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Topic: 1900 BCE

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: 1900 BCE
		Magh Ithe was the location of the first recorded battle fought in Ireland, dated to 2530 Anno Mundi (since the creation of the world), or 2670 BC, in the Annals of the Four Masters; or 2071 BC in Seathrún Céitinns chronology.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
		In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetery H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1900-BCE (944 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
		In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetery H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4480 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Around 1800 BCE, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE, most of the cities were abandoned.
		Certain scholars propose that this was a major river during the third and fourth millennia BCE, and suggest that it may have been the Sarasvati River of the Rigveda.
		In the course of the 2nd millennium BCE, remnants of the IVC's culture would (the so-called Cemetary H culture) amalgamated with that of other peoples, likely contributing to what eventually resulted in the rise of Vedic culture and eventually historical Hinduism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Indus_valley_civilization (4108 words)

	Judaism - Crystalinks
		In the case of ancient Israel (see below Biblical Judaism [20th-4th century BCE]), particularism took the shape of the doctrine of election; that is, of a people chosen by God as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" to set an example for all mankind.
		These theories have been discarded by most scholars, however, in the light of a more comprehensive knowledge of the ancient Middle East and the abandonment of a theory of gradual evolutionary development that was dominant at the beginning of the 20th century.
		From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan (comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon)--throughout the biblical period and later ages a vortex of west Asian, Egyptian, and east Mediterranean ethnoculture.
	www.crystalinks.com /judaism.html (3969 words)

	..:: LES DRUIDES DU QUéBEC /\|\ ::..
		550 BCE - 50 BCE Messapic and Venetic inscriptions
		And in 187 BCE, the last heir of the Asokan dynasty was killed by one of his commanders.
		Weakened by its isolation, Galatia became in the 2nd century BCE, the protectorate of the Pontic kingdom, and by the next century, became a province of Rome.
	www.angelfire.com /folk/boutios/timeline.html (3530 words)

	Explore: Greece - Mathematics
		Between 800 BCE and 800 CE, the world witnessed a shift in the intellectual centres of the time from Egypt and Babylon to the cities of the Mediterranean - Greece and Rome.
		The school he founded in 530 BCE in Croton (in present-day Italy) gave rise to a whole new school of thought, the members of which, the Pythagoreans, would later be responsible for a barrage of new discoveries and ideas in mathematics, astronomy and philosophy.
		Archimedes (born 287 BCE) is famous for having set besieging ships on fire with the aid of mirrors and the sun’s rays, and for discovering the principle of buoyancy in his bathtub.
	library.thinkquest.org /C0122667/greece/maths.html (1408 words)

	Jericho
		Jericho's tourist industry is fast growing, and Jericho is also important to the trade and the traffic between Jordan and the rest of Palestine.
		The city is central to both Judaism and Christianity, as it was the city conquered by Joshua, as well as the place from where Jesus was tempted to pass over to Satan's side.
		2300 BCE: Jericho is settled by the Amorites.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/jericho.htm (448 words)

	ANISTORITON: Archaeology News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 369 BCE Theban general Epameinondas liberated Messene and built the city of Messene, as the capital of the new autonomous Messenian State.
		Parts of statues of the local artist Damophon, who lived in early 2nd BCE century, have been found and are examples of monumental sculpture that is rare outside Athens.
		In about 10.000 BCE inhabitants of Greece traveled from the mainland to the island of Melos and/or vice versa to get opsedian rock needed in lithic times as it was proven by a papyrus boat built in 1988.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/a002.htm (703 words)

	Catalog of Solar Eclipses: -1999 to -1900
		Solar Eclipses: -1999 to -1900 2000 BCE to 1901 BCE)
		Detailed maps of all annular, total and hybrid eclipses during the 20th century BCE can be found at the World Atlas of Solar Eclipse Paths.
		Thus the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE (See: BCE/CE Dating Conventions).
	sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov /eclipse/SEcat5/SE-1999--1900.html (1244 words)

	Erzulie-Lilith
		Image of Gaia emerging from the fissure from the Pergamon Altar, Greek, 165-156 BCE, found in present day Bergama, Turkey; round image on the right from an Ancient Greek vase painting of a consultation with a Pythia; necklace with beechnut pendants, Thessaloniki, 300 BCE.
		The crone aspect of the triple Goddess (maiden, mother, crone), Hecate was worshipped during the dark phase of the moon where 3 roads crossed.
		It was believed that Hera scattered the "eyes" on the tail of the peacock, symbolizing the starry firmament.
	www.goddessmyths.com /Erzulie-Lilith.html (1636 words)

	11. Intro Sumerian Kinglist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The French excavations at Lagash were conducted from 1877 to 1900 by Ernest de Sarzec (1837—1901); from 1903 to 1909 by Gaston Cros (1861—1915); from 1929 to 1931 by Henri de Genouillac (1881—1940); and from 1931 to 1933 by André Parrot (1901—80).
		The Early Dynastic period ran from 2900 BCE to 2370 BCE and it is this period for which we begin to have more reliable written accounts although some of the great kings of this era later evolved mythic tales about them and were deified.
		Around 2500 BCE: King Lugalanemundu of Adab extends Sumer to cover the area from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea, bordering the Taurus mountains in the north, and the Zagros mountains in the east.
	www.earth-history.com /Earth-11.htm (9912 words)

