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	Aviation Speed, Endurance, Altitude Records - Design Advances Come Fast 1929-1931
		The lack of corroborating data on the flight does not detract from the central fact that in cooperation with a recognized flight research laboratory, an experimental flight was conducted by a prominent pilot that supported the premise that blind flying was an operational possibility.
		While flight at high altitudes was undertaken first by military pilots testing new frontiers in military aviation, in the longer view it meant that high altitude commercial air traffic could fly clear of the low altitude clutter of planes in the air, with the added benefit of lower fuel consumption for point to point flights.
		It was won in 1931 by Lowell R. Bayles of Springfield, Massachusetts in the Granville Brothers' Gee Bee, which set a new record for a closed course race of 236.2 mph.
	www.daileyint.com /flying/flywar1.htm (5437 words)

	Worldwide Aviationnews, for professionals and enthusiasts.
		Aviation Museums - Find all about the worlds Aviation Museums.
		The formation was led by OC 1(F) Squadron, Wing Commander Andy Lewis, who said: “For many years the debate has raged amongst some circles in aviation as to which squadron is the most senior in the Royal Air Force, and whether that seniority should include service with balloons as well as fixed wing aircraft.
		Currently, aviation maintenance is generally performed on time schedules based on operating hours or a set number of days.
	www.aviationnews.eu /blog (2850 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Aviation History
		Aviation History: Three U.S. Flying Boats Were the First to Fly Across the Atlantic in 1919
		Far from being hailed as successful innovators for their aviation achievements at Kitty Hawk, Orville and Wilbur Wright initially faced the widespread disbelief of the public.
		Phoebe and Vernon Omlie: From Barnstormers to Aviation Innovators
	www.historynet.com /air_sea/aviation_history (1085 words)

	Aviation Overview
		Information about aviation federal grants and Transportation Trust Fund obligated funds for aviation is found in the NJ Transportation Fact Book published regularly by the Department.
		The Department keeps pilots and the public informed of aviation news and events, about individual airports and its employees answer questions daily about licensing and registration of public use airports and heliports.
		The State Legislature had originally created the State Department of Aviation, the State Aviation Commission and the Office of the State Director of Aviation in 1931 due to the increasing popularity of the airplane in New Jersey.
	www.state.nj.us /transportation/commuter/aviation (296 words)

	General Aviation (Fokker) XA-7 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1930, the US Army sponsored a contest for a new generation of attack planes which were intended to replace the Douglas A-2 and Curtiss A-3 biplanes then equipping the three squadrons of the 3rd Attack Group, the Army's only group dedicated solely to the attack mission.
		The General Aviation company of New Jersey, which was the US subsidiary of the Dutch-based Fokker aircraft company, submitted a two-seat, low-winged all metal monoplane as its entry in the contest.
		A single prototype of the General Aviation design was ordered by the US Army on January 8, 1930 under the designation XA-7.
	home.att.net /~jbaugher4/a7.html (304 words)

	Welcome to Women in Aviation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aviation pioneer Anne Morrow Lindbergh, co-pilot, navigator, and radio operator with renowned pioneer aerial explorer Charles A. Lindbergh was the first woman in the United States to be issued a First-class Glider Pilot's License.
		Well schooled in the serious science of flying, Anne Lindbergh contributed to the advancement of aviation during grueling and dangerous flights around the globe with her husband.
		As co-pilot and navigator with her husband, Anne, in 1931 was the first woman to fly the great circle route from New York to China.
	www.womeninaviation.com /anne.html (325 words)

	Aviation
		The aviation scene is full of air shows, exhibitions and competitions, and if you enjoy such events, you will find these resources to be valuable.
		The pilots who work for aviation charities donate their time, their planes, fuel and use their expertise to help such people who, literally, have no one else to turn to.
		See the past, present, and even the future, as aviation devotees share their ideas on what are the best planes, who are the most notorious pilots in history, and how military aircraft of various countries compare to one another.
	www.harley.com /yp/categories/aviation/items.html (2094 words)

