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Topic: 1905 law on secularity

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Separation of church and state

Article 356

Mary Eugenia Charles

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	Agenzia Fides - DOSSIER - THE 1905 LAW ON THE SECULARITY OF THE STATE
		It is the law regulating the secularity of the State.
		They must develop the principles of the 1905 law as a source of citizenship and national union, pointing out that it is a law of freedom and equality and that its liberal interpretation is consistent with the legislator’s intention, though always respecting the rules and organization of every belief.
		The 1905 law, however, does not consider the aspect of public secularity, it only refers to the relationship between the Church and the State, bringing a juridical separation between two institutions that were extremely mixed until then and it studies the cultural aspects of the matter.
	www.fides.org /eng/news/2004/0406/19_2762.html (485 words)

	Embassy of France in the U.S. - The Secular Principle
		Secularity is intrinsic to those values, and France has ratified the European Convention on Human Rights, article 9 of which repeats and expands on article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
		Secular neutrality, the principle of official non-recognition of any religion, means that no stipend or direct subsidy may be paid to any church.
		This is logical, for while the secular principle implies respect for freedom of conscience in the broad sense (including freedom to practice a religion and the free expression of religious beliefs), it also implies freedom to think, i.e.
	www.ambafrance-us.org /atoz/secular.asp (3473 words)

	Separation of church and state - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Secularism in government is a policy of avoiding or reducing entanglement between civil and religious institutions, ranging from reducing ties to a state church to promoting the secularization of public discourse.
		The opposite end of the spectrum from secularization is a theocracy, in which the state is founded upon the institution of religion, and the rule of law is based on the dictates of a religious court.
		When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and evolution equal time in the classroom, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion, and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Separation_of_church_and_state (8680 words)

	Embassy of France in the U.S. - The Secular Principle
		Secularity is intrinsic to those values, and France has ratified the European Convention on Human Rights, article 9 of which repeats and expands on article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
		Secular neutrality, the principle of official non-recognition of any religion, means that no stipend or direct subsidy may be paid to any church.
		This is logical, for while the secular principle implies respect for freedom of conscience in the broad sense (including freedom to practice a religion and the free expression of religious beliefs), it also implies freedom to think, i.e.
	www.info-france-usa.org /atoz/secular.asp (3473 words)

	WLUML: News and Views
		The French word for secularity, laïcité, is derived from the Greek word laos meaning population and therefore refers to a principle of union of the population grounded on values, or requirements, ensuring that nobody will be the victim of pressures on his conscience, or of discriminations because of their spiritual choices.
		Secularity was actually introduced in the law with the acts of emancipation from religious supervision of school, public institutions, and then of the State.
		The essence of secular law is not bound to the dominant religions of the time, but to the demands which allow a republic to conform with its fundamental universality, that is to say to respect and embody the equality between believers and non-believers, as well as display what unites men beyond their differences.
	wluml.org /english/newsfulltxt.shtml?cmd[157]=x-157-406385 (2935 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
		On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state.
		This law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of exercise of religion, and public powers related to the church.
		Similarly, the 1905 law was not extended to French Guiana, at the time a colony — and to this day the local government of French Guiana funds Roman Catholicism.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State (579 words)

	Secularity in France : LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
		Secularity in France was built up against Catholic clericalism over a long period and resulted in the separation of the Church and the state in 1905.
		French law provides aid to private schools — teacher's salaries — on condition that their teaching programs are in conformity with the teaching programs in state schools, that is to say in line with the principles of the Republic: freedom of conscience, equality of the sexes, nondiscrimination and equality of access.
		This is why I view secularity as the guarantee of civil peace, and this should be clear to the naïve-minded who, in the name of excessive tolerance, refuse to see the dangers of religious extremism.
	www.iht.com /articles/2004/02/14/edlet_ed3__48.php (571 words)

	The Sikh Coalition
		Secularity distinguishes the spiritual or religious free expression in public space, legitimate and essential with the democratic debate, of the influence on this one, which is illegitimate.
		For the remainder, the exercise of the worship is free.
		The law of December 9, 1905 and codes it penal procedure frame, according to the clean requirements of the penal establishments, the expression of the spiritual life and chocolate éclair of the prisoners.
	www.sikhcoalition.org /frenchban_stasisreport.asp (14265 words)

	sociology - Separation of church and state
		Secularism is the belief that the government should be a secular institution; that is, have no state religion, have no legislation that outlaws or favors one religion over another, and have no religiously motivated regulations on the eligibility of the nation's politicians.
		The opposite end of the spectrum from secularism is a theocracy, in which the state and state religion are inseperable, and the rule of law is based on interpretation of a religious texts such as the Bible or the Qur'an.
		When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and evolution equal time in the classroom, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion, and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Separation_of_church_and_state (4774 words)