	Jericho
		Jericho's tourist industry is fast growing, and Jericho is also important to the trade and the traffic between Jordan and the rest of Palestine.
		The city is central to both Judaism and Christianity, as it was the city conquered by Joshua, as well as the place from where Jesus was tempted to pass over to Satan's side.
		2300 BCE: Jericho is settled by the Amorites.
	www.lexicorient.com /e.o/jericho.htm (459 words)

	Canaan & Ancient Israel @ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The remains are from the Middle Bronze Age through the Byzantine period (1900 BCE to c.
		At the time of the conquest, according to the Bible, Beth Shean is one of the cities from which the Israelites did not rout the Canaanites (Joshua 17:11; Judges 1:27), and the city onto whose walls the Philistines "fastened" the body of Saul and those of his sons (1 Samuel 31:10).
		The city reached its peak in the 7th century BCE when the entire mound was covered with buildings and the Gibeonites produced and traded large quantities of wine (63 rock-cut storage cellars for wine were excavated).
	www.museum.upenn.edu /Canaan/Collections.shtml (627 words)

	Kronos: 0000-0499
		Because 7400 BCE currently represents the longest continuous tree-ring series: carbon-14 in the atmosphere fluctuates from year to year, and without tree ring samples, that fluctuation cannot be precisely determined.
		Accordingly, Chinese dates earlier than the ninth century BCE that are not supported by archeological data should be treated with suspicion, and all dates that are not supported by external data should be treated with caution.
		Be that as it may, while Homer attributed the causes of the Trojan War to the wrath of Achilleus and the beauty of Helen, modern scholars usually attribute it to trade disputes and generic conflagration-era battles between infantry and charioteers.
	www.ejmas.com /kronos/NewHist0000-0499.htm (19514 words)

	[No title]
		The Middle Kingdom (c.2000-1750 BCE) and the conquest of Nubia Egypt began to encroach upon Nubian territory to the south (900 miles south) Est.
		Ramses II clashed with the Hittites at Qadesh in 1285 BCE.
		Thutmosis I (c.1504-1492 BCE) extended Egyptian control north to the Euphrates and south to the 4th cataract.
	www.baraboo.uwc.edu /academics/classresources/history/10_7notes.doc (611 words)

	[No title]
		1800 BCE: The Near East - The Old Babylonians are employing advanced mathematical operations, such as, multiplication, division and square roots.
		She is one of the very few women to achieve prominance in the ancient world.
		They appeal to the Roman Pompey in 63 BCE who intervenes, thereby beginning the Roman occupation of Palestine.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/nepage.htm (1552 words)

	.:SAKSIVC: Vedic Literature: Rig Veda: Why Read Rig Veda: Date of the Rigveda:.
		One of the reasons given is that beginnings of human kind cannot be earlier to 4000 B.C.E. Since the evidence was flimsy, he recanted his earlier assignment near the end of his life.
		Findings tested with calibrated C-14 methods show that, “the Harappa culture should be dated to the period 2700-2000 BCE with a terminal date not lower than 1900 BCE, a date suggestively close to the drying up of Sarasvati”.
		This period 3700-3800 BCE is the closing of the Rig Vedic age, especially the Mandalas seven and third associated with the sages Vasişhţa and Vishvāmitra.
	www.vedah.com /org/literature/rigVeda/wrrv/date.asp (1326 words)

	Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		1900 BCE - Abraham of Ur (present day Lebanon), the forefather of Judaism, rejects polytheism (worship of multiple gods) and begins the tradition of monotheism (the worship of God).
		722 BCE- The Assyrians conquer the kingdom of Israel.
		586 BCE- The Babylonians conquer the kingdom of Judah and destroy the Temple.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /art_context/ttime.htm (968 words)

	Ghaggar-Hakra River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It supposedly dried up due to the capture of its tributaries by the Indus and Ganges rivers, and the loss of rainfall in much of its catchment area due to deforestation and overgrazing.
		This is supposed to have happened at the latest in 1900 BCE, but perhaps much earlier.
		The majority of these sites were dated to the fourth or third millennium BCE (Bryant 2001).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ghaggar-Hakra_River (1607 words)

	Review 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These city-states were usually not ruled by hereditary kings, but by tyrants (rule of one man; not necessarily with "evil" baggage the word carries today) or oligarchies (rule of the privileged few).
		Period from 800-700 BCE marks a "renaissance" in Greek culture and society.
		The Greek philosophical movement (after the sixth century BCE) introduced some skepticism, but was mainly used to rationalize certain aspects of Greek myth.
	www.pitt.edu /~classics/mythlit/review2.html (1823 words)

