1997
		The amendment allows the requirement for budget balance to be waived when three-fifths of Congress so vote, but that doesn't solve the problem.
		The amendment also would bar the federal government from building up reserve funds in good years and drawing them down in bad years, a practice nearly all states use (and most families as well -- families save in advance for retirement and draw down the funds when they stop working).
		But adopting a constitutional amendment that risks making recessions deeper and more frequent, destablizes Social Security and ultimately leads to heavy payroll tax increases on younger generations, and favors special interest tax loopholes over education, the environment, and the elderly is not a prudent path to follow.
	www.cnn.com /ALLPOLITICS/1996/issues/counterpt/9701/29/index.html (1789 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: Twenty-First Amendment
		In the light of the cases enumerated in the preceding paragraph, wherein the Twenty-first Amendment was construed as according a plenary power to the States, such extended emphasis on the police power and the commerce clause would seem to have been unnecessary.
		Virginia, 18 wherein, without even considering that Amendment, a majority of the Court upheld, as not contravening the commerce clause, statutes regulating the transport through the State of liquor cargoes originating and ending outside the regulating State's boundaries.
		The Twenty-first Amendment of itself did not, it was held, bar a prosecution under the Sherman Antitrust Act of producers, wholesalers, and retailers charged with conspiring to fix and maintain retail prices of alcoholic beverages in Colorado.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment21 (2946 words)

	The 18th Amendment
		Upon ratification of the amendment by the states, Congress voted its approval in October 1919, and enacted it into law as the National Prohibition Act of 1920.
		Drafting of the amendment and of the bill was the work, in large part, of Wayne Wheeler, the legislative lawyer of the Anti-Saloon League.
		The enforcement arm of the 18th amendment was the Volstead Act which placed the authority to enforce the amendment in the lap of the Treasury Department and defined what legally constituted an alcoholic beverage.
	www.albany.edu /~wm731882/18th_amendment_final.html (515 words)

	Purposes of Amendments
		The Prohibition Amendment (Amendment 18) could have simply been passed as a combination of state and federal law, but was put in the Constitution largely in order to make it difficult to repeal.
		Nevertheless, the 18th Amendment was repealed by the 21st Amendment.
		Most of the amendments to the Constitution can be categorized as seeking to limit the power of government, expand the power of government, change election procedure or duration of office, or expand the electorate.
	uhaweb.hartford.edu /chranders/amendment/purposes.htm (431 words)

	The 21st Amendment
		Less than a year after the Twenty-First Amendment was submitted for ratification, the necessary thirty-sixth state ratified the amendment at 5:32 PM on December 5, 1933.
		The 21st amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on February 20, 1933, and was ratified by the states, thereby taking effect on December 5, 1933.
		Interestingly, when Congress passes an amendment and requests ratification from the states, the individual state legislatures vote on the amendment, not the people.
	www.albany.edu /~wm731882/21st_amendment_final.html (434 words)

	18th_amendment-s
		The main problem with the Eighteenth Amendment was that very many people didn't stop drinking because the law didn't specifcally deny it.
		It was eventually accepted that the "Noble Experiment" started with the passage of the 18th Amendment was not working.
		Prohibition was repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21st Amendment.
	alliance.ed.uiuc.edu /cdrom/Hononegah/prohibition/18th_amendment-s.htm (401 words)

	Marriage Amendment
		The 18th Amendment to the CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, ratified in 1919, prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors" and their importation and exportation.
		Congress sent the amendment to the states for ratification, where it needed three-fourths approval.
		This amendment not only attempts to deny equal rights to individuals in same-sex couples, but it also attempts to undermine legislative and legal efforts to protect same-sex couples these families.
	www.pflagdetroit.org /marriage_amendment.htm (730 words)

	SSRN-Wine Wars: The 21st Amendment and Discriminatory Bans to Direct Shipment of Wine by Todd Zywicki
		The purpose of the 21st Amendment was to reverse the 18th Amendment's disastrous experiment with federal Prohibition, and thereby to restore the balance between state and federal power that had existed prior to the 18th Amendment.
		Second, Section 2 of the Amendment constitutionalized certain federal laws that allowed the States to enforce their police power on equal terms against alcohol shipped in interstate commerce as against alcohol manufactured or sold within the State.
		As a result, the 21st Amendment removed the federal government from meddling in local affairs, but did not cede a novel and unnecessary power to the States to meddle in the federal government's traditional control over interstate commerce.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=604803 (481 words)