	Separation of Church and State Encyclopedia Article @ Remarried.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Such an interpretation of secularism, where religion is under strict control of the State is largely at odds with the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, and is a good example of how secularism can be applied in a variety of ways in different regions of the world.
		In the United States, state laws can prohibit practices such as bigamy, sex with children, human and occasionally animal sacrifice, use of drugs, or other criminal acts, even if citizens claim the practices are part of their religious belief system.
		These persons argue that the teachings of religion are the basis of law and civil society, and that a society which discourages the promulgation of those beliefs cannot function.
	www.remarried.org /encyclopedia/Separation_of_church_and_state (4850 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools
		The law is an amendment to the French Code of Education that expands principles founded in existing French law, especially the constitutional requirement of laïcité: the separation of state and religious activities.
		The law does not mention any particular symbol, though it is considered by many to specifically target the wearing of headscarves (a khimar, considered by some to be required as part of hijab ["modesty"]) by Muslim schoolgirls.
		The law itself may not be challenged before French courts (since this would have warranted action before the Constitutional Council before the signing of the law); however, the courts may significantly curtail its application — especially given the inherent margin of appreciation of what is ostentatious or not.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/French_law_on_secularity_and_conspicuous_religious_symbols_in_schools (5242 words)

	Official statements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Our century, regarded as turbulent, changing and a source of uncertainties, is, on the contrary, to my mind a century of hope where religions can offer their answers to the fundamental dual question of the human tragedy and mankind’s destiny.
		Secularity means freedom, the freedom to imagine the future.
		Secularity is also a grammar allowing a dispassionate and tranquil dialogue between religions and with the State, within our country.
	www.diplomatie.gouv.fr /actu/bulletin.gb.asp?liste=20040216.gb.html&submit.x=13&submit.y=7 (2241 words)

	Islamonline - hijab campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The law forbidding the wearing of visible religious signs is considered a law of exclusion, with the purpose of excluding students wearing hijab (scarf).
		The law forbidding the wearing of visible religious signs was presented as a “necessary reminder” of secular principles that had been “forgotten” in the past few years.
		The law forbidding hijab is, in fact, a new stage in an ongoing process: it comes after making “intrusion in an educational institution” punishable by law in 1998 as well as creating the offense of “insulting teaching personnel” (punishable by imprisonment) in 2003.
	www.islamonline.net /English/In_Depth/hijab_campaign/articles/12.shtml (1004 words)

	Culture of France - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The 1905 law on the separation of religion and State, the foundation of existing legislation on religious freedom, prohibits discrimination on the basis of faith.
		The 1901 and 1905 laws define two categories under which religious groups may register: "associations cultuelles" (associations of worship, which are exempt from certain taxes) and "associations culturelles" (cultural associations, which are not exempt from these taxes).
		If the prefecture determines that the association is not in fact in conformity with the 1905 law, its status may be changed, and it may be required to pay taxes at a rate of 60 percent on the present and past donations that fall within a legal category close to that of inheritance.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=98988 (3817 words)

	1905 French law on the separation of Church and State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On 9 December 1905, a law was passed in France separating the church and the state.
		This law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the freedom of exercise of religion, and public powers related to the church.
		The law put an end to the funding of all religious groups and declared all religious buildings property of the state and local governments; the government puts such buildings at the disposal of religious organisation at no expense to these, provided that they continue to use the buildings for worship purposes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State (671 words)

	1905_law_on_secularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		On 9 December 1905 - a law was passed inside France separating teh church & teh state.
		This law is seen as teh backbone 0f teh French principle 0f laÃ¯citÃ©.
		Similarly - teh 1905 law wasn't extended to French Guiana - at teh time a colony â” & to this day teh local government 0f French Guiana funds Roman Catholicism.
	www.demandtwinother.info /1905_law_on_secularity (895 words)