	Diary
		In 1900 a great palace at Knossos, (located near the modern city of Iraklion) associated with King Minos and the labyrinth was discovered.
		Around 1200 B.C.E., (late Bronze period: 1500-1200 BCE) the Indo-European "Sea-People," armed with iron weapons and whose origin is still unknown poured from northern Aegean, invaded the coastal Levant driving back the Egyptians and Assyrians.
		Added later, between 500 and 200 BCE, were scriptures such as epic poem the Mahabharata (of which "The Bhagavad Gita" is a part) and the hundred-odd treatises on philosophic and mystical questions, such as the nature of reality and consciousness, known as the Upanishads, which were written between 800 and 500 BCE.
	www.unifiedftheory.com /diary1.htm (4328 words)

	iskcon.com - ISKCON Communications Journal - ICJ
		The supposed large-scale migrations of Aryan people in the second millennium BCE first into Western Asia and then into northern India (by 1500 BCE) cannot be maintained in view of the fact that the Hittites were in Anatolia already by 2200 BCE and the Kassites and Mitanni had kings and dynasties by 1600 BCE
		The Rigveda describes a river system in North India that is pre-1900 BCE in the case of the Saraswati river, and pre-2600 BCE in the case of the Drishadvati river.
		4000 BCE) and on the strength of the argument that Vedic astronomy and geometry predates that of the other known Ancient civilisations, some scholars, like N.S. Rajaram, George Feuerstein, Subhash Kak and David Frawley, have made the daring suggestion that India was the 'cradle of civilisation'.
	www.iskcon.com /icj/6_1/6_1klostermaier.html (4295 words)

	lec2b
		From that time until the 7th century CE, the state of Judah (originally the southern territory of the biblical kingdom of Israel, referred to by scholars as Judea, and later dubbed ‘Palestine’ by the Romans) came under the rule of empires whose chief sources of cultural inspiration were Greek (Hellenistic) and, later, Roman.
		Judah Maccabee reentered the Temple, cleansed it of its desecrations, and rededicated it, in 164 BCE.
		The year 63 BCE had effectively marked the end of Jewish political independence; this would not be restored for another 2000 years -until the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~shaked/Holocaust/lectures/lec2b.html (11886 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Egypt
		The Coffin Texts from the interior of coffins, belong to the Middle Kingdom (2250-1580 BCE) and indicate 'democratization' of the ancient funerary ritual - each soul now hoped to achieve a ritual assimilation to the god.
		Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, from The Histories, c.
		A sort of "White Athena", useful for showing the type of argument which concentrates on minor details and ignores the wider picture.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook04.html (797 words)

	AncientGreece.htm
		The foundation of the European civilization was laid by Greek civilization (1600-168 BCE) which evolved with the influence of an earlier civilization of Minoans (3000-1200 BCE) from the island of Crete.
		By 600 BCE Greek city states were flourishing economically and culturally.
		Except for the brief periods of Persian invasion (490-479 BCE) and the Peloponnesian wars between city states of Athens and Sparta (431-404BCE), Greek City States flourished economically as well as culturally.
	worldcoincatalog.com /AC/C2/Greece/AG/AncientGreece.htm (743 words)

	Noah
		We have tablets dating as far back as 2000 BCE which contain portions of the Gilgamesh story, with the earliest surviving record of the flood dating to 1900 BCE.
		The Old Testament of the Bible was not pulled together until about 600 BCE from primarily oral tradition, and the oldest surviving versions of the old testament are even more recent than that.
		There is little question that the Hebrew story is based on the Sumerian/Babylonian story, as the Hebrews, even according to the bible, came from this region and their language is descended from Akadian, spoken by the ancient Babylonians and in which the most complete existing version of the Gilgamesh legend is written.
	www.goatstar.org /noah.htm (551 words)

	Ancient Weapons Bronze Age Daggers and Swords
		The most highly developed archeological site which attests to this phenomena dates to the 13 Century BCE, "The 13th century BCE ship wreck at Uluburn", excavated by Dr. Sam Bass and the INA at the university of Texas.
		Within the context of this 13th century BCE ship wreck was a horde of ancient weapons.
		The Mesopotamian fable of the "The Epic of Gilgamesh" suggests that this universal travel via seafaring happened as early as the 25th century BCE at least the epic story is the first literature dedicated to the accounts of the earliest seafaring explorers.
	www.artsales.com /ARTistory/Ancient_Ships/Ancient_Weapons_Bronze_Age_Daggers_and_Swords.html (1350 words)

	Indus Valley Civilization
		It is related to the Hakra Phase, identified in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley to the west, and predates the Kot Diji Phase (2800-2600 BCE, Harappan 2), named after a site in northern Sindh, Pakistan, near Mohenjo Daro.
		The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman Dheri and Amri in Pakistan.
		Some make-up and toiletry items (a special kind of combs (kakai), the use of Collyrium and a special three-in-one toiletry gadget) that were found in Harappan contexts have similar counterparts in modern India.
	en.explicatus.org /wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization (4603 words)

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