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	The Entente - World War I Battlefields
		Military science was right at determining the basic tasks of military aviation, which were: to reconnoiter the enemy troop positions, maintain communication, inflict material and moral losses, kill the enemy planes, do aerial photography to provide information about type and position of the enemy fortifications.
		So, once airborne the plane was used as a weapon not only serving as a reconnaissance and communication means but also conducting bombing of the enemy troops, and objectives of the rear, and fighting the enemy in the air.
		In terms of tasks fulfilled aviation was divided into bomber, fighter and reconnaissance aviation.
	www.theentente-game.com /units/aviation/index.shtml (313 words)

	Connecticut's Heritage Gateway
		None of the hundreds of thousands of predominantly Southern and Eastern Europeans who sought opportunity in the state in the twentieth century made a greater contribution to American life than Igor Sikorsky.
		Already an accomplished inventor when he fled Bolshevik Russia in 1919 at the age of thirty to take up residence near Bridgeport among fellow exiles, Sikorsky revolutionized aviation by building and flying the first practical helicopter.
		The aviation pioneer, a formal and dignified man, was born to affluent, well-educated parents.
	www.ctheritage.org /encyclopedia/ctsince1929/sikorsky.htm (346 words)

	1913 in aviation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mexican pilot Gustavo Salinas Camilla and Frenchman Didier Masson, attacked land and naval federal forces for rebels led by Pancho Villa.
		January 13 - Brazilian naval aviation commences with the foundation of a flying school.
		August 7 - Aviation pioneer Samuel Cody is killed in a crash
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1913_in_aviation (376 words)

	Wingless Eagle: U.S. Army Aviation through World War I, by Herbert A. Johnson. Introduction. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The congressional investigation of army aviation in 1913 and 1914 concluded with the enactment of the so-called Hay Bill in July 1914.
		Since most military aviators were assigned from line regiments for training and duty in aviation, the threat of having Signal Corps officers assigned as their superiors was disheartening and demoralizing.
		The war was thus both an epilogue to the struggles and troubles of the first decade of army aviation, and a prologue to the struggle for long-range bombardment and separation from the army as a distinct and coequal air force.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/johnson_wingless.html (3587 words)

	Welcome to Wassim's Cedarjet Pages
		In 1913, the French Ligue Nationale Aerienne set a challenge to the pilots: covering the 5600 Km distance from Paris to Cairo via the Holy Land, then part of the Ottoman Empire.
		Fortunately, the aviators were unharmed but they were unable to resume their journey.
		Both powers were able to take advantage of the progress in aviation in order to set up regular air routes connecting the different parts of their large empires.
	www.geocities.com /wassch71/cedarjet161.html (1941 words)

	Army Aviation; the Army's air force
		Campbell went on to suggest that military aviation should be developed in Australia and soon after he wrote to the Minister of Defence submitting a plan for a school of aviation and an aviation corps.
		In January 1989 command of 5 Aviation Regiment was transferred to Army and A and B Squadrons were raised with Black Hawk helicopters for troop lift and Bell UH 1H Iroquois helicopters as gunships.
		Headquarters 16 Brigade [Aviation] provides a deployable aviation component headquarters element and is responsible to the Chief of Army for the technical control of Army Aviation and to the Land Commander for the command of Land Command Aviation.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-army-today/rar-sasr/army-aviation.htm (5111 words)

	*LIEUTENANT COLONEL ALFRED AUSTELL CUNNINGHAM, USMC
		In November 1913, he served on a Board, of which Captain Chambers was the senior member, to convene at the Navy Department for the purpose of drawing up a comprehensive plan for the organization of a naval aeronautical service.
		Aviation had grown apace in the year and a half he had been separated from it and improvement in planes and flying made it necessary to take a refresher course.
		He served as Officer-in-Charge of Marine Aviation until 26 December 1920 when he was detailed to command the First Air Squadron in Santo Domingo and in that command received two letters of commendation for his work with the squadron.
	www.mclm.com /tohonor/aacunningham.html (1598 words)

