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Topic: 18th century BCE

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19th century BCE

Assyrian kings

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	history
		The lower city was founded in approximately the 18th century BCE (Middle Bronze Age) and continued to be settled until the 13th century (the end of the Late Bronze Age) when both the upper and lower city were violently destroyed.
		A six chambered gate and casemate wall of the 10th century BCE can most probably be attributed to King Solomon (Kings 1, 9:15), during whose reign only the western part of the upper city was occupied.
		During the 7th - 2nd century BCE settlement was confined only to the citadels which were erected in the western extremity of the upper city.
	unixware.mscc.huji.ac.il /~hatsor/history.htm (704 words)

	Hebrews, History Of Judaism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		King Jeroboam II (8th century BCE) was able to undertake to restore the imperial sway of the north over its neighbour, and a prophecy of Jonah that he would extend Israel's borders from the Dead Sea to the entrance to Hamath (Syria) was borne out.
		In a work on the analogical interpretation of the Law of Moses, Aristobulus in the 2nd century BCE anticipated Philo in attempting to harmonize Greek philosophy and the Torah, in using the method of allegory to explain anthropomorphisms in the Bible, and in asserting that the Greek philosophers were indebted to Moses.
		The Wisdom of Solomon, dating from the 1st century BCE, shows an acquaintance with the Platonic doctrine of the preexistence of the soul and with a method of argument known as sorites that was favoured by the Stoics (Greek philosophers).
	history-world.org /history_of_judaism.htm (16182 words)

	Lucina-Ptesan-Wi
		She is holding an early 20th century Ijebu waterspirit mask from Nigeria and a vessel with a carving of Olokun from an Ijebu drum; her bracelet is Ijebu, 18th century.
		She is holding a Haniwa (death mask) of a shaman from the Yamato state, 5th-6th century, and a female figurine used in sacred ceremonies from the late Jomon period, 1000-250 BCE.
		She is holding a Roman statuette of herself as Dea Syria from the 3rd century in her left hand and, in her right, an Elamite statue of a Fish Goddess from Tang-I-Sarvak, Iran from the 18th century BCE.
	goddessmyths.com /Lucina-Ptesan-Wi.html (1825 words)

	NCIBA: The Homepage of New Covenant Institute of Biblical Archaeology
		During the Middle Bronze Age, as early as the 18th century BCE, a massive wall was built around the city, of which a 30 m.
		This is in marked contrast to the common view of Jerusalem as an important Canaanite urban center, based on mention of the king of the city of Jerusalem in the 14th century BCE archive found at Tel el-Amarna in Egypt.
		During the 13th-12th centuries BCE structural operations changed the topography of the upper part of the city: interlocking and intersecting stone walls created terraces which provided an artificial surface, apparently the podium of the citadel of the Canaanite-Jebusite city of Jerusalem.
	www.nciba.org /david.htm (451 words)

	Stone Ages and Biblical Kingdoms
		From 2300-1950 BCE, many of the large, fortified hilltop towns constructed during the Early Bronze Age were abandoned in favor of either small, unfortified villages or a pastoral lifestyle.
		It was once thought that during the 18th century BCE much of Syria, Jordan and Palestine were overrun by a military aristocracy from northern Mesopotamia known as the Hyksos, who went on to conquer much of Egypt and help overthrow the Middle Kingdom there.
		From the ninth century BCE on, the Assyrians campaigned against the Aramaeans, and in the late eighth century BCE they captured Damascus as well as Samaria, the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
	members.tripod.com /jor_guide/id3.html (3030 words)

	Judaism - Crystalinks
		Beginning in the 16th century, most Jews in Europe were forced to live in walled enclosures, where they were locked in at night, And had to wear badges identifying themselves as Jews when they were outside the walls.
		In the case of ancient Israel (see below Biblical Judaism [20th-4th century BCE]), particularism took the shape of the doctrine of election; that is, of a people chosen by God as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" to set an example for all mankind.
		Abraham (perhaps 19th or 18th-17th centuries BCE) did not discover this God, but entered into a new covenant relation with him, in which he was promised the land of Canaan and a numerous progeny.
	www.crystalinks.com /judaism.html (3754 words)