	The Golden Age of Aviation
		But more than any of these accomplishments, the age was dominated by single individuals who through vision, courage and skill transformed aviation from a barnstorming curiosity to one of the great industries of the twentieth century.
		Doolittle was unique in aviation with a doctorate degree in aeronautics from MIT, but his piloting feats eclipsed his scientific work.
		Aviation, now too complex and expensive for individuals alone, had passed into the hands of government and industry.
	www.gruner.com /flight/appendix/aviators (1170 words)

	Tradewind Aviation - Airport
		On the day of the dedication in 1931, during an aerial demonstration by Marine Corps pilots, Lt. Joel B. Nott was killed when his aircraft crashed at mid-field.
		When, in an attempt to preserve the history of Craven Regional Airport, a plaque was dedicated to the memory of two men whose names are now forever immortalized, Dr. Joseph Patterson finally realized a dream come true—the result of his and his family’s efforts to save for posterity a fascinating bit of New Bern memorabilia.
		Today, November 21, 1931, was a day of thrilling excitement: the Marines were going to perform aerobatic flying for the crowd assembled for the occasion.
	www.tradewind-aviation.com /-pages/airport.cfm (1154 words)

	History of Marine Corps Aviation
		From 1931 to 1934, the two squadrons operated under the Navy, affording valuable experience to about 60 percent of active duty Marine pilots.
		The thirties saw increased participation by Marine Aviation in coordinated exercises which were laying the groundwork for refinement of an emerging concept of the air-ground team.
		By the end of 1940, Marine Aviation pilot strength had risen to 425, well over double what it was in 1936, having been augmented by the Marine Corps Aviation Reserve.
	www.acepilots.com /usmc/hist4.html (927 words)

	RJ Mitchell. A life in Aviation - Schneider Trophy - 1931 Schneider Trophy, Cowes
		After careful calculations and tests, including fitting the smaller diameter S.6B propeller on to N247 where exactly the same problems occurred, he determined that a larger propeller of 9ft 11/2in diameter was required.
		The 1931 Schneider Trophy was planned to take place on 12th September.
		The last contest was over and, thanks to Mitchell, Supermarine, Rolls-Royce and the pilots of the RAF High Speed Flight, the trophy would remain in Britain in perpetuity.
	www.rjmitchell-spitfire.co.uk /schneidertrophy/1931.asp?sectionID=2 (974 words)

	2003 National Air Tours - Sponsored by the Aviation Foundation of America, Inc.
		On a national level, companies wishing to play a part in the promotion of aviation and the preservation of our aviation heritage are being urged to participate as sponsors of the 2003 National Air Tour.
		The Aviation Foundation of America, Inc., a non-profit public charity, is sponsoring the re-creation of the National Air Tours in the fall of 2003.
		In 2003 we will have a special opportunity to show just how far aviation has come, both over the past century, and over the seventy-some years since the Tours were last held.
	www.nationalairtour.org /recreating.html (546 words)

	1931 in aviation - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This is a list of aviation-related events from 1931:
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about 1931 in aviation contains research on
		1931 in aviation, Events, January, February, March, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, First flights, March, September, October, November, December, Entered service, October, November, Timeline of aviation and 1931.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/1931_in_aviation (479 words)

	Aviation History - Lady Lindy, Amelia Earhart's Life History
		Putnam proposed marriage to Amelia six times before she finally agreed to marry him.
		They were married February 7, 1931 and lived on his estate at Rye, N.Y. Amelia was committed to flying and made certain prior to the wedding that "GP" understood she would not be a traditional housewife and mother.
		On April 8, 1931 she set an altitude record of 14,000 feet in an autogiro.
	www.aviationhistory.org /ah_Amelia_Earhart.html (1180 words)