	The Early Aviation in France
		French aviators Léon Morane and Raymond Saulnier formed the Sociéte Anonyme des Aéroplanes Morane-Saulnier in October 1911 and produced a varied group of monoplanes during 1911 and 1912.
		Among the most important was the monoplane flown by Roland Garros from Tunis to Marsala, Sicily, on December 18, 1912, and the seaplane that participated in the 1913 Schneider Trophy contest.
		On September 23, 1913, Garros flew a remarkable 454 miles (730 kilometers) entirely over the waters of the Mediterranean from St. Raphaël in southern France to Bizerte, Tunisia, in a Morane-Saulnier plane, arriving with a mere seven minutes of fuel remaining in his tanks.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Aerospace/earlyFrance/Aero46.htm (1636 words)

	Great Lakes Storm of 1913
		In fact, it is generally agreed that the November 1913 storm (which concentrated more on Lake Huron for its death and destruction) was the greatest ever to strike the Great Lakes.
		The November 1913 weather map pattern of storm development was ironically, not unlike the storm development of another, more recent monster low pressure system that formed during the period of January 25-27th, 1978.
		Second, and more importantly, the November 1913 storm was much more destructive to the Great Lakes shipping industry, being that the lakes were still open (ice free) and it contained a ferocious wind that howled for a longer period.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /dtx/stm_1913.php (2678 words)

	Katherine & Marjorie Stinson, Pioneer Aviatrices
		Stinson was licensed as a pilot in 1912 when aviation was in its infancy, planes were quite primitive, and women were grounded as homemakers.
		Trading aviation for training in architecture, she designed apartments in Santa Fe that were influenced by the architecture of the Pueblo Indians and Spanish missions.
		This was a small aviation milestone for sure, but she was the first to pilot a plane in a parade.
	www.ctie.monash.edu.au /hargrave/stinson_bio.html (4260 words)

	1913 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		1913 is a common year starting on Wednesday.
		Frank, the superintendent of an Atlanta pencil factory, was accused of murdering one of his employees, 13-year-old Mary Phagan, in 1913.
		She has fully and magnificently brought to life for adults a woman who before now generally resided in children's books and half-remembered stories from...
	www.freeglossary.com /1913 (1371 words)

	Bernard Lewis Smith,
		In January, 1913, the naval aviation detachment was transported by a Navy collier to Guantanamo for its first operation with the fleet.
		At this time several notable flights were made along the Cuban coast and the usefulness of aircraft as scouts in discovering the approach of a distant fleet and in detecting mine fields and submarines were amply and practically demonstrated.
		With the return of the fleet to the United States after the wimter maneuvers, the aviation detachment was transferred back to Annapolis again and continued under command of J. Towers.
	www.earlyaviators.com /esmithbl.htm (556 words)

	The First Overseas Aviation Companies
		During this time, there was a shift from aircraft designers, builders, and pilots all being the same people to having entrepreneurs who ran the business and built the planes and others who flew them.
		In 1913, they produced a seaplane with folding wings that allowed the plane to be parked on a ship.
		It produced the Maurice Farman biplane in 1910 and later produced a monoplane that won the 1913 Prince Henry trophy.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Aerospace/earlyoverseas/Aero45.htm (1453 words)

	Cut and Paste Aviation
		She first achieved fame as a result of her attempt (1930) to set a record for solo flight from London to Darwin, Australia, although she missed that record by three days.
		Initially it was thought terrorists may have been involved, as fear of aviation terrorism was high (with several major airlines in previous days cancelling flights on short notice), and British Prime Minister Tony Blair was also holidaying in the Sharm el-Sheikh area.
		It was reported that he flew at a height of 15 feet on his trips across the bay.
	cutandpasteaviation.blogspot.com (5020 words)

	AVIATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Aviation history in Kimberley dates back to 6 June 1911 when John Weston made the first flight in the city establishing a South African non-stop flight record of eight-and-a-half minutes in his Weston-Farman biplane.
		Paterson also negotiated with the Union Government to have military pilots trained at his flying school and in May 1913 applications were invited for candidates for training as officer-aviators.
		In July 1913 The Paterson Aviation Syndicate was registered and on 10 September General J.C.Smuts signed a Memorandum of Agreement with Paterson whereby ten pupils were to be trained as pilots.
	www.museumsnc.co.za /mcgregor/satellites/aviat.htm (439 words)

	College Park Aviation Museum: History: Army Signal Corps Aviation School
		Due to the lack of housing in the village of College Park, the officers assigned to the aviation school resided in Washington and commuted the seven miles to the airfield by car or train.
		During 1912, the aviation school continued to produce numerous "firsts" for American aviation and thrilled local residents and the press alike.
		The aviation school at College Park was witness to two fatal aeroplane crashes, that of Lt. Leighton Hazelhurst and Mr.
	www.collegeparkaviationmuseum.com /3army.html (878 words)

	Ellyson
		Almost alone in his belief that aviation would be of great benefit to the Navy, Chambers decided that convincing demonstrations of the use of aircraft in conjunction with Naval vessels would bring this benefit in to sharp focus.
		On January 6, 1913, the entire aviation element of the Navy, with the exception of Lieut.
		This operation, which included scouting missions and exercises in spotting submerged submarines as part of the fleet maneuvers, served both to demonstrate operational capabilities of the aircraft and to stimulate interest in aviation among fleet personnel, more than a hundred of whom were taken up for flights during the eight-week stay.
	californianavalaviation.homestead.com /Ellyson.html (3181 words)

	Berliner No.5
		Remarkably, this was the first application in aviation of the rotary engine, which became quite popular during the following decade because of its weight advantages.
		In 1935, with the cooperation of René Dorand, Breguet completed the Gyroplane Laboratoire, which was the first helicopter to meet the aviation industry's control and performance expectations for a practical design.
		This aircraft is the oldest intact helicopter in the world and is currently on loan to the College Park Aviation Museum, appropriately located on the site of the Berliner's original testing ground.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/aero/aircraft/berliner.htm (1199 words)

	Historic Aviation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Pilsen and Pardubice were the centers of Czech aviation in early 1900s.
		Aviation activities of the day reached their peak in the pioneering flights by Jan Kaspar and Eugen Cihak.
		The 1928 GeeBee Sportster X was an early racing model from the Golden Era of aviation.
	www.gregcovey.com /historic_aviation.htm (1054 words)

	British Aviation 1914
		Equipped with a more powerful engine, the unarmed B.E.2a was introduced in 1913 and was the first British aircraft to arrive in France during World War I. Featuring built up cockpit combings, the B.E.2b was introduced in 1914 but was soon followed by the B.E.2c.
		Often called the "Quirk," it was armed with two machine guns and had a modified wing and tail configuration designed to provide a stable reconnaissance platform.
		Introduced toward the end of 1913, the Sopwith Tabloid won the Schneider Trophy at Monaco in 1914.
	www.wwiaviation.com /british1914.shtml (220 words)

	GOLDEN WINGS
		This was the greatest achievement in aviation history at that moment in time.
		The Turkish Minister of Defence, Enver Pasa wanted to show that Turkish aviation was not behind that of Europe so he ordered two planes to fly from Istanbul to Cairo.
		He graduated from Deniz Carkci College in 1907 and from 1912 to 1913 he studied aviation in England.
	www.turkcards.com /2001/altinkan.html (455 words)

	1913 in aviation (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		"The biggest crime however is not 911, it is 1913.
		In 1913, the USA handed over a monopoly of the creation of "legal tender" out of thin air to a private...
		Maurice Prévost wins in a Deperdussin monoplane, completing the 28 circuits of the 10 km (6.2 mile) course with an average speed of 73.63 km/h (45.75 mph)
	publicliterature.org.cob-web.org:8888 /en/wikipedia/1/19/1913_in_aviation.html (282 words)