	Alalakh - OnlineEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Alalakh was founded during the Bronze Age in the 4th millennium BCE, as one of the first great cities of the Fertile Crescent.
		It was the capital of the Mukish kingdom, a vassal to the kingdoms of Yamhad (today Aleppo) during the 18th century BCE through to the 16th century BCE, and to Mitanni during the 15th century BCE through to the 14th century BCE.
		The remains of the city preserved by Tell Atchana were excavated by the British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley in the years 1935-1939 and 1946-1949, during which palaces, temples, private houses and fortification walls were discovered.
	www.neareasternarchaeology.com /encyclopedia/index.php?title=Alalakh&redirect=no (386 words)

	History of Judaism - ReligionFacts
		The period of Jewish history designated by some historians as "Biblical Judaism" is the centuries covered by the narratives of the Tanakh, from the creation and primitive history of mankind to the last of the prophets in the 4th century BCE.
		In the wars waged by the Iconoclasts (eighth and ninth centuries) the Jews especially had to suffer, and mostly at the hands of iconoclastic emperors who were suspected of being heretics with Jewish tendencies.
		Not until the beginning of the ninth century did the Church succeed in drawing all humanity within her jurisdiction, and in bringing together and definitely settling the regulations in canonical law which the authority of the Church ordained for believers and their treatment of non-believers.
	www.religionfacts.com /judaism/history.htm (4395 words)

	Genesisarchaeologicalanomalies
		Grayson's articles point out that Calah was the capital of Assyria during the 9th-7th centuries BCE until it was succeeded by Nineveh which became Assyria's capital during the reign of Sennacherib (BCE) in the 7th century.
		A 7th-6th century Bozrah (the principal building remains are 7th-6th centuries, not 8th) suggests Genesis was composed either in the 6th or 5th century BCE.
		Bozrah's principal building remains are of the 7th-6th centuries BCE, suggesting again, that Moses could not have written the Pentateuch and Genesis in the 15th century BCE (cf.
	www.bibleorigins.net /Genesisarchaeologicalanomalies.html (2590 words)

	18th century BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		18th century BC Read Books Online Free
		Terracotta plaque of Birbhoom, Bordwan, Bakura of 1500 BC and Kantgir Mandir of Dinajpur of the 18th century are few examples of architectural art.
		18th century BC 19th century BC - 18th century BC - 17th century BC - other centuries)
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/1/18/18th_century_bc.html (159 words)

	Dan: The Biblical City
		It was restored in the mid-9th century BCE by Ahab, king of Israel, who had a large (20 x 18 m.) bamah erected.
		During the reign of Jeroboam II at the beginning of the 8th century BCE, a monumental staircase was added to the southern side of the bamah and a smaller altar was erected.
		The 9th century BCE and the beginning of the 8th century BCE were marked by military conflicts between the kings of Israel and the expanding kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Archaeology/dan.html (1269 words)

	Tel Beth Shean: An Account of the Hebrew University Excavations
		This ware is typical to assemblages of the 16th century BCE in the Jordan Valley, Samaria Hills and Transjordan.
		During the Thirteenth Century BCE, the reign of Seti I, Ramesses II and Merneptah, the Egyptian rule over Canaan became stronger, as evidenced by the establishment of citadels, governors' residencies, and headquarters of the Egyptian administration.
		We still miss a stratigraphic sequence to fill the gap between the 10th century BCE destruction layer found in Area S, and the 8th century destruction layer in Area P. Among the finds from this period was the bottom of a jar inscribed with a Hebrew inscription in fl ink on its lower part.
	www.rehov.org /project/tel_beth_shean.htm (7813 words)

	MapMariBitAdini
		meaning "steppe." 18th century BCE Mari, which lies just south of Terqa, has a mural showing two date palms guarded by fabulous winged beasts which I have proposed are what's behind the Cherubim in the garden of Eden who guarded its two trees (for the map cf.
		Below, 18th century BCE Mari on the Euphrates.
		Traces of irrigation canals for date palm orchards have been found in the vicinity of this ancient city which existed in Hammurabi's times and was sacked by him.
	www.homestead.com /bibleorigins*net/MapMariBitAdini.html (247 words)

