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Topic: 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State

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	ipedia.com: Separation of church and state Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The separation of church and state is related to freedom of religion, but the two concepts are different and one should not infer hastily that countries with a state church do not necessarily have freedom of religion, nor should one infer that a country without a state church necessarily enjoys freedom of religion.
		Churches, synagogues, temples and cathedrals built before 1905, at the taxpayers' expense, are now the property of the state and the communes; however they may be gratuitously used for religious activities provided this religious use stays continuous in time.
		In Germany, church and state are declared by law to be separate, but some large churches can get special status from the state as a "corporation under public law" which allows the churches to levy taxes against the members of the church in return for a collection fee paid to the state.
	www.ipedia.com /separation_of_church_and_state.html (3512 words)

	1905 French law on the separation of Church and State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1905 caricature depicting the separation of the church and state.
		On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state.
		This law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of exercise of religion, and public powers related to the church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State (531 words)

	1905 French law on the separation of Church and State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because Alsace-Lorraine was at the time occupied by Germany, the 1905 law, as well as some other legislations do not apply to it (see Alsace-Moselle).
		French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
		French legislation for the prevention and repression of cultic groups
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1905_law_on_secularity (531 words)

	sociology - Separation of church and state
		The separation of church and state is a concept in law whereby the structures of state or national government are kept separate from those of religious institutions.
		The opposite end of the spectrum from secularism is a theocracy, in which the state and state religion are inseperable, and the rule of law is based on interpretation of a religious texts such as the Bible or the Qur'an.
		The former is a national church guaranteed by law to be separate from the state, while the latter is a state-established church and any major changes to doctrine, liturgy or structure must have parliamentary approval.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Separation_of_church_and_state (4774 words)

	Bambooweb: Separation of Church and State
		The Catholic Church's 1983 canon law proclaims that "Christ's faithful are to strive to secure that in the civil society the laws which regulate the formation of the young also provide a religious and moral education in the schools that is in accord with the conscience of the parents."
		The status of the separation of church and state in almost any country around the world can be viewed by clicking on the appropriate geographical region in the left panel of the maintained by the United States Department of State.
		This school of thought holds that religion is a fundamental and essential part of many moral and ethical values, and that the removal of public displays of religion from government is a form of religious discrimination, in that it prohibits them from exercising their religious views in a forum of government.
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/s/e/Separation_of_church_and_state.html (3570 words)

	SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF - Online Information article about SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
		The Scottish church, hitherto without a definite constitution, soon espoused under his able leadership a logical and thorough Presbyterianism, which was expressed in the Second Book of Discipline, adopted by the assembly in 1577, and was never afterwards set aside by the church when acting freely.
		The church was at the time very powerful, the people generally sympathizing with her system, and her assemblies being attended by many of the nobles and the foremost men..
		law could have been obtained at this period, and disregard of the law might have led to an exhausting struggle with the state, as was actually the case at a later period.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAR_SCY/SCOTLAND_CHURCH_OF.html (5977 words)

	LEO XIII: SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE (1953c) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		American separation of Church and state owes its special character to the fact that it was conceived within the framework of a political tradition that was directly tributary to the medieval heritage, even though this heritage reached the shores of America in secularized and Protestantized form.
		Human law, the state, and political sovereignty exist in order to create a temporal order of justice and freedom—a reflection of the moral order—wherein citizens will be in peaceful possession of their rights, and wherein men will be able to carry out their duties to God and reach their eternal destiny.
		In her Continental state of separation the Church was truly at the mercy of the totalitarianizing sovereignty of the unified society-state; hence her situation, as a power and as a people, could not be other than precarious.
	www.georgetown.edu /users/jlh3/Murray/1953c.htm (20025 words)

	Fédération Nationale de la Libre Pensée
		The French National Federation of the Libre Pensee took the initiative to launch an appeal in defence of the French Law of separation of the Churches and the State, with the help of some secularist associations and 50 VIP of national renoun, well known for their support to secularism and the absolute freedom of conscience.
		Guaranteed by the separation of the Churches and the State,
		Secularism in schools and the State, guaranteed by the 1905 Law, is inseparable of the Republic, one and indivisible.
	librepenseefrance.ouvaton.org /actions/appel_laiques_us.html (940 words)

	Defending the 1905 French Law of Separation of Religion and State \| International Humanist and Ethical Union
		The 1905 law establishes laicité, or the institutional Separation of Church and State, a defining characteristic of the French republic.
		Separation of Religion and State is under attack from the European Union and its supporters who, in the name of harmonisation of the law with countries where this separation does not exist, would like to do away with it.
		Separation of Religion and State is also under attack from those who wish to use Islam as a tool in the battle against the 1905 law by claiming that this religion did not exist - or hardly existed - in France at the time this law was promulgated.
	www.iheu.org /node/1970 (2404 words)