	Declaration of Independence Is Not Law
		Law, in its generic sense, is a body of rules of action or conduct prescribed by controlling authority, and having binding legal force.
		The "law" of a state is to be found in its statutory and constitutional enactments, as interpreted by its courts, and, in absence of statute law, in rulings of its courts (i.e.
		The ideas of a higher law to which man's law is subject, of God-given rights, of the right of the lesser magistrates to resist tyranny, and others are in harmony with biblical truth; however, they may cease to be so if defined by anti-Christian specifics.
	members.tripod.com /~candst/doinotlaw.htm (7738 words)

	Embassy of France in the U.S. - Freedom of religion and sects
		As in all States under the rule of law, religious observance must obviously be exercised within the context of the laws on security, public law and order, and respect for other citizens.
		On the contrary, the principle of secularity makes a clear divide between what is a matter for individual conscience and personal choice, and what is a matter for the State which "neither recognizes nor subsidizes any religion".
		While it is sometimes necessary for the public authorities and courts to intervene, they do so to enforce law and order, in compliance with the laws which apply to all citizens in the same way, and to condemn the impairment of peoples' lives and acts causing them physical or psychological duress.
	www.info-france-usa.org /atoz/religion.asp (630 words)

	After 100 years, France questions its secularity - Europe - International Herald Tribune
		PARIS The centenary of France's unique and strict brand of secularity passed quietly this month as the government, deeply divided over the issue and still rattled by the recent riots involving many youths of North African origin, shied away from celebrating a law that has repeatedly irked the country's sizable Muslim community.
		In recent years, the law on the separation of church and state has made national and international headlines, mainly when it was used to ban Muslim head scarves in public schools.
		First adopted in December 1905, the law granted citizens full freedom of religion in predominantly Roman Catholic France and withdrew financial support and formal recognition from all faiths.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/12/19/news/secular.php (1081 words)

	The Sikh Coalition
		It is in fidelity with the principle of secularity, hones angular Republic, beam of our common values of respect, tolerance and dialogue, which I call all the Frenchwomen and all the French to be gathered.
		Edict of Nantes to the laws of separation of the Church and the State, religious freedom and the tolerance cut through a path through wars of religion and persecutions.
		It is to render comprehensible with the young people concerned the stakes of the situation and to protect them from the influences and passions which, far from releasing them or enabling them to affirm their free will, force them or threaten them.
	www.sikhcoalition.org /frenchban_chiracspeech.asp (3917 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Chirac seeks law to ban headscarves
		Depending on the location, the veil, or "hijab," is viewed as a backward symbol of women's oppression, an insidious attack on European secular institutions, a religious obligation for the strictly observant, and as a symbol of ethnic identity for many alienated young Muslim women in their adopted homelands.
		But few countries cherish their secularity as much as France, which broke from the Roman Catholic Church after the French Revolution and enshrined the separation of church and state into its Constitution in 1905.
		Chirac has broad support for his proposed new law from across the political spectrum; only the Communists, Greens, and extreme left are openly opposed.
	www.boston.com /news/world/articles/2003/12/18/chirac_seeks_law_to_ban_headscarves (804 words)

	Islam & Muslims in Europe *)
		Over 12 million pupils attending 60,000 primary and 11,000 secondary schools are obliged to heed a "secularity law", approved by Parliament in March, despite massive demonstrations and vows to challenge it.
		Raffarin insisted the law was needed to contain the spread of what he called ''Muslim fundamentalism'' and ensure that the principle of secularism on which France is based remains intact.
		"The decision of the French president to issue a law to prevent Muslim girls from covering their heads in schools is another example of the Crusader and envy that the Westerners have against Muslims," said the voice in the audiotape broadcast Tuesday on the Dubai-based Al-Arabiya satellite TV channel.
	euro-islam.info /pages/news_france_archive_2004.html (2985 words)

	[No title]
		Their apparel was considered a form of proselytism, and therefore contrary to the secular spirit that is defended in the public schools.
		Massive Maghrebian immigration in the past decades has reshuffled the cards of a country jealous of its 1905 secularity law, which sanctions the separation of Church and State and relegates the manifestation of faith to the private sphere of the life of its citizens.
		After a century of social change, secularity has not become obsolete, but must be "explained and vivified in a radically different context." This was the start of a document that, rather than using simplified analyses, moves between two "not incompatible but potentially conflicting" requirements: the neutrality of the secular State and religious freedom.
	web.tiscali.it /confronti/english/archives/feb04_01.htm (2041 words)

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