	Air Power:Jimmy Doolittle — Aviation Star
		He, Eddie Rickenbacker, and Charles Lindbergh were the three best-known aviators of the interwar period.
		The demands of taking care of his family compelled him to accept an offer from the Shell Oil Company to become manager of their Aviation Department for three times his military salary.
		In 1930, he resigned his active commission and became a major in the Air Corps Reserve, frequently returning to active duty for test flights and to serve on special committees concerning Air Corps matters.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Air_Power/doolittle/AP17.htm (1299 words)

	Fairey Aviaton Propelling Pencil. 1931 (Chris Balm Early Aviation & Motoring Items) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unusual propelling pencil with a built in calendar made for the Fairey Aviation Co. in 1931.
		The lead is expelled by twisting the knob mounted on the end of the pencil.
		The Fairey Aviation Company was formed in 1915 by Mr C. Fairey, and was based in Hayes, Middlesex, England.
	www.cjbalm.com /auto-aero/aitem7.htm (175 words)

	Pioneer Pilot, Walter E. Lees, 1887-1957
		We, The Early Birds of Aviation, Inc., in order to encourage, promote and foster international interest in aeronautics and astronautics, and to preserve the history of all pioneers in aerospace, and for the purpose of advancing and promulgating all forms of human related flight do ordain, establish and adopt this constitution.
		From the preamble of the Constitution of The Early Birds of Aviation, Inc.
		To that end, I have already added a page for each of the 598 Original Early Birds of Aviation.
	home.earthlink.net /~ralphcooper/index.htm (379 words)

	__/ Hellenic Republic - Ministry of Foreign Affairs \__ (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In accordance with International Law (Articles 1 and 2 of the Chicago Convention of 1944 on Civil Aviation) the sovereign airspace of a state is the airspace above its territory and its territorial waters.
		Following this arrangement, the lateral limits of Greece's national airspace were legally defined at 10 n.m., with reference to the delimitation of a special zone of territorial sea of 10 n.m., serving the requirements of aviation and air police.
		The official notification of the Hellenic national airspace delimitation, with reference to the 1931 presidential decree, was published in the Aeronautical Information Manual, edited, according to Annex 15 of the Chicago Convention, by the Civil Aviation Authority: AIP Greece, vol.
	old.mfa.gr /english/foreign_policy/europe_southeastern/turkey/turkeys_claims_aigialitis.html (1055 words)

	Il
		U-1 - From 1923 to 1931 the British Avro 504K was built in Leningrad.
		Stalin's message to directors of aviation plants producing Il-2 included: "Il-2s needed by Red Army as air, as bread".
		The Il-102 is a two-seater with the second crewmember in an aft-facing position behind the wing, directing guns in the extreme tail.
	www.aviation.ru /Il (2592 words)

	Schnellboot 1931 History
		The four S-Boats of the Schnellboot 1931 class were the first small class of S-boats build by the German navy after World War I. Roughly based on the prototype boat S1, they were mainly used as testbeds to further develop this kind of boats.
		Unlike the later boats, they had the more dangerous fuel engines instead of diesel ones, since the engine suppliers were not able to deliver powerful enough diesel engines.
		None of the boats was used during World War II, they all were sold to Spain in 1936.
	www.german-navy.de /kriegsmarine/ships/fastattack/schnellboot1931 (108 words)

	Local Aviation Groups
		All 117 American female pilots at that time were invited to assemble for mutual support and the advancement of aviation.
		Louise Thaden was elected secretary and worked tirelessly to keep the group together as they struggled to organize and grow until 1931, when Amelia Earhart was elected as the first president.
		SLOPA's "Articles of Incorporation" state that involvement with aviation includes not only flying, but all phases of aviation including safety, airport issues, education, training, flight regulations, and the preservation of the framework that makes the freedom of flight possible.
	www.sloairport.com /pilot.htm (953 words)