	France
		The French Republic or France (French République Française or France), is a country located in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Andorra, and Spain.
		Although the French monarchy is often dated to the 5th century, France's continuous existence as a separate entity begins with the 9th-century division of Charlemagne's Frankish empire into an eastern and a western part.
		The official language is French, with several regional languages (including Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch (Flemish), German (Alsatian), Occitan and Oïl languages), but the French government and school system discouraged the use of any of them until recently.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/france_1.html (1918 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution
		The influence of freemasonry in the French Revolution proclaimed by Louis Blanc and by freemasonry itself is proved by the researches of M. Cochin.
		No section of French territory should recognize the authority of a bishop living abroad, or of his delegates, and this, adds the Constitution, "without prejudice to the unity of faith and the communion which shall be maintained with the head of the Universal Church".
		The same decree states that freedom of worship is maintained but adds that in the case of disturbances caused by the exercise of a religion those who "excite them by fanatical preaching or by counter Revolutionary innovations", shall be punished according to the rigour of the law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13009a.htm (7795 words)

	Separation of church and state information - Search.com
		The separation of church and state is a political doctrine which states that the institutions of the state or national government should be kept separate from those of religious institutions.
		The phrase "separation of church and state" does not appear in the Constitution, but rather is derived from a letter written by Thomas Jefferson to a group identifying themselves as the Danbury Baptists.
		Churches and religious communities, if they are large, stable and loyal to the constitution, can get special status from the state as a "corporation under public law" which allows the churches to levy taxes called Kirchensteuer (literally church tax) on their members.
	www.search.com /reference/Separation_of_Church_and_State (8553 words)

	May 7, 2003, Wednesday
		The idea of the French state regulating a religious community is rooted in Napoleon's bold concordat concluded with the papacy in 1802.
		A few years later, the French state sought to transform the Jewish population into better French citizens by controlling their behavior, going so far as to propose briefly that every two marriages between Jews be matched by a marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew.
		But in an era in which the French state enjoys less and less direct control over its citizenry, transforming a Muslim population into an ideal citizenry may be too much of a stretch.
	www.genocidewatch.org /FranceMuslimsMay7.htm (906 words)

	1905 French law on the separation of Church and State: Encyclopedia II - 1905 French law on the separation of Church ...
		The law put an end to the funding of all religious groups and declared all religious buildings property of the state and local governments; the government puts such buildings at the disposal of religious org...
		1905 French law on the separation of Church and State, 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State - Effects, 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State - Politics
		The law put an end to the funding of all religious groups and declared all religious buildings property of the state and local governments; the government puts such buildings at the disposal of religious organisation at no expense to these, provided that they continue to use the buildings for worship purposes.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State_-_Effects/id/4733038 (443 words)

	Leaders Assess Impact of New French Religion Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The proposed law was attacked by several U.S. legislators and in July one U.S. House of Representatives subcommittee discussed the law as it investigated alleged religious discrimination in Western Europe.
		Further, regulation of churches by the government in France is nothing new, he said; the previous law controlling churches was adopted in 1905.
		French politicians decided the older law was too vague because, when legal questions arose, judges were left with much latitude in deciding cases.
	www.rickross.com /reference/general/general426.html (1193 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Secular France mulls mosque subsidies
		French officials have called for a revision of a century-old law on the separation of church and state, to allow government bodies to subsidise mosques.
		A 1905 law - which many in regard as the cornerstone of France's secular state - prohibits government funding of religious bodies.
		However, a change in the 1905 law would be hugely controversial.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/2670399.stm (415 words)

	French Christians Fear Ramifications Of Anti-Sect Law - News about religious cults and sects
		London (CNSNews.com) - French Christians are bracing for problems resulting from the passage this week of a controversial new law aimed at controlling the activities of dangerous religious sects, but also likely to affect ordinary churches.
		Some churches were already considering removing the word "evangelical" from their names, the president of the French Protestant Federation (FPF), the Rev.
		Commission spokesman Ben Anderson said from Washington Thursday the French law could well be the subject of debate at a parliamentary assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), to be held in Paris in July.
	www.apologeticsindex.org /news1/an010601-04.html (992 words)