	Alibris: Used, New and Out-of-Print Books, Music and Movies
		Dust jackets date from the early 19th century, but they came into more common use in the early 20th century as a means to advertise the book to potential buyers.
		The conventional cloth or silk headband was introduced in the early 16th century and decorative glued-on headbands were introduced in the early 19th century.
		In the last quarter of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th, limp leather covers were commonly used for books to be carried in the pocket.
	www.alibris.com /glossary/glossary.cfm?S=R (7878 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Texts: Texts Marking Time
		This approach over the centuries has become so prevalent that in many histories, the accepted periodization of Jewish texts is utilized as the historical template for Jewish history itself.
		The latter option, creating a Rabbinic period that lasted from the third or second century BCE to the sixth century CE would, however, ignore the watershed of the destruction of the Second Temple.
		The first crusade of 1099 and the subsequent 12th century in general was devastating for the Franco-German communities, and is perceived as the decline in the status of Jews in Europe.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /texts/about_jewish_texts/What_Are_Jewish_Texts/Timeline_Texts/TextsMarkingTime60.htm (1601 words)

	Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Diversity Vocabulary List
		They were created by King Hammurabi of Babylonia in th mid 18th century BCE and placed on stones tablets for all to see.
		The Perisan Empire dominated the Middle East from the middle of the 6th century BCE to about the end of the 5th century BCE, Its greatest ruler was Dairus I. Persia was later conquered by Alexander the Great.
		He was responsible for the westernization of Russia in the 18th century.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/vocab/topic.cfm?topic=e (1212 words)

	18th Century Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the early 20th century Paris was the most important Western art center and today New York City is an international art center.
		By the end of the century France would be embroiled in revolution, while changes in 18th- and early-19th-century England occurred more gradually and with less violence.
		Still, by the middle of the 18th century one "international" (that, is western European) style did emerge -- neoclassicism, a style that artists embraced all over Europe.
	www.bluffton.edu /~humanities/art/18c (280 words)

	ArtLex on Ivory
		This is one of many Mesopotamian objects that have recently been lost or stolen from Iraq's museums, and have yet to be recovered.
		Rhyton, 2nd-1st centuries BCE, ivory, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.
		Carolingian France, Workshop of the Palace of Charlemagne, end of the 8th century, Leaves from the Binding of the Dagulf Psaltery, ivory, 16.8 x width of each leaf 8.1 cm, Louvre.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/ij/ivory.html (526 words)

	Mesopotamia
		The most important ancient civilizations in the region were first the Sumerian (3500 BCE- 2000 BCE), the Babylonian (18th century BCE- 539 BCE) and Assyrian (1350 BCE- 612 BCE).
		During the last two millenniums the Muslim Abbasids must be considered as the strongest rulers of Mesopotamia, both in might and in cultural achievements.
		In the centuries that followed, the Assyrian politics of deporting rebellious subjects made races mix in Mesopotamia.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/mesopotamia.htm (968 words)

	ArtLex on Mesopotamian art
		2700 BCE are fine examples of the way Sumerian sculpture is typically based on cones and cylinders -- arms and legs like pipes, skirts smooth and round, flaring out at their bottoms.
		The massive and highly stylized bird is shown with a plump body and flaring tail, and easily transcends its original and somewhat prosaic function.
		Medes, the land she came from was green, rugged and mountainous, and she found the flat, sun-baked terrain of Mesopotamia depressing, so the king decided to recreate her homeland by building an artificial mountain with rooftop gardens.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/m/mesopotamian.html (1990 words)

	In Depth Bible Studies
		From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan (comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon)Ñthroughout the biblical period and later ages a vortex of west Asian, Egyptian, and east Mediterranean ethnoculture.
		After Solomon's death in the 10th century B.C. the kingdom of Israel splits into two, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah.
		He was closely involved in the political and religious events of a crucial era in the history of the ancient Near East; his spiritual leadership helped his fellow countrymen survive disasters that included the capture of Jerusalem by the Babylonians in 586 BC and the exile of many Judaeans to Babylonia.
	www.biblestudying.net /christianity1.html (5957 words)