	History of American Women's Aviation Feats - The Early Years: Aviation History: Wings Over Kansas
		She was the third woman to receive her pilot's license on May 19, 1912 and less than a month later her flight ended in tragedy.
		Ruth Law, another aviation entrepreneur with license dated November 12, 1912, started Ruth Law Flying Circus, and soon would be the first woman to perform a loop and other stunts before the paying public.
		It was during one of these performances on April 30, 1926 that Coleman died as a result of an aviation accident, but Coleman's influence on young African-American pilots is still visible today, with aviation clubs in America named after her.
	www.wingsoverkansas.com /history/article.asp?id=223 (845 words)

	Up From Kitty Hawk
		Lt. G.E.M. Kelly, flying Signal Corps Aeroplane No. 2 (a Curtiss Model D pusher) on his pilot qualification flight, is killed as he crashes into the ground on landing at Ft. Sam Houston, Tex. He was the first student pilot to lose his life in the crash of an airplane he was piloting.
		The results are so promising that the aviators order 10 additional guns, but the Army Ordnance Department cannot supply them, as the Lewis gun had not yet been accepted for Army use.
		The first bill for a separate aviation corps, H.R. 28728, is introduced in Congress by Rep. James Hay of West Virginia.
	www.afa.org /magazine/KittyHawkNew/1903_1913.asp (2452 words)

	James Brothers of Clynderwen: aviation pioneers, 1913 :: Gathering the Jewels
		Five photographs of an attempt at flight by the Pembrokeshire aviation pioneers, Henry Howard James and John Herber James of Clynderwen, 25 September 1913.
		Henry Howard James (1891-1958) and his brother John Herber James (1894-1944) were the first men in Pembrokeshire to build and fly their own aeroplane.
		These photographs chart the dramatic events of the evening of 25 September 1913, when the brothers made their first attempt at flight.
	www.gtj.org.uk /en/item10/3420 (256 words)

	Alfred Austell Cunningham, Lieutenant Colonel United States Marine Corps
		While Cunningham was still attending the Signal Corps Aviation School, Admiral Helm recommended him as "particularly well qualified to assist as an expert aviator to help in the selection of aviation bases on the Pacific Coast"; so he was detailed to the Commission on Navy Yards and Naval Stations.
		As aviation mushroomed under wartime stimulation, Captain Cunningham's responsibilities and duties increased.
		LtCol Cunningham's contribution to naval aviation and the Marine Corps cannot be measured.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /aacunningham.htm (1607 words)

	Californians and the Military: Theodore Gordon Ellyson, Commander, U.S.N. "Submariner" and "Naval ...
		Naval Aviation officially began in January 1911 at North Island, San Diego, California, when a young submariner, Lieutenant Theodore Gordon Ellyson, reported for aviation duty.
		In November 1910, he was assigned to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, were he had duty in connection with fitting out the submarine, USS SEAL, and commanded her briefly after her commissioning on December 2, 1910.
		As a final note, on February 27, 1941, fifty-six years from the date of his birth and thirteen years after his death, announcement was made of the naming of a new auxiliary airfield at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, ELLYSON FIELD, in his honor.
	www.militarymuseum.org /Ellyson.html (3050 words)

	HAMS \| About the Museum \| Exhibits \| Army Aviation Takes Off
		World War I showed that the airplane was a viable weapon, and the rapid development of air power made it a threat to conventional defenses.
		July 13, 1913 - Army aviation began in Hawai'i with the arrival of two Signal Corps aeroplanes and a 14-man detachment.
		Redesignated in 1922 as the 64th Coast Artillery (AA) Regiment, it was the first anti-aircraft regiment organized in the Army.
	www.hiarmymuseumsoc.org /museum/army_aviation.html (242 words)

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