	Backgrounder
		The 18th amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor for beverage purposes, was ratified in January 1919 and went into effect a year later.
		Targets for Constitutional Amendments are quite impressive, so just imagine what big news alcohol was in the days of the 18th and 21st Amendment (The 22nd amendment, in 1951, limited the president to two terms or to a maximum of ten years in office).
		In its ruling, the court held that the Twenty-First Amendment to the US Constitution did not authorize such a tax exemption, since the central purpose of the Amendment was not to empower States to favor their local liquor industry by erecting barriers to competition.
	www.wineinstitute.org /shipwine/backgrounder/backgrounder.htm (3385 words)

	The Constitution of the United States of America
		Validity of Adoption Cases relating to this question are presented and discussed under Article V. Enforcement Cases produced by enforcement and arising under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are considered in the discussion appearing under the those Amendments.
		The liability became complete upon occurrence of the breach of the express contractual condition and a civil action for recovery was viewed as unaffected by the loss of penal sanctions.\9\ \7\United States v.
		The Twenty-first Amendment containing ``no saving clause as to prosecutions for offenses therefore committed,'' these holdings were rendered unavoidable by virtue of the well-established principle that after ``the expiration or repeal of a law, no penalty can be enforced, nor punishment inflicted, for violations of the law committed while it was in force.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/amdt18.html (479 words)

	Free Essay Prohibition and the Repeal of the 18th Amendment
		In order for an amendment to be passed the House of Representatives and the Senate must ratify by three quarters vote.
		Temperance movements were vital keys to the ratification of the eighteenth amendment.
		The eighteenth amendment is the only amendment that has ever been repealed.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=26185 (913 words)

	Sardar Assef foresees 18th amendment -DAWN - National; 23 April, 2004
		Talking to reporters after a meeting with Punjab PPP president Qasim Zia at the latter's residence here on Thursday, Sardar Ali said that 18th constitutional amendment would be brought to remove the restrictions put on Gen Musharraf in the 17th amendment.
		In reply to a question, the former PML minister said Gen Musharraf would neither doff his uniform nor become chief of the PML-Q. Referring to the merger of various PML groups, he said the military ruler, like his predecessors, was doing this all to strengthen his political position.
		The provincial PPP president regretted that the sanctity of the Constitution was not being maintained as 'conspiracies' were being hatched to sabotage even the amendment that had been introduced at the behest of the army chief.
	www.dawn.com /2004/04/23/nat2.htm (331 words)

	The American Experience \| Mr. Miami Beach \| People & Events \| Prohibition
		In January 1919, the states ratified the 18th Amendment, Prohibition, which placed a nationwide ban on the manufacture and transportation of intoxicating liquor.
		The 18th Amendment was difficult to enforce, "always… more of an ideal than a reality." The Volstead Act of 1919, named for its author, Minnesota senator Andrew Volstead, made provisions for Prohibition's enforcement, but it contained loopholes that invited abuses.
		In 1933, largely through the work of the nonpartisan Americans Against Prohibition Association (AAPA), as well as public disillusionment over the "noble experiment," the 21st Amendment repealing Prohibition was ratified in Congress, with 93 percent voting in favor of repeal.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/miami/peopleevents/pande06.html (610 words)

	Top of The Hill \| Trusty's \| Pourhouse \| 18th Amendment \| Scheisse Haus
		Prohibition ended 7 decades ago in the District, but a new Capitol Hill bar, the 18th Amendment returns to the days of speakeasies and bootleg booze.
		Named after the Amendment that started prohibition, the 18th Amendment, located at 613 Pennsylvania Ave SE has something for everyone.
		The menu at 18th Amendment includes a variety of appetizers, personal pizzas, and panini sandwiches.
	www.pourhouse-dc.com /18th.php (402 words)

	Prohibition
		A year earlier, the 18th Amendment had been ratified by the states, setting the process in motion; the federal government had followed with enabling legislation, defining alcoholic drinks, establishing an enforcement procedure, and setting penalties for violators.
		Moreover, the 1917 Reed Amendment to the Webb-Kenyon Act made it unlawful to use the mails to send liquor advertisements to persons in dry territory.
		The 21st Amendment remains as the only amendment repealing a previously adopted one.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1085.html (1005 words)

	The Simpsons: Homer vs. The 18th Amendment - TV.com
		The Simpsons: Homer vs. The 18th Amendment - TV.com
		It outlawed the sale of alcohol and marked the beginning of prohibition (which lasted until the 21st amendment was adopted in 1933).
		All Homer vs. The 18th Amendment Allusions »
	www.tv.com /homer-vs.-the-18th-amendment/episode/1456/summary.html (1112 words)

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