	- LEARNERS: BURNING LIBRARIES (BCE) -
		Centuries BCE, Ugarit, Enkomi, Citum in Cyprus, the Canaanite towns of Tyre, Sidon and Biblos (presumably the invention site of books) went under—some never to reemerge.
		It was destroyed in 397 BCE by Dionysus the Elder, despot of Syracuse.
		In 48 BCE, the inhabitants of Alexandria blockaded Caesar.
	peaceworld.freeservers.com /130BURNINGLIBRARIES1.htm (9875 words)

	Mnemotrix Israel, Ltd. - Come Tour, Explore, and Excavate with US!
		Especially significant is the discovery of three fragments of an Aramaic inscription mentioning the House of David and a king of Israel, probably written in the second half of the 9th century BCE.
		BCE (LBII), possibly the town of the Canaanite king Shuwardata.
		In 711 BCE, Gath was conquered by Sargon II of Assyria, and apparently forever lost its independence.
	www.mnemotrix.com /israel/history.html (2338 words)

	The Gnostic Science of Alchemy Chapter Eight
		By the late sixth century, when Imperial Orthodoxy was firmly in the driver's seat of the Roman military machine, Judaism was the only tolerated non-orthodox form of religion.
		In the centuries after the Dispersion, commentaries of various rabbis on the Tanakh, known as the Talmud, attained an importance second only to the Torah.
		Attributing this wisdom to Abraham and Melchizedek places its origin in the 18th century BCE, the time of the rise of the New Kingdom in Egypt as well as the Vedic scholars of India.
	www.sangraal.com /library/gsa8.html (3897 words)

	[No title]
		Indian epic poem composed between 200 BCE and 200 CE, it concerns a dynastic struggle of the 9th century BCE.
		Roman jurist of the early 3rd century, one of five whose opinions were made authoritative in the early fifth century by the later emperors Theodosius II and Valentinian.
		An Estruscan king of the 6th century BCE who ruled Rome, thought to be descended from an emigrant noble from Corinth.
	www.well.com /user/aquarius/authlist.htm (3717 words)

	CherubimMariMural
		Below is a poorly preserved mural from the palace of king Zimri-Lim circa 1778-1758 BCE (a contemporary of the Babylonian king Hammurabi) at ancient Mari on the Euphrates.
		The annals of Tiglathpileser III refer to a king named Azriyau, and while the exact locale of his rule cannot be determined, it is clear that he was a local king in Syria.
		the 18th century BCE, but also a mural showing "what may be" the pre-biblical origins of the Cherubbim who guard either one or two sacred trees in a god's garden, (one tree being accessed by man in the Mari mural).
	www.bibleorigins.net /CherubimMariMural.html (1837 words)

	IsaiahLessons
		BCE; taken by Assyria in 690 BCE; flourished under Nebuchadnezzar 6th century.
		BCE; taken by Cyrus the Great in 538 BCE, by Alexander in 331 BCE; declined in 3rd century.
		BCE; ruled by all major powers of ancient times; embellished by Herod the Great; destroyed by Mongols 1260; flourished under Turkish rule after 1517; declined after expulsion of French 1791 and earthquake 1837.
	www.myspirituallife.com /Books/Isaiah/IsaiahLessons.html (6484 words)

	Rejection of Pascal's Wager: David and Solomon
		There are only potteries dating to the 18th century BCE (Canaanite) and 8th century BCE (Israelite).
		The archaeological evidence shows that Jerusalem rose in prominence only in the ninth century BCE when the united monarchy had split back into two parts.
		The discovery of the “Tel Dan Stela” in 1993, a ninth century BCE inscription seems to clinch this.
	www.geocities.com /paulntobin/david.html (1293 words)

	Europe Continents Facts \| 4 Corners Club
		The 1st millennium BCE saw the expansion of the Celtic peoples throughout Europe, reaching as far north as Britain by 450 BCE to be followed by incursions by pre-Christian Germanic tribes such as the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, during the first millennium CE.
		The Parsis played an important role in the British development of Bombay as a commercial centre in the early 19th century, and many of them became westernised, receiving a British education; three Parsis living in London were elected to represent their constituencies in the House of Commons.
		The mid 20th century saw the spread of Sikhism outside its Punjab homeland, especially after the second world war when many Sikh men made their way to Britain, being joined by their wives and families in the late 1960s, the Sikh Missionary Society being founded in Britain in 1969.
	www.4cornersclub.com /adventure_trips/europe/continent_facts (2855 words)

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