	Schneider Trophy - 1931 Race (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Political bickering and outright opposition to the RAF's involvement in the races hindered the build up to the 1931 race, which was again to be held at Cowes.
		Within weeks, the Cabinet had vetoed the Service's participation and withdrawn financial backing, leaving industry to finance and organise the event.
		Lady Lucy Houston, who had inherited her shipping magnate husband's £6m fortune in the 1920s offered to pay £100,000 towards the cost of ensuring British participation at the all important 1931 race.
	www.supermarine-spitfire.co.uk /1931_race.htm (856 words)

	Latvian Aviation Chronology 1931
		July 6 Aviation Festival, arranged by the Latviesu Lidotaju Biedriba (Latvian Aviators' Society) at Liepaja.
		December 5 The Aizsargi receive the Gourdou Lessure B3 as a gift from the Aviation Regiment.
		- Imants Sleiters graduates from the School of Military Aviation as a pilot-observer.
	www.latvianaviation.com /C1931.html (300 words)

	Israeli Air Force Prints
		Aviation art prints by Aviation artist David Pentland, published by Cranston Aviation Art Company.
		In 1931 Balbo took 12 SM.55X flying boats to Brazil, and by 1933 he was ready for his trip to America.
		Balbos epic flights were a watershed in the transition of aviation from the pioneering efforts on single aviators to the discipline and organization required to operate a modern air force.
	www.aviationartprints.com /other_aircraft.htm (3334 words)

	Aviation Heritage Golden Age Short Stories (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The original design on what was to evolve into the Vultee V-1A Transport was completed by Vance Breese and Gerald Vultee in Detroit, Michigan, in 1931.
		Jerry Vultee, who was Chief Engineer at Lockheed Aircraft Company, was transferred to the Detroit Aircraft Corporation in 1929 when this concern gained controlling interest in Lockheed.
		The year 1936 proved a big one for aviation, especially the Douglas Company and all the airlines.
	www.aviation-heritage.com /eZine/Col04.htm (852 words)

	General Motors/General Aviation/Eastern Aircraft
		General Aviation failed due to the Depression and a much-publicized crash of an F-10 killing Notre Dame football coach Knute Rockne in 1931.
		North American Aviation acquired the assets of General Aviation in 1933.
		In 1942, General Motors formed Eastern Aircraft to use several automobile plants to produce over 13,000 Grumman F4F Wildcats and TBF Avengers.
	www.kensaviation.com /gm.htm (73 words)

	Space Frontier Foundation - FAR #3 –At the UP Aerospace launch
		Commercial aviation didn't begin with Boeing 747's circling the globe.
		aviation's man of letters, Octave Chanute, came to visit and, in ensuing conversations, he made it clear that the brothers had been wildly over-optimistic in calculating the efficiency of their drive system.
		Troubled by doubt, the Wrights anxiously devised a means of testing the efficiency of their transmission.
	www.space-frontier.org /actionreports/20061003upaerospacelaunch.html (727 words)

	Greece's positions on National Airspace and Territorial Waters
		Following this arrangement, the lateral limits of Greece's national airspace were legally defined at 10 n.m., with reference to the delimitation of a special subject territorial zone of 10 n.m., serving the requirements of aviation and air police.
		At the same time, among its other rights deriving from the Law of the Sea, Greece does reserve its right to extend its territorial waters to 12 n.m., whenever she decides to do so.
		However, since 1975, Turkey has started violating Greek national airspace with its military aircraft, while adopting a policy of preventing Greece by all means from exercising its right to extend its territorial waters up to 12 n.m.
	www.greekembassy.org /Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=2&folder=45&article=80 (1066 words)

	Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engines \| Aviation History\| Blueprints
		In the 1920's, Rolls-Royce oversaw the development of the 'R' engine, which evolved from both the Kestral and then Buzzard (Rolls-Royce utilized names of birds for their engines) to spur Britain's entry into the International Schneider Trophy seaplane contest.
		In 1931, the engine set a new world's speed record of over 400mph over water, and then over land.
		More importantly, as later events were about to prove, this design experience gave Rolls-Royce the technological basis to develop the Merlin.
	www.aviationshoppe.com /Rolls-Royce-Merlin.html (1282 words)

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