	Church of Scientology International Human Rights Office: France
		French law offers no mechanism to rectify the violations of citizens’ rights by the Parliamentary Report and the Strasbourg Court was therefore approached for help.
		The applicant, the Church of Scientology, alleges that the law is a blatantly illegal attempt to dissolve minority churches in France and make it impossible for parishioners to worship according to their conscience.
		The law also goes against a public statement by the Ministry of the Interior that due to a 1905 French law on the separation of church and state, the government recognizes no such concept as “sect” and cannot pass judgment on religious beliefs.
	www.humanrights-france.org /press/2001/010809.htm (889 words)

	SAFspace » Statue Threatens Separation of Church and State
		A statue of Pope John Paul II standing in the central square of a small town in Brittany is the source of some controversy because some have claimed it violates France’s 1905 law on the separation of church and state.
		Laicité then is considered a cornerstone of the French Constitution, and the strong distinction between religion and the state is a highly valued aspect of French society, as the headscarf affair (and subsequent law banning religious symbols in the public school) aptly demonstrated.
		In Alsace and Moselle, special laws allow the government to provide support for the building of religious institutions, and in 1989, the Interior Minister created CORIF (Conceil de Reflexion sur l‘Islam en France), which was intended to serve as a representative body that would communicate with governmental bodies.
	www.safiyyah.ca /wordpress/?p=351 (791 words)

	NASIOC - France's interpretation of separation between church & state (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The recommendation was the most striking in an official reassessment of how to preserve the principle of the separation of religion and state in France in light of such developments as the rise of a large Muslim population and a new wave of anti-Semitism.
		The commission said a 1905 law codifying the separation of church and state was no longer adequate, given the cultural and religious composition of present-day France.
		It said that organized groups were testing the secular state by demands on public services in the name of religion and pressuring Muslims to identify first with their faith and then with their French citizenship.
	forums.nasioc.com /forums/showthread.php?t=468323 (899 words)

	Dictionary of Australian Biography We-Wy
		Webber was ordained deacon in 1860, priest in 1861, and was curate of Chiswick 1860-4 and in charge of the church of St John the Evangelist, Red Lion-square, London, from 1864 to 1885.
		He was a most energetic and successful pastor in a crowded district, during his pastorate a new church, clergyhouse, and school were built, and besides looking after his parish, Webber was on a large number of committees of charitable and educational organizations.
		He was a high churchman but held that both sections of his church could be equally devoted to it, and though a total abstainer he would not force his views on those who disagreed with him.
	gutenberg.net.au /dictbiog/0-dict-biogWe-Wy.html (20437 words)

	Pew Forum: 100th Anniversary of Secularism in France
		December 9, 2005, marks the 100th anniversary of secularism in France, known as "laïcité." In 1905 the French government passed a law stipulating "the separation of churches and the state," thus enshrining secularism as a national principle.
		On December 9, 1905, the French government passed a law on the separation of churches and the state.
		The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man states in Article 10 that "No one may be disturbed on account of his opinions, even religious ones, as long as the manifestation of such opinions does not interfere with the established Law and Order." Prior to the Revolution, Roman Catholicism was the state religion of France.
	pewforum.org /docs/?DocID=129 (1217 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Concordat of 1801
		The hostility of the Vendeans to the new state of affairs which resulted from the Revolution was due chiefly to the fact that their Catholic consciences were outraged by the Revolutionary laws.
		The French law of 9 December, 1905, on the Separation of Church and State, against which Pius X protested in his Allocution of 11 December, 1905, was based on the principle that the State of France should no longer recognize the Catholic Church, but only distinct associations cultuelles, i.
		Exception was made for the church edifices actually used for worship; at the same time nothing was done concerning the numberless legal questions that arise apropos of these edifices, e.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04204a.htm (2071 words)

	Appeal of the French Estates General for Secularism \| International Humanist and Ethical Union
		The Estates General discovered that over €10m a year is being diverted from public funds to the churches, in contravention of the 1905 French law of separation of church and state.
		French citizens should know that Petain's anti-secular laws (5 February 1942; 8 April 1942; 25 December 1942) were never repealed after the Liberation of France.
		There are separate laws for birth, marriage and death according to religion.
	www.iheu.org /node/2475 (1169 words)

	Wide Angle . Young, Muslim, and French \| PBS
		Amidst renewed anti-clericalism, a law on separation of church and state is passed.
		At the dawn of the twentieth century, when La Loi Sur La Laïcité;, the law separating the French church and state, was born, legislators' chief objective was not to regulate the domain of religion, but to sequester it.
		The French political figures who established the laïcité; law of 1905 were continuing the legacy of the Enlightenment, which held positivism -- a belief in the power of secular humanism -- as a central tenet.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/wideangle/shows/france/index.html (547 words)

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